Space Age#Cultural influences
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{{Also|History of spaceflight}}
{{short description|Historical period started in 1957}}
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The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the space race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events, beginning with the launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957,{{cite web
| url = https://www.nasa.gov/feature/60-years-ago-the-space-age-began
| author = Garcia, Mark
| title = 60 years ago, the Space Age began
| date = October 5, 2017
| work = nasa.gov
| accessdate = August 8, 2022
|quote = "On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union opened the Space Age..."}} and continuing to the present.
This period is characterized by changes in emphasis on particular areas of space exploration and applications. Initially, the United States and the Soviet Union invested unprecedented amounts of resources in breaking records and being first to meet milestones in crewed and uncrewed exploration. The United States established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the USSR established the Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR to meet these goals. This period of competition gave way to cooperation between those nations and emphasis on scientific research and commercial applications of space-based technology.{{cite web | url = https://www.universetoday.com/45969/space-age/ | author = Williams, Matt | title = What Is The Space Age? | date = June 27, 2015 | work = universetoday.com | accessdate = March 17, 2023 }}{{Cite web|last=Federation|first=International Astronautical|title=IAF : ROSCOSMOS|url=https://www.iafastro.org/membership/all-members/roscosmos.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.iafastro.org|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209090947/https://www.iafastro.org/membership/all-members/roscosmos.html|url-status=live}}
Eventually other nations became spacefaring. They formed organizations such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), and the China National Space Administration (CNSA). When the USSR dissolved the Russian Federation continued their program as Roscosmos.
In the early 2020s, some journalists have used the phrase "New Space Age" in reference to a resurgence of innovation and public interest in space exploration as well as commercial applications of low Earth orbit (LEO) and more distant destinations. New developments include the participation of billionaires in crewed space travel, including space tourism and interplanetary travel.{{cite web
| url = https://www.aei.org/articles/america-is-starting-a-new-space-age-and-its-a-problem-that-many-americans-dont-know-about-it/
| author = Pethokoukis, James
| title = America Is Launching a New Space Age. And It's a Problem That Many Americans Don't Know About It.
| date = May 11, 2022
| work = aei.org
| publisher = American Enterprise Institute
| accessdate = March 17, 2023
| url = https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/02/02/to-infinity-and-beyond-the-new-space-age
| title = To infinity and beyond: the new space age
| date = February 2, 2022
| work = euronews.com
| publisher = euronews.next
| accessdate = March 17, 2023
}}
Periodization
The periodization of the Space Age can differ substantially, with some differentiating between a first Space Age and a second Space Age, which are separated at the turn of the 1980s/1990s.{{cite report | last1=Harrison | first1=Todd | last2=Cooper | first2=Zack | last3=Johnson | first3=Kaitlyn | last4=Roberts | first4=Thomas G | title=Escalation & Deterrence in the Second Space Age | date=2017 | publisher=Unpublished | doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.15240.11525 | url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.15240.11525 | access-date=14 October 2024 | page=}}
Periods
{{Also|History of spaceflight}}
=Foundational developments to suborbital spaceflights=
{{Also|History of rockets}}
Some vehicles reached suborbital space much earlier than the launch of Sputnik. In June 1944, a German V-2 rocket became the first manmade object to enter space, albeit only briefly.{{Citation | last = Schefter | first = James | title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1999 | location = New York, New York | pages = 3–49 | url = https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche/page/3 | isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }} In March 1926 American rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard launched the world's first liquid fuel rocket but it did not reach outer space.{{Cite web|title = Goddard launches space age with historic first 85 years ago today| date=16 March 2011 |url = http://www.clarku.edu/article/goddard-launches-space-age-historic-first-85-years-ago-today|access-date = 2016-04-29}}
Since Germans undertook the sub-orbital V-2 rocket flight in secrecy, it was not initially public knowledge. Also, the German launches, as well as the subsequent sounding rocket tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to define the start of the space age because they did not reach orbit. A rocket powerful enough to reach orbit could also be used as an intercontinental ballistic missile, that could deliver a warhead to any location on Earth. Some commentators claim this is why the orbital standard is commonly used to define when the space age began.
