copper(II) glycinate
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Chembox
| ImageFile =Cu(gly)2(OH2).png
| ImageSize =
| ImageAlt =
| ImageCaption = Structure of the cis monohydrate form of bis(glycinato)copper(II)
| IUPACName = bis(glycinato)copper(II)
| OtherNames = cupric glycinate
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 13479-54-4
| CASNo_Comment = (anhydrous)
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo1 = 18253-80-0
| CASNo1_Comment = (monohydrate)
| PubChem = 3032611
| ChemSpiderID = 2297544
| EC_number = 236-783-2
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII_Comment = (anhydrous)
| UNII = 68VAV8QID7
| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII1 = 163J4O4DFH
| UNII1_Comment = (monohydrate)
| StdInChI=1S/2C2H5NO2.Cu/c2*3-1-2(4)5;/h2*1,3H2,(H,4,5);/q;;+2/p-2
| StdInChIKey = VVYPIVJZLVJPGU-UHFFFAOYSA-L
| SMILES = C(C(=O)[O-])N.C(C(=O)[O-])N.[Cu+2]
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=4|H=10|Cu=1|N=2|O=5
| MolarMass =
| Appearance = light blue, flake-like crystals (cis form)
| Density = 2.029 g/cm3
| MeltingPtC = 212
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomp.)
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility = 0.18 g/100 g (0 °C)
0.52 g/100 g (25 °C)
| SolubleOther = soluble in DMF, DMSO, pyridine; slightly soluble in ethanol
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = Orthorhombic
| SpaceGroup = № 19 (P212121)
| PointGroup = 222
| LattConst_a = 5.21 Å
| LattConst_b = 10.81 Å
| LattConst_c = 13.49 Å
| LattConst_alpha =
| LattConst_beta =
| LattConst_gamma =
| LattConst_ref =
| LattConst_Comment =
| UnitCellVolume =
| UnitCellFormulas = 4
| Coordination =
| MolShape =
| OrbitalHybridisation =
| Dipole =
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS09}}
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|315|319|400}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|264|270|273|280|301+312|302+352|305+351+338|321|330|332+313|337+313|362|391|501}}
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt = }}
}}
Copper(II) glycinate (IUPAC suggested name: bis(glycinato)copper(II)) refers to the coordination complex of copper(II) with two equivalents of glycinate, with the formula [Cu(glycinate)2(H2O)x] where x = 1 (monohydrate) or 0 (anhydrous form). The complex was first reported in 1841, and its chemistry has been revisited many times, particularly in relation to the isomerisation reaction between the cis and trans forms which was first reported in 1890.{{Cite journal|last1=Tautermann|first1=Christofer S.|last2=Sabolović|first2=Jasmina|last3=Voegele|first3=Andreas F.|last4=Liedl|first4=Klaus R.|date=1 February 2004|title=Mechanism of the Cis−Trans Isomerization of Bis(glycinato)copper(II)|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0364497|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B|volume=108|issue=6|pages=2098–2102|doi=10.1021/jp0364497|issn=1520-6106|url-access=subscription}}
All forms are blue solids, with varying degrees of water solubility. A practical application of the compound is as a source of dietary copper in animal feeds.{{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. D.|last2=Spears|first2=J. W.|year=1997|title=Long-Term Effects of Consumption of Low-Copper Diets with or Without Supplemental Molybdenum on Copper Status, Performance, and Carcass Characteristics of Cattle|journal=Journal of Animal Science|volume=75|issue=11|pages=3057–3065|doi=10.2527/1997.75113057x|pmid=9374323|doi-access=free}}
Synthesis
Bis(glycinato)copper(II) is typically prepared from the reaction of copper(II) acetate in aqueous ethanol with glycine:
: Cu(OAc)2 + 2 H2NCH2COOH + x H2O → [Cu(H2NCH2COO)2(H2O)x] + 2 AcOH, x = 0 or 1
The reaction proceeds through a non-redox dissociative substitution mechanism and usually affords the cis isomer.
Structure
Like most amino acid complexes, the glycinate forms a 5-membered chelate ring, with the glycinato ligand serving as a bidentate (κ2Ο,Ν) species.{{Cite journal|last1=Delf|first1=B. W.|last2=Gillard|first2=R. D.|last3=O'Brien|first3=P.|date=1 January 1979|title=The isomers of α-amino-acids with copper(II). Part 5. The cis and trans isomers of bis(glycinato)copper(II), and their novel thermal isomerization|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1979/dt/dt9790001301|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions|language=en|issue=8|pages=1301–1305|doi=10.1039/DT9790001301|issn=1364-5447|url-access=subscription}}{{cite journal|last1=Casari|first1=B. M.|last2=Mahmoudkhani|first2= A. H.|last3=Langer|first3=V.|year=2004|journal=Acta Crystallogr. E|volume=60|issue=12|page=m1949–m1951|doi=10.1107/S1600536804030041|title=A Redetermination of cis-Aquabis(glycinato-κ2N,O)copper(II)}} The chelating ligands assume a square planar configuration around the copper atom as is common for tetracoordinate d9 complexes, calculated to be much lower in energy than the alternative tetrahedral arrangement.
= ''Cis'' and ''trans'' isomerism =
The unsymmetric nature of the ligand and square planar coordination thereof gives rise to two possible geometric isomers: a cis and a trans form.
Multiple ways of differentiating the geometric isomers exist, an easily accessible one being IR spectroscopy with the characteristic number of C–N, C–O, and CuII–N identifying the ligand configuration. Crystal appearance may also be of some value for isomer indication, though the ultimate diagnostic technique is X-ray crystallography.{{Cite journal|last1=Köse|first1=Dursun Ali|last2=Toprak|first2=Emre|last3=Kaşarcı|first3=Aliye|last4=Avcı|first4=Emre|last5=Avcı|first5=Gülçin Alp|last6=Şahin|first6=Onur|last7=Büyükgüngör|first7=Orhan|date=2 July 2016|title=Synthesis, Spectral, and Thermal Studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II)-Glycinato Complexes and Investigation of Their Biological Properties: Crystal Structure of [Cu(µ-gly) 2 (H 2 O)] n|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15533174.2013.801855|journal=Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry|language=en|volume=46|issue=7|pages=1109–1118|doi=10.1080/15533174.2013.801855|s2cid=101548954 |issn=1553-3174|url-access=subscription}}
All forms of the complex have been characterized crystallographically, the most commonly isolated one being the cis monohydrate (x = 1).
Isomerisation of the cis to the trans form occurs at high temperatures via a ring-twisting mechanism.