death and funeral of James VI and I

File:Charles I (1625).jpg was proclaimed "King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland" at the Mercat cross of Edinburgh]]

In his later years King James was sometimes immobilised by illnesses. In April 1619 he had to travel in a litter, and then was carried in a chair.Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590–1676 (Manchester, 2018), p. 81. Although King James became increasingly infirm, he continued to ride and hunt. It was said that he found bathing his feet in the belly of the deer helpful. John Chamberlain thought the inclusion of sweet wines and fruit was less beneficial.Thomas Birch & Folkestone Williams, Court and Times of James the First, 2 (London: Colburn, 1849), p. 176. In December 1624, Oliver Browne, an upholsterer and furniture maker, provided six portable chairs to use at the hunt, and six special chairs to lift him to and from his bed.John Philip Hore, The History of Newmarket: And the Annals of the Turf, vol. 1 (London, 1885), pp. 260–261.

The King's final illness included a fever, described as a "tertian ague".William Renwick Riddell, 'The Death of King James I: A Medico-Legal Study', Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 19:1 (May, 1928), p. 30: John Nichols, [https://archive.org/details/progressesproce00nichgoog/page/n456/mode/2up Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 1028] He seems to have had a combination of kidney disease and arthritis.Nadine Akkerman, Elizabeth Stuart: Queen of Hearts (Oxford, 2021), p. 219. The events of the king's final days proved controversial with allegations of inappropriate or ill-advised medical interventions. When King James was on his deathbed at Theobalds, it was said that Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham had arranged for his treatment with a plaster or poultice applied to his chest, stomach, and wrist.[https://archive.org/details/courtandtimesch00willgoog/page/n30/mode/2up Thomas Birch & Robert Folkestone Williams, Court and times of Charles I, vol. 1 (London. 1848), p. 5]John Sherren Brewer, Church History of Britain by Thomas Fuller, vol. 5 (Oxford, 1845), p. 568: George Gomme, Gentleman's Magazine Library: Popular Superstitions (London, 1884), pp. 128–129, wrist plaster. This angered his Scottish-born physician John Craig who rebuked her. For his speeches to the Countess, Craig was ordered to leave court.John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 1033–1034. The Earl of Kellie, a Scottish courtier, described the rumour and the Duke of Buckingham's anger at it:

There has something fallen out here much disliked, and I for myself think much mistaken, and that is this. My Lord of Bukkinghame wishing mutche the Kings healthe caused splaister to be applyed to the Kings breast, after which his Majesty was extremely sick, and with all did give him a drink or syrup to drink; and this was which has spread such a business here and discontent as you would wonder, and Doctor Craig is now absented from court and Harry Gibb of the bedchamber is quarrelled for it (blamed), and my Lord Buckingham so incensed".Henry Paton, HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement (London, 1930), p. 226 modernised here: Alastair Bellany & Thomas Cogswell, The Murder of King James I (Yale, 2015), p. xxv.

Buckingham's doctor, John Remington, is known to have attended James at Theobalds in March 1625. He gave the Duke's servant and barber John Baker a recipe for a drink called a julep or posset.Alastair Bellany & Thomas Cogswell, The Murder of King James I (Yale, 2015), pp. 215, 429, 528. John Baker applied a plaster to help the king's ague, and Prince Charles made him eat a piece of it to show it was safe.George F. Warner, The Nicholas Papers (London: Camden Society, 1886), p. xviii.

After the king's death, Remington and other physicians including Matthew Lister disputed the provenance and composition of a medical plaster found on the body.Anna Maria Roos, Web of Nature: Martin Lister (Brill, 2011), p. 27. Subsequently, George Eglisham amplified rumours by publishing the Forerunner of Revenge,Steven Veerapen, The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2023), p. 378. a pamphlet blaming Buckingham and his doctors for hastening the king's death.Alastair Bellany, 'Writing the King's Death: The Case of James I', Paulina Kewes & Andrew McRae, Stuart Succession Literature: Moments and Transformations (Oxford, 2019), p. 42.[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A21195.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=toc;q1=James+--++I%2C+--++King+of+England%2C+1566-1625 Text of the Forerunner of Revenge, EEBO] The circumstances of the king's treatment and the plasters applied were investigated by a House of Commons select committee.HMC 13th Report, Part 7: Manuscripts of the Earl of Lonsdale (London, 1893), pp. i, 2–8.

Henry Gibb removed the controversial plaster at the king's request during the night of 21 March.Steven Veerapen, The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I (Birlinn, 2023), p. 373. The physician, William Paddy came to Theobalds on 25 March and told James the end was near.John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 1031–1032. James died on Sunday 27 March at noon.Henry Paton, HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement (London, 1930), p. 226: Mary Anne Everett Green, Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1623–1625 (London: Longman, 1859), p. 512.

