cotinga

Cotingas vary widely in social structure. There is a roughly 50/50 divide in the family between species with biparental care, and those in which the males play no part in raising the young.{{Cite journal | last=Cockburn | first=Andrew | date=2006 | title=Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=273 | issue=1592 | pages=1375–1383 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3458| pmid=16777726 | pmc=1560291 }} Supplementary Material. The purple-throated fruitcrow lives in mixed-sex groups in which one female lays an egg and the others help provide insects to the chick.

In cotinga species where only the females care for the eggs and young, the males have striking courtship displays, often grouped together in leks. Such sexual selection results in the males of these species, including the Guianan cock-of-the-rock, being brightly coloured, or decorated with plumes or wattles, like the umbrellabirds, with their umbrella-like crest and long throat wattles. Other lekking cotingids like the bellbirds and screaming piha, have distinctive and far-carrying calls. In such canopy-dwelling genera as Carpodectes, Cotinga, and Xipholena, males gather high in a single tree or in adjacent trees, but male cocks-of-the-rock, as befits their more terrestrial lives, give their elaborate displays in leks on the ground.{{cite book | last = Prum | first = Richard O. | author1-link=Richard Prum | author2 = Snow, David W. | author2-link=David Snow (ornithologist) | year = 2003 | title = Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds | chapter = Cotingas | editor = Christopher Perrins | editor-link = Christopher Perrins | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/432 432–433] | publisher = Firefly Books | isbn = 1-55297-777-3 | chapter-url-access = registration | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse | url = https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/432 }}

The females of both lekking and biparental species are duller than the males.

Nests range from tiny to very large. Many species lay a single egg in a nest so flimsy that the egg can be seen from underneath. This may make the nests hard for predators to find. Fruiteaters build more solid cup nests, and the cocks-of-the-rock attach their mud nests to cliffs. The nests may be open cups or little platforms with loosely woven plant material, usually placed in a tree.

The clutches comprise one to four eggs. Incubation typically takes 15–28 days.

Fledging usually occurs at 28–33 days.

Deserts, open woodlands, coastal mangroves, and humid tropical forests comprise their habitats. Cotingas face very serious threats from the loss of their habitats.{{cite book|title=Complete Birds of the World|publisher=National Geographic|page=200}}

The family Cotingidae was introduced by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1849.{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | page=149 | hdl=2246/830 }} According to the International Ornithological Committee, as of July 2021, the family contains 66 species divided into 24 genera.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cotingas/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=7 December 2021 }}

A 2014 molecular phylogenetic study of the cotingas by Jacob Berv and Richard Prum found that the genera formed five monophyletic clades and they proposed that the family could be divided into five subfamilies.{{ cite journal | last1=Berv | first1=J.S. | last2=Prum | first2=R.O. | author2-link=Richard Prum | year=2014 | title=A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=81 | pages=120–136 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.001 | pmid=25234241 }} The following cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators published in 2020.{{Cite journal | last1=Harvey | first1=M.G. | last2=Bravo | first2=G.A. | last3=Claramunt | first3=S. | last4=Cuervo | first4=A.M. | last5=Derryberry | first5=G.E. | last6=Battilana | first6=J. | last7=Seeholzer | first7=G.F. | last8=McKay | first8=J.S. | last9=O’Meara | first9=B.C. | last10=Faircloth | first10=B.C. | last11=Edwards | first11=S.V. | last12=Pérez-Emán | first12=J. | last13=Moyle | first13=R.G. | last14=Sheldon | first14=F.H. | last15=Aleixo | first15=A. | last16=Smith | first16=B.T. | last17=Chesser | first17=R.T. | last18=Silveira | first18=L.F. | last19=Cracraft | first19=J. | last20=Brumfield | first20=R.T. | last21=Derryberry | first21=E.P. | date=2020 | title=The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot | journal=Science | volume=370 | issue=6522 | pages=1343–1348 | doi=10.1126/science.aaz6970 | pmid=33303617 | bibcode=2020Sci...370.1343H | hdl=10138/329703 | s2cid=228084618 | hdl-access=free }} A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website [http://www.harveybirdlab.org/docs/Harveyetal2020_Fig1_tree_HiRes.pdf here].

{{Clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%

|label1=Cotingidae

|1={{clade

|label1=Pipreolinae

|1={{clade

|1=Ampelioides – scaled fruiteater

|2=Pipreola – fruiteaters (11 species)

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=Rupicolinae

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Snowornis – pihas (2 species)

|2=Carpornis – berryeaters (2 species)

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Phoenicircus – cotingas (2 species)

|2=Rupicola – cock-of-the-rocks (2 species)

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=Phytotominae

|1={{clade

|1=Zaratornis – white-cheeked cotinga

|2={{clade

|1=Phytotoma – plantcutters (3 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Phibalura – cotingas (1 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Doliornis – cotingas (2 species)

|2=Ampelion – cotingas (2 species)

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=Cephalopterinae

|1={{clade

|1=Haematoderus – crimson fruitcrow

|2={{clade

|1=Querula – purple-throated fruitcrow

|2={{clade

|1=Pyroderus – red-ruffed fruitcrow

|2={{clade

|1=Perissocephalus – capuchinbird

|2=Cephalopterus – umbrellabirds (3 species)

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2=Cotinginae

|2={{clade

|1=Lipaugus – pihas and cotingas (9 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Procnias – bellbirds (4 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Cotinga – cotingas (7 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Porphyrolaema – purple-throated cotinga

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Conioptilon – black-faced cotinga

|2=Gymnoderus – bare-necked fruitcrow

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Xipholena – cotingas (3 species)

|2=Carpodectes – cotingas (3 species)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

The genus Tijuca was found to be embedded in Lipaugus, a position that was confirmed by a more detailed 2020 study.{{Cite journal | last1=Settlecowski | first1=A.E. | last2=Cuervo | first2=A.M. | last3=Tello | first3=J.G. | last4=Harvey | first4=M.G. | last5=Brumfield | first5=R.T. | last6=Derryberry | first6=E.P. | date=2020 | title=Investigating the utility of traditional and genomic multilocus datasets to resolve relationships in Lipaugus and Tijuca (Cotingidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=147 | pages=106779 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106779| pmid=32135309 | s2cid=212568712 }}

A number of species previously placed in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (genera Laniisoma, Laniocera and Iodopleura)Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. [http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html A classification of the bird species of South America.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302073659/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html |date=March 2, 2009 }} American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

{{See also|List of cotinga species}}

{{Reflist}}

• Snow, D.W. (1976). "The relationship between climate and annual cycles in the Cotingidae." Ibis 118(3):366-401
• Snow, D.W. (1982). The Cotingas: Bellbirds, Umbrella birds and their allies. British Museum Press. {{ISBN|0-19-858511-X}}

{{Commons category|Cotingidae}}

• [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/cotingas-cotingidae Cotinga videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

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Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte