coke bottle styling

{{main|Area rule}}

The design was pioneered in fighter jets to significantly reduce the sharp drag rise at transonic speed and supersonic speeds. Using this design often results in a pinch-waisted fuselage shape that National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) labeled the design principle the "area rule" and variously identified as a coke bottle, wasp waist, or Marilyn Monroe shape (i.e. an hourglass figure).{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3x-umCIwEYQC&q=airplane+shape+known+variously+as+coke+bottle+wasp+waist+and+Marilyn+Monroe&pg=PA146 |page=146 |title=Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991 |editor-first=John |editor-last=Algeo |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-44971-7 |access-date=30 March 2016}}{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/us/26whitcomb.html?_r=0 |title=Richard T. Whitcomb Is Dead at 88; Revolutionized the Design of Jet Aircraft |first=Dennis |last=Heversi |date=25 October 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=30 March 2016}} The area rule design technique is most effective between Mach 0.75 and 1.2, or at speeds over {{convert|575|mph|abbr=on}}. The design technique on automobiles provides a visual attraction, but negligible performance improvement.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

File:J-3005.jpg first flew in 1959 (seen here in an F-5E version).]]

The exotic shapes of early supersonic fighter jets dramatically influenced automobile stylists. First, the tailfin fad, appeared in the mid-1950s and was on the decline by the early 1960s, then the "Coke bottle" look of severely wasp-waisted high-performance jet fighters, such as the Northrop F-5.{{cite web|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/flying-sideways/66825.article |title=Flying Sideways |website=Flightglobal.com |date=17 April 2006 |first=Graham |last=Warwick |access-date=13 February 2024}} The initial result was luxury performance automobiles, such as the 1962 Studebaker Avanti and 1963 Buick Riviera, earned this term "by having more rounded body panels with arcs over the wheelwells, making them resemble bottles of Coca-Cola laid on their sides."{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zlteCwAAQBAJ&q=Coke-bottle+styling.+Cars+earned+this+nickname+by+having+more+rounded+body+panels+with+arcs+over+the+wheelwells,+making+them&pg=PA130 |page=130 |title=American Muscle Cars: A Full-Throttle History |first=Darwin |last=Holmstrom |isbn=978-0-7603-5013-3 |publisher=Motorbooks |year=2016 |access-date=30 March 2016}}

Studebaker introduced the Raymond Loewy-designed Avanti gran turismo with pronounced Coke bottle look in 1962.{{cite web|url= http://www.danjedlicka.com/classic_cars/studebaker_avanti.html |first=Dan |last=Jedlicka |title=1963-64 Studebaker Avanti |website=danjedlicka.com |access-date=24 February 2022}} The 1962 Pontiac full-size models also "had a subtle horizontal crease about halfway down [the bodyside] and a slight wasp-waist constriction at the doors which swelled out again in the rear quarters"{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=92VMACmtHMcC&q=they+had+a+subtle+horizontal+crease+about+half+way+down+and+a+slight+wasp-waist+constriction+at+the+doors+which+swelled+out+again+in+the+rear+quarters |page=269 |title=Chrome dreams: automobile styling since 1893 |first=Paul Carroll |last=Wilson |year=1976 |publisher=Chilton |isbn=978-0-8019-6352-0 |access-date=30 March 2016}} One of the cleanest examples of the "Coke bottle" styling was the 1963 Buick Riviera,{{cite book|title=Car: The Definitive Visual History of the Automobile |page=186 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2dRqgSuHAjgC&q=One+of+the+cleanest+examples+of+the+Coke+bottle+styling+that+swept+across+the+industry&pg=PA186 |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7566-8938-4 |access-date=30 March 2016}} a pioneering personal luxury car. Chevrolet first applied the Coke bottle look on Bill Mitchell's 1963 Corvette Sting Ray.{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=opulnkVzhVwC&q=the+automotive+world's+copycat+design+actually+followed+correctly+in+the+area+rule's+best+intent&pg=PA59 |page=59 |title=Chevelle |last=Mueller |first=Mike |year=2002 |publisher=MotorBooks |isbn=978-0-7603-1484-5 |access-date=30 March 2016}} The styling of the 1962 through 1968 versions has been described "like a bottle of Coke on wheels" because of the long hood and "powerful wheel arches".{{cite web |last1=Rzyski |first1=Alfred |title=Design: Drink a Coke, drive a Coke |url= https://www.ramp.space/en/artikel-blog/drink-a-coke-drive-a-coke/ |website=ramp.space |access-date=13 February 2024}}

File:Buick Riviera.jpg is regarded as an iconic "Coke bottle" design.]]

By 1966, the General Motors A-body sedans received a mid-riff pinch and "hop up" fenders. Intermediates such as the 1968-1970 Dodge Charger and Ford Torino followed suit, as well as compacts such as the Ford Maverick and Plymouth Duster. General Motors also styled their "B" body full-size cars from 1965 to 1968 with this style, which is most prominent on the "fastback" 2-door hardtop models. Chrysler's "interpretation of the Coke-bottle styling treatment to its struggling B-body cars ... [resulted in] ... smooth lines, subtly rounded curves, and near perfect proportions."{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SG1yOw4edUC&q=Coke+bottle+styling+automobiles&pg=PA229 |title=Muscle: America's Legendary Performance Cars|first1=Randy |last1=Leffingwell |first2=Darwin |last2=Holmstrom |publisher= MBI Publishing |year=2006 |isbn= 978-0-7603-2284-0 |page=229 |access-date= 30 March 2016}} Notable automobiles with this style include many of the muscle cars during this era, such as the Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Camaro, and Dodge Charger.

Design "themes" such as the "hop up" fenders became so pervasive across the industry that American Motors' all-new 1967 Rebel was criticized because "viewed from any angle, anyone other than an out-and-out car buff would have trouble distinguishing the Rebel from its GM, Ford, and Chrysler Corp. competition."{{cite magazine|first=Bill |last=Kilpatrick |title=1967: The Showdown Year |date=October 1966 |page=101 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |volume=126 |issue=4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ydMDAAAAMBAJ&q=A+case+in+point+is+AMC's+all-new+Rebel+Viewed+from+any+angle+All+current+styling&pg=PA101 |access-date=24 February 2022 |via=Google Books}}{{cite web|url= https://www.indieauto.org/2020/01/01/how-american-motors-abandoned-its-uniqueness-in-the-mid-60s/ |title=How American Motors abandoned its uniqueness in the second half of the 1960s |date=1 January 2020 |website=indieauto.org |access-date=13 February 2024}} However, AMC discovered that compared to slab styling with deeply sculpted ridges, "the rounded "Coke-bottle" panels would be easier to make and the dies would last longer — an important cost consideration."{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVaQFDrx_MC&q=The+rounded+%22Coke-bottle%22+panels+would+be+easier+to+make+and+the+dies+would+last+longer+—+an+important+cost+consideration.&pg=RA1-PA1950 |pages=31–32 |title=AMC Muscle Cars |year=2000 |first=Larry |last=Mitchell |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=978-0-7603-0761-8 |access-date=24 February 2022 |via=Google Books}}

Author Clinton Walker described the archetypal product of Australian suburbia, the muscle car, with its "Coke bottle hip bump but the midriff of a go-go dancer?"{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dmVQc0XKjVUC&q=Coke+bottle+hip+bump+but+the+bare+midriff+of+a+go-go+dancer&pg=PA42 |page=42 |title=Golden Miles: Sex, Speed and the Australian Muscle Car |first=Clinton |last=Walker |edition=Revised |publisher=Wakefield Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-86254-854-1 |access-date=24 February 2022 |via=Google Books}} According to automotive historian Darwin Holmstrom, Chevrolet "took it to its illogical extreme with the 1968 Corvette, though that car more closely resembled a prosthetic phallus than a Coke bottle".[https://books.google.com/books?id=zlteCwAAQBAJ&dq=took+it+to+its+illogical+extreme+with+the+1968+Corvette,+though+that+car+more+closely+resembled+a+prosthetic+phallus+than+a+Coke+bottle&pg=PA130 Holmstrom, p. 130.]

By the late-1970s and early-1980s, cars like the Ford Fairmont and Chrysler K-cars moved towards straight lines. The Audi 100 (C3) and Ford Taurus led towards functional aerodynamic styling.

This styling "was to be seen right across the marketplace and, before long, around the world". Japanese, European, and Australian automobiles also adopted this style during the latter 1960s and into 1970s.

In Japan, Toyota released the curvaceous limited production Toyota 2000GT in 1967, characterized by its "flowing design" and "Coke Bottle Shape". Other period Toyota Coke bottle designs include the 1972-1976 Toyota Corona Mark II and the Toyota Celica. Japanese automaker Nissan offered this appearance on the 1970s-era Nissan Cedrics, Nissan Glorias, Nissan Laurels, Nissan Bluebirds, and Nissan Violets. Mitsubishi also adopted this appearance on the 1973 through 1980 Galant and the 1973-1979 Lancer. The smallest car with this style is usually considered to be the 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360, which was less than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long,{{cite book|last=Ozeki |first=Kazuo |title=Suzuki Story: Small Cars, Big Ambitions |publisher=Miki Press |year=2007 |page= 30 |language=ja |isbn=978-4-89522-503-8 }} while the Subaru 360 also used similar styling elements, notably the curvaceous "belt line".