=1957 to 1970s/1980s: Establishment and ''Space Race''=
{{Further|Space Race}}
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| footer = Clockwise, from top left: Model of the Sputnik 1 satellite; Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the Moon; US Space Shuttle Atlantis docked to the Soviet Mir Earth orbital space station; US and Soviet crews of Apollo-Soyuz, first joint rendezvous and docking mission
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The Space Race was the first era of the Space Age. It was a race between the United States and the Soviet Union which began with the Soviet Union's October 4, 1957, launch of Earth's first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 during the International Geophysical Year.{{cite web|last=Garber|first=Steve|title=Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age|url=https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/|work=History|publisher=NASA|access-date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118091015/https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/|archive-date=18 November 2004}} Weighing {{convert|83.6|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} and orbiting the Earth once every 98 minutes.{{cite web|last=Chertok|first=Boris|title=Rockets and People: Creating a Rocket Industry, p. 385|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4110/vol2.pdf|work=History|publisher=NASA|access-date=7 October 2021}} The race resulted in rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and other areas. One of the underlying motivations for the space race was military. The two nations were also in a nuclear arms race following the Second World War. Both nations made use of German missile technology and scientists from their missile program. The advantages, in aviation and rocketry, required for delivery systems were seen as necessary for national security and political superiority.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Space Race Timeline |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-race-timeline |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=rmg.co.uk |language=en}}
The Cold War era competition between the United States and Soviet Union is one of the reasons the space age happened at that time. Since then the space age continues for the generation of scientific knowledge, the innovation and creation of markets, inspiration, and agreements between the space-faring nations.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Space Race Timeline |url=https://www.calendar-canada.ca/faq/why-did-the-space-age-happen| publisher=calendar-canada |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=calendar-canada.ca |language=en}} Other reasons for the continuation of the space age are defending Earth from hazardous objects like asteroids and comets.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Defend Earth |url=https://www.planetary.org/defend-earth |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=planetary.org |language=en}}
Much of the technology developed for space applications has been spun off and found additional uses, such as memory foam. In 1958 the United States launched its first satellite, Explorer 1. The same year President Dwight D. Eisenhower created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, commonly known as NASA.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-02-22 |title=The Space Race |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}
Prior to the first attempted human spaceflight, various animals were flown into outer space to identify potential detrimental effects of high g-forces in takeoff and landing, microgravity, and radiation exposure at high altitudes.{{Cite web|title=Animals in Space|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/F_Animals_in_Space_9-12.html|website=NASA|quote=In the earlier days of space exploration, nobody knew if people could survive a trip away from Earth, so using animals was the best way to find out. In 1948, a rhesus macaque monkey named Albert flew inside a V2 rocket. In 1957, Russians sent a dog named Laika into orbit. Both of these flights showed that humans could survive weightlessness and the effects of high gravitational forces.}}
The Space Race reached its peak with the Apollo program that captured the imagination of much of the world's population.{{Citation | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/content/shooting-moon | first = Walter A | last = McDougall | title = Shooting the Moon | newspaper = American Heritage |date=Winter 2010}}. From 1961 to 1964, NASA's budget was increased almost 500 percent, and the lunar landing program eventually involved some 34,000 NASA employees and 375,000 employees of industrial and university contractors. The Soviet Union proceeded tentatively with its own lunar landing program which it did not publicly acknowledge, partly due to internal debate over its necessity and the untimely death (in January 1966) of Sergey Korolev, chief engineer of the Soviet space program.
