cuttlebone

In the past, cuttlebones were ground up to make polishing powder, which was used by goldsmiths.{{cite news |title=Uses for cuttlebone. The time when it was used as a medicine (1912) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4091433/uses_for_cuttlebone_the_time_when_it/ |newspaper=Alton Evening Telegraph |date=3 October 1912 |page=7 |access-date=2016-01-21}} The powder was also added to toothpaste,{{cite news |title=Do you know this? |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article136318704 |newspaper=The World's News |date=1950-07-08 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=26}} and was used as an antacid for medicinal purposes or as an absorbent. They were also used as an artistic carving medium during the 19th{{cite news |title=Wesleyan anniversary |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65428345 |newspaper=Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser |date=1872-10-17 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=2}}{{Cite news |title=Carnival at Norwood |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199944165 |newspaper=Evening Journal |date=1898-10-24 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=3}} and 20th centuries.{{Cite news |title=Eleanor Barbour's pages for country women |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92381055 |newspaper=Chronicle |date=1942-07-16 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=26}}{{cite news |title=Note book cuttlefish |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54240956 |newspaper=The Register News-Pictorial |date=1930-05-17 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=3S}}{{cite news |title=Models from cuttle-fish |series=Interesting Hobbies |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206228703 |newspaper=The Age |date=1950-06-30 |access-date = 2016-01-21 |page=5S}}{{cite news |title=Back to semaphore celebrations |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article212976716 |newspaper=Port Adelaide News |date=1929-12-13 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=3}}{{Cite news |title=Out among the people |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48912283 |newspaper=The Advertiser |date=1943-05-12 |access-date=2016-01-21 |page=6}}

Today, cuttlebones are commonly used as calcium-rich dietary supplements for caged birds, chinchillas, hermit crabs, reptiles, shrimp, and snails. These are not intended for human consumption.{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=M.D. |first2=A. |last2=Reid |year=2000 |title=A Guide to Squid, Cuttlefish, and Octopuses of Australasia |publisher=CSIRO Publishing}}{{cite journal |title=海螵蛸中砷形态分析及限量标准研究 - 中国知网 |trans-title=Analysis of arsenic speciation in Endoconcha Sepiae and research on its limit standard |year=2019 |pmid=32237338 |last1=Zhu |first1=X. D. |last2=Luo |first2=J. Y. |last3=Kong |first3=D. D. |last4=Wu |first4=J. J. |last5=Sheng |first5=P. |last6=Yang |first6=M. H. |journal=Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica |volume=44 |issue=23 |pages=5065–5071 |doi=10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190903.201 |quote=generally contains high concentration of arsenic }}

As a carbonate-rich biogenic raw material, cuttlebone has potential to be used in the production of calcitic lime.{{cite journal |last1=Ferraz |first1=E. |last2=Gamelas |first2=J.A.F. |last3=Coroado |first3=J. |last4=Monteiro |first4=C. |last5=Rocha |first5=F. |date=2020-07-20 |title=Exploring the potential of cuttlebone waste to produce building lime |url=http://materconstrucc.revistas.csic.es/index.php/materconstrucc/article/view/2294 |journal=Materiales de Construcción |volume=70 |issue=339 |page=225 |doi=10.3989/mc.2020.15819 |issn=1988-3226 |language=en|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/38428 |hdl-access=free }}

Because cuttlebone is able to withstand high temperatures and is easily carved, it serves as mold-making material for small metal castings for the creation of jewelry and small sculptural objects.{{efn|Jewelers prepare cuttlebone for use as a mold by cutting it in half and rubbing the two sides together until they fit flush against one another. Then the casting can be done by carving a design into the cuttlebone, adding the necessary sprue, melting the metal in a separate pouring crucible, and pouring the molten metal into the mold through the sprue. Finally, the sprue is sawed off and the finished piece is polished.}}

It can also be used in the process of pewter casting, as a mould.

The microstructure of the cuttlebone consists of two components, horizontal septa and vertical pillars. Both components are composed predominantly of aragonite.{{Cite journal |last1=Checa |first1=Antonio G. |last2=Cartwright |first2=Julyan H. E.|author2-link = Julyan Cartwright |last3=Sánchez-Almazo |first3=Isabel |last4=Andrade |first4=José P. |last5=Ruiz-Raya |first5=Francisco |date=September 2015 |title=The cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Sepiidae, Cephalopoda) constructs cuttlebone from a liquid-crystal precursor |url= |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=11513 |doi=10.1038/srep11513 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4471886 |pmid=26086668|arxiv=1506.08290 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511513C }} The horizontal septa divide the cuttlebone into separate chambers. These chambers are supported by the vertical pillars which have a corrugated (or "wavy") structure. The thickness of these pillars varies from species to species, but are typically a few microns thick.{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Ting |last2=Jia |first2=Zian |last3=Chen |first3=Hongshun |last4=Deng |first4=Zhifei |last5=Liu |first5=Wenkun |last6=Chen |first6=Liuni |last7=Li |first7=Ling |date=2020-09-22 |title=Mechanical design of the highly porous cuttlebone: A bioceramic hard buoyancy tank for cuttlefish |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=117 |issue=38 |pages=23450–23459 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2009531117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7519314 |pmid=32913055|bibcode=2020PNAS..11723450Y |doi-access=free }} The horizontal septa are typically thicker than the vertical pillars and consist of a double-layered structure. The upper layer of the septa and walls consist of vertically aligned crystals, whereas the bottom sublayer consists of nanorods rotated with respect to each other to form a "plywood" structure. Overall, this chambered microstructure results in the cuttlebone having a porosity over 90% by volume.

