crowd control
{{Short description|Public security practice}}
{{other uses}}
File:London Marathon 2014 - First aiders (03).jpg, a police officer keeps spectators behind a fence, while first aiders patrol]]
File:Garda Officers roadblock.jpg
File:Kyoto Prefectural Police Mobile Unit.jpg officers on duty during the Gion Matsuri 2008 festival.]]
Crowd control is a public security practice in which large crowds are managed in order to prevent the outbreak of crowd crushes, affray, fights involving drunk and disorderly people or riots. Crowd crushes in particular can cause many hundreds of fatalities.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/hajj-crush-how-crowd-disasters-happen-and-how-they-can-be-avoided|title=Hajj crush: how crowd disasters happen, and how they can be avoided|work=The Guardian|date=October 3, 2015|access-date=October 4, 2015|first=Leo|last=Benedictus}} Effective crowd management is about managing expected and unexpected crowd occurrences.{{Cite web |title=Effective Crowd Management |url=https://op.bna.com/dlrcases.nsf/r?Open=cscz-9qytns |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=National Retail Federation}} Crowd control can involve privately hired security guards as well as police officers. Crowd control is often used at large, public gatherings like street fairs, music festivals, stadiums and public demonstrations. At some events, security guards and police use metal detectors and sniffer dogs to prevent weapons and drugs being brought into a venue.{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/three-hospitalised-60-found-with-drugs-at-future-music-festival-20150228-13rmnh.html|title=Three injured, 60 found with drugs at Future Music|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=28 February 2015|access-date=2016-05-21}}{{Cite journal|last=Sanders|first=Bill|year=2005|title=In the Club: Ecstasy Use and Supply in a London Nightclub|journal=Sociology|volume=39|issue=2|pages=241–258|doi=10.1177/0038038505050537|s2cid=145212892|issn=0038-0385}}{{cite web |url=http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/1/14.html |title=Jenni Ward: Researching Drug Sellers |access-date=2016-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213200244/http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/1/14.html |archive-date=2019-02-13 }}
Equipment
Materials such as stanchions,{{cite news | last = Berka | first = Justin | date = 2007-06-21 | title = AT&T's terrible secret of space crowd control | publisher = Ars Technica | url = https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2007/06/atts-crowd-control-secret.ars}} crowd control barriers,{{cite news | last = Aschoff | first = Susan | date = 2005-07-15 | title = Barricades at BayWalk make protesters wary | publisher = St. Petersburg Times | url = http://www.sptimes.com/2005/07/15/Southpinellas/Barricades_at_BayWalk.shtml}} fences and decals painted on the ground can be used to direct a crowd. A common method of crowd control is to use high visibility fencing to divert and corral pedestrian traffic to safety when there is any potential threat for danger.{{Cite news|url=https://www.omegaindl.com/blog/portable-pedestrian-barriers|title=Portable Pedestrian Barriers: 15 Uses for the Roll-Up-Fence|date=2017-06-01|work=Omega Industrial Products|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US}} Keeping the crowd comfortable and relaxed is also essential, so things like awnings, cooling fans (in hot weather), and entertainment are sometimes used as well. Thus, restrictive measures and the application of force can actually make crowding more dangerous, for instance during the Hillsborough disaster.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-35473732|title=Five Hillsborough myths rejected by jury|last=Turner|first=Richard|date=2016-04-28|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-GB}} For controlling riots and demonstrations, see riot control.
Specific products that are used to implement line management and public guidance in high traffic areas include retractable belt systems (which incorporate a stanchion post and the retractable tape) and wall mount systems (also incorporating a retractable belt but are surface mounted). Post and rope systems are also popular, especially in banks and theaters.{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/crowd-control-management-solving-queue-problems-suha-abu-ghosh/|title=Crowd Control Management Solving Queue problems in Banking Industry|last=Abughosh|first=Suha|website=LinkedIn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204093854/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/crowd%2Dcontrol%2Dmanagement%2Dsolving%2Dqueue%2Dproblems%2Dsuha%2Dabu%2Dghosh/|archive-date=2018-02-04|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-01-16}}
= History =
{{See also|Protest policing}}File:General cologone protest.jpg protesting forming a collective area]]
The history of crowd control starts back in the 1920s, where there was no official crowd control unit. There would be ten to 20 officers lined up. Behind one line there would be another line about twenty feet back. The officers were armed with batons and axe handles. Their job is to simply hold the crowd back, which would end in a free for all and resulting in multiple officer injuries.{{Cite news|url=http://www.policemag.com/blog/patrol-tactics/story/2012/08/the-history-of-crowd-management.aspx|title=The History of Crowd Management|access-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107054425/http://www.policemag.com/blog/patrol-tactics/story/2012/08/the-history-of-crowd-management.aspx|archive-date=2018-11-07|url-status=dead}}
Later in the 1950s, the first actual riot control teams armed with riot shields and batons appeared; the goal was for the riot shield officers to hold up the lines. When they came to actual contact with the crowd, the officers with the batons were supposed to help the riot shield officers. However, if deadly force was used against them, there was no training or procedure to counter this causing the officers to have to fend for themselves.
The 1960s and 1970s marked the invention and widespread use of the tear gas. However, with this new innovation the officers were not used to operating in an environment where visibility was limited. The armor that they wore at the time was not as mobile. This resulting in that type of armor being rarely used.
A crowd controller is also another name for a bouncer{{cite news | last = Burgess | first = Matthew | date = 2008-06-02 | title = Police probe bouncer attack | publisher = The Age | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/police-probe-bouncer-attack-20080602-2kow.html}} or doorman.{{cite news | last = Crosse | first = Mark | date = 1992-04-05 | title = NIGHTCLUB BOUNCERS OF THE 90S IT'S NO LONGER THE GOON BY THE DOOR | publisher = Fresno Bee | url = http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/FB/lib00075,0EAE85C4749AFB81.html}}
See also
- {{Annotated link |Crowd collapses and crushes}}
- {{Annotated link |List of fatal crowd crushes}}
- {{Annotated link |Crowd control barrier}}
- {{Annotated link |Crowd manipulation}}
- {{Annotated link |Decontamination foam}}
- {{Annotated link |Fence}}
- {{Annotated link |Temporary fencing}}
- {{Annotated link |Kettling}}
- {{Annotated link |Riot control}}
- {{Annotated link |Rope line}}
References
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