The landing of Apollo 11 was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas.{{Cite web|title = National Aeronautics and Space Administration|url = https://www.nasa.gov/|website = NASA|access-date = 2015-11-20|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19961231235847/http://www.nasa.gov/|archive-date = 1996-12-31}}
The last major leap of in the USSR-USA Space Race was the Skylab and Salyut programs, which established the first space stations for the U.S. and USSR in Earth orbit following termination of both countries' moon programs.{{Cite web|title = The First Space Stations |url = https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/first-space-stations |website = Smithsonian Institution |date = 15 August 2023 |access-date = 2023-08-15 |url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230929172336/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/first-space-stations |archive-date = 2023-09-29 }}
At the conclusion of the Apollo program, crewed flights from the United States were rare, then ended while the shuttle program was getting ready to kick into gear, and the space race had been over since the Apollo-Soyuz test project of 1975, started a period of U.S.–Soviet co-operation. The Soviet Union continued using the Soyuz spacecraft.{{Cite web |last=Lewis | first=Cathleen |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/fifty-years-russian-soyuz-spacecraft | publisher=Smithsonian Institution |title=Fifty Years of the Russian Soyuz Spacecraft | date=2016-12-16 }}
The shuttle program restored spaceflight to the U.S. following the Skylab program, but the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 marked a significant decline in crewed Shuttle launches. Following the disaster, NASA grounded all Shuttles for safety concerns until 1988.{{cite web|last1=Howell|first1=Elizabeth|title=Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA|url=https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html|website=Space.com|access-date=17 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504154616/https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html|archive-date=4 May 2018}} During the 1990s funding for space-related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the now-dissolved Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition,{{Cite web |last=Chatzky | first=Andrew |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/space-exploration-and-us-competitiveness | publisher=The Council on Foreign Relations |title=Space Exploration and U.S. Competitiveness | date=2021-09-23 }} engaging rather in more substantial cooperation like the Shuttle-Mir program and its follow-up the International Space Station.
= Diversification =
File:ISS Agreements.jpg for the International Space Station, signed on 28 January 1998 and symbolic for the increasing diversification and internationalization of spaceflight since its beginning]]
Participation of private actors and other countries beside the Soviet Union and the United States in spaceflight had been the case from the very start of spaceflight development. A first commercial satellite had been launched by 1962, as well as in 1965 a third country achieving orbital spaceflight. The very beginning of the space age, the launch of Sputnik was in the context of international exchange, the International Geophysical Year 1957. Also soon into the space age the international community came together starting to negotiate dedicated international law governing outer space activity.
In the 1970s the Soviet Union started to invite other countries to fly their people into space through its Intercosmos program and the United States started to include women and people of colour in its astronaut program.
First exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union was formalized in the 1962 Dryden-Blagonravov agreement, calling for cooperation on the exchange of data from weather satellites, a study of the Earth's magnetic field, and joint tracking of the NASA Echo II balloon satellite.{{cite web|title=The First Dryden-Blagonravov Agreement – 1962|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch2-3.htm|website=NASA History Series|publisher=NASA|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801185734/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch2-3.htm|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}} In 1963 President Kennedy could even interest premier Khrushchev in a joint crewed Moon landing,{{cite journal | last=Launius | first=Roger D. | title=First Moon landing was nearly a US–Soviet mission | journal=Nature | volume=571 | issue=7764 | date=2019-07-10 | doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02088-4 | pages=167–168 | pmid=31292553 | bibcode=2019Natur.571..167L | s2cid=195873630 | doi-access=free }}{{cite news |title=Soviets Planned to Accept JFK's Joint Lunar Mission Offer |first=Frank |last=Sietzen |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/russia-97h.html |agency=SpaceCast News Service |work=SpaceDaily |date=October 2, 1997 |access-date=August 1, 2013}} but after the assassination of Kennedy in November 1963 and Khrushchev's removal from office in October 1964, the competition between the two nations' crewed space programs heated up, and talk of cooperation became less common, due to tense relations and military implications. Only later the United States and the Soviet Union slowly started to exchange more information and engage in joint programs, particularly in the light of the development of safety standards since 1970,{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/ch4.htm|title=Origins of NASA Names: Manned SpaceFlight|author1=Helen T. Wells |author2=Susan H. Whiteley |author3=Carrie E. Karegeannes |date=1975|publisher=NASA|access-date=2 November 2015}} producing the co-developed APAS-75 and later docking standards. Most notably this signaled the ending of the first era of the space age, the Space Race, through the Apollo-Soyuz mission which became the basis for the Shuttle-Mir program and eventually the International Space Station programme.