• AMC Ambassador (1967-1969) {{cite web|url= https://www.allpar.com/threads/the-spirit-is-still-alive-american-motors-corporation-1954-1987.229785/#post-1085223883 |title=The Spirit Is Still Alive: American Motors Corporation 1954-1987: 1967 |first=Chad |last=Quella |website=allpar.com |quote=Rebel, Marlin and the new, larger Ambassador wore sleek "Coke bottle" styling that was the fad at the time. |date=16 November 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022}}{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r9j7MWLE_jMC&dq=Cars+with+Coke+bottle+styling&pg=PA74

|last=Cranswick |first=Marc |date=2012 |title=The cars of American Motors: an illustrated history |publisher=McFarland |page=73 |isbn=9780786446728 |quote=Coke-bottle styling was being used on cars everywhere; AMC was staying abreast of fashion and came up with their first family car with style that rivaled function. |access-date=13 February 2024 |via=Google Books}}

• AMC Javelin (1968-1974) {{cite magazine|last=Strohl |first=Daniel |title=Attack of the Welterweight |magazine=Hemmings Muscle Machines |date=July 2005 |url= http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2005/07/01/hmn_feature4.html |quote=... in profile, it had a real Coke-bottle effect. |access-date=24 February 2022}}
• Buick Riviera (1963-1965)
• Chevrolet Camaro (1967-1969) {{cite web |url= https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/first-gen-camaro-1967-69-the-one-that-picked-a-fight/ |title=First-Gen Camaro (1967–69): The one that picked a fight |work=Hagerty |date=17 November 2023 |first=Aaron |last=Robinson |access-date=13 February 2024}}
• Chevrolet Corvair (1965–1969) {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NFA0DwAAQBAJ&q=Coke+bottle+styling+Corvair&pg=PA74 |page=74 |last=Cheetham |first=Craig |title=Ultimate American Cars |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7603-2570-4 |quote= ...with smooth Coke-bottle contours...|access-date=13 February 2024}}
• Chevrolet Impala (1965–1970) {{cite web|url= https://www.oldride.com/library/1967_chevrolet_impala.html |title=1967 Chevrolet Impala |website=oldride.com |quote=The Impala was redesigned and had a "coke bottle" shape that similar to the 1963 Buick Riviera. |access-date=24 February 2022}}
• Corvette Sting Ray (1963-1967)
• Dodge Charger (1968-1970) {{cite web|url= https://www.motortrend.com/vehicle-genres/1968-dodge-charger-rt-426-hemi-first-drive/ |title= 1968 Dodge Charger R/T 426 Hemi First Drive |work=Motor Trend |date=10 August 2012 |first=Steve |last=Magnante |access-date=13 February 2024}}
• Studebaker Avanti (1963-1964) {{cite web|url= https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1963-1964-studebaker-avanti.htm |title=1963-1964 Studebaker Avanti |website=How Stuff Works |date=17 December 2007 |quote=A coke-bottle waist formed the base for a thin-section roof with a huge rear window and a built-in roll bar. |access-date=13 February 2024}}

1965 Pontiac Bonneville (13924689508).jpg|1965 Pontiac Bonneville

Lamborghini Miura (Kirchzarten) jm20695.jpg|1966 Lamborghini Miura P400

1967 Chevrolet Camaro convertible, base six.jpg|1967 Chevrolet Camaro

Toyota 2000GT rear.jpg|1967-1969 Toyota 2000GT

Opel Commodore A 2500-6 2.JPG|1967-1971 Opel Commodore A

Vauxhall Victor FD license plate 1968 in Hertfordshire with lots of grass.jpg|1967-1972 Vauxhall Victor FD

1968 Dodge Charger R-T - Flickr - Highway Patrol Images.jpg|1968 Charger R/T

1969 Corvette.jpg|1969 Chevrolet Corvette

1970 Toyota Celica 01.jpg|1970 Toyota Celica

1971 AMC Javelin SST red Kenosha street.JPG|1971 AMC Javelin

Chrysler VH Valiant Charger R-T HEMI Six-Pack.jpg|1971 Chrysler Australia's Valiant Charger

PlymouthBarracuda.jpg|1972 Plymouth Barracuda

File:Ford Cortina MkIII GXL ca 2000cc registered June 1972.JPG|1972 Ford Cortina Mark III

10 Tango Code K Sed 68S 21H==.JPG|1973-1976 Ford Falcon XB

1976_Datsun_180B_(P610)_GL_sedan_(2011-01-05).jpg|1977 Datsun 180B GL sedan

• Influence of the Space Age on culture
• Jet Age

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Coke Bottle Styling}}

Category:1962 introductions

Category:Automotive styling features

Category:Coca-Cola in popular culture