Bare-necked umbrellabird
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cephalopterus glabricollis.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Cephalopterus
| species = glabricollis
| authority = Gould, 1851
| synonyms =
| range_map = Cephalopterus glabricollis map.svg
}}
The bare-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis) is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is found in the Talamancan montane forests of Costa Rica and Panama. Bare-necked umbrellabirds live only in forests and their diet consists mainly of fruits.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Taxonomy and systematics
File:Cephalopterus glabricollis - Bare-necked Umbrellabird.jpg.]]The bare-necked umbrellabird is one of three species in the genus Cephalopterus, commonly known as the umbrellabirds. It was first described by John Gould in 1851, on the basis of specimens collected by Warzewickz at elevations of {{Convert|8000|ft|m|abbr=on}} in Panama.{{Cite book|last1=Zoological Society of London.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46212|title=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|last2=London|first2=Zoological Society of|last3=London|first3=Zoological Society of|date=1850|publisher=Academic Press, [etc.]|location=London}} The generic name Cephalopterus comes from the Greek κεφαλη (kephalē), meaning head, and πτερος (pteros), meaning feathered, referring to the head plumes of the Amazonian umbrellabird.{{Cite book|last=Jobling|first=James A.|title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|publisher=Christopher Helm|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4081-3326-2|pages=96}} The specific epithet glabricollis is from the Latin glaber, meaning bald, and collis, meaning necked.{{Cite book|last=Jobling|first=James A.|title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|publisher=Christopher Helm|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4081-3326-2|pages=173}} It is monotypic.
Description
The bare-necked umbrellabird is a large, bulky, and crow-like bird, being the largest passerine in its range. It is also among the largest of the cotingas, with only the Amazonian umbrellabird being larger. The males are larger than the females, being {{Convert|41|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and weighing {{Convert|450|g|oz|abbr=on}}, compared to the females' {{Convert|36|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|320|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}}
Distribution and habitat
The bare-necked umbrellabird is found in Panama, Costa Rica, and southern Nicaragua.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}} It inhabits the subcanopy to upper understory of primary forest throughout its range, although some birds have been seen foraging in secondary forest. It can also be found in areas with dense understory and near fruiting trees.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}} The species follows an annual altitudinal migration based on fruit availability, with most of the year being spent in lowlands between elevations of {{Convert|100-500|m|ft|abbr=on}} for males and at {{Convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} for females. During the breeding season between March–June, umbrellabird populations move higher up to elevations of {{Convert|1000-1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, coinciding with the highest fruit availability in these areas.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}}
Behavior and ecology
= Diet =
The bare-necked umbrellabird is mainly frugivorous, feeding on Marcgraviaceae, Urticaceae, Arecaceae, Lauraceae and Annonaceae berries, along with other fruits. It has also been known to feed on lizards, frogs, insects and larvae. Fruits are plucked from vegetation in flight or gleaned with heavy hops. A juvenile was also observed eating arthropods that were flushed out by a swarm of army ants in Costa Rica.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}}
= Breeding =
Breeding occurs between March and June in Costa Rica and between April and September in Panama. Like other cotingas, male bare-necked umbrellabirds perform leks to attract females.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}}
Status
It is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. Its global population is estimated to be less than 2,500 mature individuals and decreasing.{{Cite journal|last1=Elizondo Sancho|first1=Mariana|last2=Molina Mora|first2=Ingrid|editor1-first=Shawn M|editor1-last=Billerman|editor2-first=Brooke K|editor2-last=Keeney|editor3-first=Paul G|editor3-last=Rodewald|editor4-first=Thomas S|editor4-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Bare-necked Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis)|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/banumb1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.banumb1.01|language=en|url-access=subscription}}
References
{{Reflist}}
= Cited text =
Chaves-Campos, J., Arévalo, J., & Araya, M. (2003). Altitudinal movements and conservation of Bare-necked Umbrellabird Cephalopterus glabricollis of the Tilarán Mountains, Costa Rica. Bird Conservation International, 13(1), 45–58. doi:10.1017/S0959270903003046
Further reading
- Snow, D.W. (1982). The Cotingas: Bellbirds, Umbrella birds and their allies. British Museum Press. {{ISBN|0-19-858511-X}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q671212}}