Such international cooperation, and international spaceflight organization was furthermore fueled by increasingly more countries achieving spaceflight capabilies and together with a by the 1980s established private spaceflight sector, both being embodied by the European Space Agency. This allowed the formation of an international and commercial post-Space Race spaceflight economy and period, with by the 1990s a public perception of space exploration and space-related technologies as being increasingly commonplace.{{Cite book|last=NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/historical-studies-societal-impact-spaceflight-ebook_tagged.pdf|title=Historical Studies in the Societal Impact of Spaceflight - NASA}}
This increasingly cooperative diversification persisted until competition started to rise in this diversified conditions, from the 2010s and particularly by the early 2020s.
=2010s to present: ''New Space'' competition=
File:Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on LZ1 and LZ2 - 2018 (25254688767).jpg's Falcon Heavy reusable side boosters land in unison at Cape Canaveral Landing Zones 1 and 2 following test flight on 6 February 2018.]]
In the early 21st century, the Ansari X Prize competition was set up to help jump-start private spaceflight.{{cite web|title=Ansari X Prize|url=http://space.xprize.org/ansari-x-prize|access-date=2010-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923001722/http://space.xprize.org/ansari-x-prize|archive-date=23 September 2010|url-status=dead}} The winner, Space Ship One in 2004, became the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.{{Cite web|title = SpaceShipOne: The First Private Spacecraft {{!}} The Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever|url = http://www.space.com/16769-spaceshipone-first-private-spacecraft.html|website = Space.com|access-date = 2015-11-27|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151115053931/http://www.space.com/16769-spaceshipone-first-private-spacecraft.html|archive-date = 2015-11-15}}
Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full-fledged space programs with launch facilities.{{Cite web|title = Global Space Programs {{!}} Space Foundation|url = http://www.spacefoundation.org/programs/public-policy-and-government-affairs/introduction-space/global-space-programs|website = www.spacefoundation.org|access-date = 2015-11-27|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151114150917/http://www.spacefoundation.org/programs/public-policy-and-government-affairs/introduction-space/global-space-programs|archive-date = 2015-11-14}} There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with thousands of satellites in orbit, and several countries have plans to send humans into space.{{Cite web|title = Japan Wants Space Plane or Capsule by 2022|url = http://www.space.com/18198-japan-plans-manned-capsule-space-plane.html|website = Space.com|date = 24 October 2012|access-date = 2015-11-27|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224020505/http://www.space.com/18198-japan-plans-manned-capsule-space-plane.html|archive-date = 2015-12-24}}{{Cite web|title = India takes giant step to manned space mission|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11305062/India-takes-giant-step-to-manned-space-mission.html|website = Telegraph.co.uk| date=19 December 2014 |access-date = 2015-11-27|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126152907/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11305062/India-takes-giant-step-to-manned-space-mission.html|archive-date = 2015-11-26}} Some of the countries joining this new race are France, India, China, Israel and the United Kingdom, all of which have employed surveillance satellites. There are several other countries with less extensive space programs, including Brazil, Germany, Ukraine, and Spain.{{Cite web|url=https://rcg.org/realtruth/articles/100709-003-international.html|title=The New Space Race – Who Will Take the Lead?|website=rcg.org|access-date=2018-05-08}}
As for the United States space program, NASA permanently grounded all U.S. Space Shuttles in 2011. NASA has since relied on Russia and SpaceX to take American astronauts to and from the International Space Station.{{cite web|title=The New American Space Age: A Progress Report on Human SpaceFlight|url=https://www.aia-aerospace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/AmNxtSpacAge_FINAL_Web.pdf|website=Aerospace Industries Association|access-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171353/https://www.aia-aerospace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/AmNxtSpacAge_FINAL_Web.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2018}} NASA is currently constructing a deep-space crew capsule named the Orion. NASA's goal with this new space capsule is to carry humans to Mars. The Orion spacecraft is due to be completed in the early 2020s. NASA is hoping that this mission will "usher in a new era of space exploration."