File:3D visualisation of μCT-data of a cuttlebone 01.jpg|3D view of part of a cuttlebone at low resolution.

File:3D visualisation of μCT-data of a cuttlebone 03.jpg|Overview of a part at high resolution, about 5 μm/voxel.

File:3D visualisation of μCT-data of a cuttlebone 04.jpg|Higher magnification.

File:3D visualisation of μCT-data of a cuttlebone 05.jpg|Detailed view at very high magnification. Wall thickness of the vertical structures is about 10 μm.

File:Flight through image stack of μCT-data of a cuttlebone, lateral view.ogv|Flight through the corresponding μCT image stack, section direction about 30°, lateral view.

File:Flight through image stack of μCT-data of a cuttlebone, top view.ogv|Flight through the corresponding μCT image stack, section direction about 30°, top view.

File:Aligned flight through image stack of μCT-data of a cuttlebone, lateral view.ogv|Flight through the aligned image stack, lateral view.

File:Aligned flight through image stack of μCT-data of a cuttlebone, top view.ogv|Flight through the aligned image stack, top view.

File:Aligned flight through image stack of μCT-data of a cuttlebone, top view, magnified.ogv|Flight through the aligned image stack, top view, magnified section.

{{biomineralization sidebar|exoskeletons}}

The cuttlebone has been studied extensively due to its ability to be simultaneously lightweight, stiff, and tolerant to damage. This combination of mechanical properties has led to research into cuttlebone-inspired biomimetic ceramic foams.{{Cite web |title=Cuttlebone's microstructure sits at a 'sweet spot' |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200911141711.htm|access-date=2021-05-14 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}} In addition, due to its mechanical properties, cuttlebone has been used as scaffolding in superconductors{{Cite journal |last1=Culverwell |first1=Emily |last2=Wimbush |first2=Stuart C. |last3=Hall |first3=Simon R. |date=2008 |title=Biotemplated synthesis of an ordered macroporous superconductor with high critical current density using a cuttlebone template |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=B715368F |journal=Chem. Commun. |language=en |issue=9 |pages=1055–1057 |doi=10.1039/B715368F |pmid=18292888 |issn=1359-7345|url-access=subscription }} and tissue engineering applications.{{Cite journal |last1=Kannan |first1=S. |last2=Rocha |first2=J.H.G. |last3=Agathopoulos |first3=S. |last4=Ferreira |first4=J.M.F. |date=March 2007 |title=Fluorine-substituted hydroxyapatite scaffolds hydrothermally grown from aragonitic cuttlefish bones |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1742706106001267 |journal=Acta Biomaterialia |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=243–249 |doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.006 |pmid=17127113|url-access=subscription }} The light weight of the cuttlebone derives from its high porosity (over 90% by volume). The stiffness of the cuttlebone arises from the chambered structure composition of approximately 95% aragonite (a stiff material) and 5% organic material. Since the stiffness of a composite will be dominated by the material with the largest volume fraction, the cuttlebone is also stiff. The specific stiffness of the cuttlebone in one species was measured to be as high as 8.4 [(MN)m/kg]. The most intriguing property of cuttlebone is its ability to tolerate damage given that aragonite is a brittle material. The high tolerance to damage can be linked to the cuttlebone's unique microstructure.

Due to the marine lifestyle of the cuttlefish, the cuttlebone must be capable of both withstanding large compressive forces from the water while avoiding sudden brittle failure. The cuttlebone of some species under compression has demonstrated a specific energy on par with some advanced foams made from more compliant materials such as metals and polymers. The high energy absorption is a result of several factors.

The failure of the cuttlebone occurs in three distinct stages: local crack formation, crack expansion, and densification. Crack formation typically occurs in the middle of the vertical walls in the chambered structure of the cuttlebone. The location of crack formation is controlled by the waviness in the corrugated structure of the walls. The waviness of the walls in the cuttlebone provides an optimized balance between stiffness and brittleness of the overall structure. This wavy structure inhibits crack propagation, increasing the energy input necessary for failure. After sufficient damage has occurred to the walls of the cuttlebone, a process known as densification occurs whereby the walls gradually compact while fracture continues. Significant energy is dissipated in the continued cracking of the walls while densification is occurring. It has also been observed that under compressive stresses, the horizontally layered chambers of the cuttlebone will fail sequentially. While one chamber is undergoing fracture and densification, the other chambers will not deform until the septum between the chambers has been penetrated. The septum is significantly stronger than the vertical walls due to its "plywood" structure further increasing the total energy needed for complete structural failure of the cuttlebone.

• Argonaut (animal)
• Belemnoidea
• Gladius (cephalopod)
• Mollusc shell
• Nautilus

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{{reflist|25em}}

• {{cite journal |last=Neige |first=P. |year=2003 |url=http://pascalneige.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/neige-2003c.pdf |title=Combining disparity with diversity to study the biogeographic pattern of Sepiidae |journal=Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen |volume=3 |pages=189–197}}

{{Wiktionary|cuttlebone|cuttlefish bone}}

• {{Commons category inline|Cuttlebone}}

{{Cephalopod anatomy}}

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