Another major factor affecting the current Space Age is the privatization of space flight.{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceadventures.com/experiences/circumlunar-mission/ |title=Circumlunar mission |date=3 April 2014 |publisher=Space Adventures |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212024114/http://www.spaceadventures.com/experiences/circumlunar-mission/ |archive-date=12 February 2015 |df=dmy-all}} A significant private spaceflight company is SpaceX which became the proprietor of one of world's most capable operational launch vehicle when they launched their current largest rocket, the Falcon Heavy in 2018. Elon Musk, the founder and CEO of SpaceX, has put forward the goal of establishing a colony of one million people on Mars by 2050 and the company is developing its Starship launch vehicle to facilitate this. Since the Demo-2 mission for NASA in 2020 in which SpaceX launched astronauts for the first time to the International Space Station, the company has maintained an orbital human spaceflight capability. Blue Origin, a private company founded by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, is developing rockets for use in space tourism, commercial satellite launches, and eventual missions to the Moon and beyond.{{Cite news|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/blue-origin|title=Blue Origin: everything you need to know about the Amazon.com of space|work=TechRadar|access-date=2019-11-11}} Richard Branson's company Virgin Galactic is concentrating on launch vehicles for space tourism.{{cite news | url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/sir-richard-branson-plans-orbital-spaceships-for-virgin-galactic-2014-trips-to-space | title= Sir Richard Branson plans orbital spaceships for Virgin Galactic, 2014 trips to space | publisher= Fox News }} A spinoff company, Virgin Orbit, air-launches small satellites with their LauncherOne rocket. Another small-satellite launcher, Rocket Lab, has developed the Electron rocket and the Photon satellite bus for sending spacecraft further into the Solar System, the company also plans to introduce the larger Neutron launch vehicle in 2025.{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Rocket Lab Completes Archimedes Engine Build, Begins Engine Test Campaign |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240506111202/en/Rocket-Lab-Completes-Archimedes-Engine-Build-Begins-Engine-Test-Campaign |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}
Elon Musk has the stated that the main reason he founded SpaceX is to make humanity a multiplanetary species, and cites reasons for doing it including: To ensure the long-term continuation of our species and protecting the "light of consciousness".{{Cite web|title = Elon Musk Founded SpaceX To Make Humans A Multi-Planet Species, 'Build A City On Mars' |url = https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/spacex-musk| first =Evelyn | last=Arevalo | website = tesmanian.com |date = April 24, 2021 | publisher=TESMANIAN |access-date = 2023-03-17 }}{{Cite web|title = In Order to Ensure Our Survival, We Must Become a Multi-Planetary Species |url = https://futurism.com/in-order-to-ensure-human-survival-we-must-become-a-multi-planetary-species| first = Jordan | last= Bates | website = futurism.com |date = May 8, 2017 | publisher=Camden Media Inc. |access-date = 2023-03-17 }} He also said,
You want to wake up in the morning and think the future is going to be great - and that's what being a spacefaring civilization is all about. It's about believing in the future and thinking that the future will be better than the past. And I can't think of anything more exciting than going out there and being among the stars.{{Cite web|title = Mission |url = https://www.spacex.com/mission/ | first =Elon | last=Musk | website = spacex.com |date = | publisher=SpaceX |access-date = 2023-03-17 }}
File:NASA Artemis 1 Launch.jpg lifts off on its maiden flight to space, then on to the Moon.]]
The Space Age marked a major comeback and return with the launch of NASA's Space Launch system during the Artemis I mission on November 16, 2022; it marked the first time a human rated spacecraft had been to the Moon in nearly 50 years, as well as the return of United States capability to get astronauts to the Moon with the Space Launch System and Orion.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/liftoff-nasa-s-artemis-i-mega-rocket-launches-orion-to-moon|title=Liftoff! NASA's Artemis I Mega Rocket Launches Orion to Moon?|website=nasa.gov|date=16 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-26}}
Additional goals for the 2020s include completion of the Lunar Gateway, mankind's first space station around the Moon, and the first crewed moon landing since the Apollo era with Artemis III.
The U.S. Military has also joined the new space age with the creation of the new Space Force on December 20th 2019.
Chronology
{{History of technology sidebar}}
{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}
Cultural influences
=Arts and architecture=
File:1959 Cadillac Coupe Deville3.jpg|Iconic rocket ship-shaped tail lights and fins on a 1959 Cadillac Coupe de Ville
File:Town Motel - Birmingham, Alabama.jpg|Satellite-influenced signage at the Town Motel in Birmingham, Alabama
File:Twa-moonliner1.jpg|TWA Moonliner II replica atop the restored TWA Corporate Headquarters building in Kansas City, MO, 2007
File:Seattle (WA, USA), Space Needle -- 2022 -- 1498.jpg|The Space Needle, in Seattle WA, resembles a UFO and draws inspiration from the Space Age.
The Space Age is considered to have influenced:
- Automotive design: Virgil Exner's Forward Look, 1957-1961
- Googie architecture
- Space Age fashions by André Courrèges, Pierre Cardin, Paco Rabanne, Rudi Gernreich,{{cite magazine |title=Fashion for the '70s: Rudi Gernreich Makes Some Modest Proposals |magazine=Life |date=1970-01-09 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=115–118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1AEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=2022-01-03}} Emanuel Ungaro, Jean-Marie Armand,{{cite journal |last1=Emerson |first1=Gloria |author-link=Gloria Emerson |title=3 Young Paris Designers Take a Look at Spring |journal=The New York Times |date=1966-01-31 |page=44 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/01/31/archives/3-young-paris-designers-take-a-look-at-spring.html |quote=A new, very small couture house called Jean Marie Armand...opened last July...The collection had 20 pieces....Armand's coats and suits have quadrangular stiff skirts.}}{{cite web |title=Jean-Marie Armand |url=http://coutureallure.blogspot.com/2011/03/jean-marie-armand.html |website=Couture Allure Vintage Fashion |access-date=2021-12-13 |date=2011-03-08 |quote=His designs were very modern and architectural, much like those of Courreges and Cardin.}} Michèle Rosier, and Diana Dew
- Furniture design of the 1950s and '60s by Eero Saarinen, Arne Jacobsen, Eero Aarnio, and Verner Panton
- Amusement park attractions, such as TWA Moonliner and Mission: Space.
- Cold War playground equipment
=Music=
The Space Age also inspired musical genres:{{cn|date=August 2023}}
See also
- SEDS
- Information Age
- Jet Age
- Atomic Age
- {{portal-inline|Spaceflight}}
- {{portal-inline|Space}}
- {{portal-inline|Solar system}}
- {{portal-inline|World}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
- {{Citation | url = http://www.spacechronology.com/ | title = Space Chronology | access-date = 2013-05-12 | archive-date = 2017-05-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172729/http://spacechronology.com/ | url-status = dead }}
=Interactive media=
- {{Citation | url = http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/ | publisher = NASA | title = 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141415/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/ | archive-date = 2007-10-27 }}.
{{Spaceflight}}