King Charles was proclaimed at the gate of Theobalds by the Knight Marshal, Edward Zouch.Henry Duke, Multum in Parvo, Aut Vox Veritatis (London, 1681), p. 9: John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, vol. 1 (London, 1721), p. 165. The Earl of Kellie advised that proclamations should speak of the "King of Great Britain", rather than putting one nation of the Union first, as in "England and Scotland" or "Scotland and England".Henry Paton, HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement (London, 1930), p. 226. The proclamation sent for reading at the Mercat cross of Edinburgh accordingly referred to the "late King of Grite Britane, France and Ireland".David Masson, Register of the Privy Council, 1625–1627, 2nd series vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1899), pp. 2–3. A messenger was sent to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, at The Hague with money and black cloth to place her household in mourning.John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 1037-8: HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), p. 6.

A commission of Earls met in the council chamber at Whitehall Palace to determine the detail of the funeral and processions. The sculptor Maximilian Colt went to Theobalds to make the king's death mask. After an autopsy, the king's body was embalmed, and soldered into a lead coffin by Abraham Greene.Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), pp. 11, 67. The coffin was placed on a carriage at Theobalds and brought to Denmark House on the Strand in the early hours of the morning.[https://archive.org/details/courtandtimesch00willgoog/page/n28/mode/2up Thomas Birch & Robert Folkestone Williams, Court and times of Charles I, vol. 1 (London. 1848), p. 3] A torchlight procession through the streets of London was spoiled by foul weather.Alastair Bellany, 'Writing the King's Death: The Case of James I', Paulina Kewes & Andrew McRae, Stuart Succession Literature: Moments and Transformations (Oxford, 2019), p. 45: Several older histories give the date as 23 April, more likely 29 March.

File:Jan Kip - Somerset House - B1977.14.18272 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg and his funeral effigy rested in rooms draped with black cloth at Somerset House, then known as "Denmark House" in honour of his wife Anne of Denmark (died in 1619)]]

The aristocrats at court were expected to follow the cortège from Theobalds or await the arrival of the body at Somerset House, then known as Denmark House. Instead, the Earls of Roxburghe and Morton went out of London to make merry with Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford at Moor Park. This "absurdity" caused comment and remark.Lesley Lawson, Out of the Shadows: The Life of Lucy, Countess, Countess of Bedford (London: Hambledon, 2007), pp. 159–160: Henry Paton, HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement (London, 1930), p. 227.

The body of King James lay in state at Denmark House.Alastair Bellany, 'Writing the King's Death, the Case of James I', Paulina Kewes & Andrew McRae, Stuart Succession Literature: Moments and Transformations (Oxford, 2019), pp. 42–46: Edward Francis Rimbault, The Old Cheque-book, Or, Book of Remembrance, of the Chapel Royal (London, 1872), p. 154.[https://archive.org/details/courtandtimesch00willgoog/page/n28/mode/2up Thomas Birch & Robert Folkestone Williams, Court and times of Charles I, vol. 1 (London. 1848), p. 3] The rooms were draped with black cloth and the coffin covered with black velvet. A lifelike wooden effigy of the king was placed on top, dressed in royal robes.HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), pp. 4, 15: Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 1039. The room was lit with six silver candlesticks that Prince Charles had bought in Spain in 1623.John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 1039.

The King's former servants watched at Denmark House, and they became anxious that they might lose their positions and lodgings. It was thought that Charles would keep them on and let his old servants go.Norman MacClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2 (Philadelphia, 1932), p. 609: HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), p. 3: Henry Paton, HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement (London, 1930), p. 227: HMC Cowper, vol. 1 (London, 1888), pp. 194–195: Joanna Moody, Correspondence of Lady Cornwallis Bacon (Cranbury NJ, 2003), p. 131.[https://archive.org/details/courtandtimesch00willgoog/page/n34/mode/2up Thomas Birch & Robert Folkestone Williams, Court and times of Charles I, vol. 1 (London. 1848), p. 8] Easter Day was April 17. There was plague in London and Dover.HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), p. 7. John Donne preached at Denmark House on 26 April, in the Great Hall, as there was no chapel in the building.Walter S. H. Lim, The Arts of Empire: The Poetics of Colonialism from Raleigh to Milton (University of Delaware Press, 1998), p. 137: Peter McCullough, The Oxford Edition of the Sermons of John Donne, vol. 1 (Oxford, 2015), pp. xxvii–xxviii: George Reuben Potter & Evelyn Mary Spearing Simpson, The Sermons of John Donne, vol. 6 (University of California, 1953), pp. 27–29, 280–291. The king's body was moved from the bedchamber to the privy chamber at the end of April.Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 1039. Two days before the funeral, the effigy was moved into the Great Hall at Denmark House, a room with a bay window, which was now decorated and draped in black like a funerary chapel. Charles I attended while the body was placed in the presence chamber.Edward Rimbault, The Old Cheque-book, Or, Book of Remembrance, of the Chapel Royal (London, 1872), p. 154: HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), p. 16

Charles I stayed at Whitehall Palace where the chapel was draped with black cloth like the rooms at Denmark House.Simon Thurley, Palaces of the Revolution, Life, Death & Art at the Stuart Court (Collins, 2021), p. 139: Edward Rimbault, The Old Cheque-book, Or, Book of Remembrance, of the Chapel Royal (London, 1872), pp. 154–155. The Duke of Buckingham stayed in an adjacent room.HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), p. 3. Charles began to enforce stricter etiquette at the palace than his late father.HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), pp. 6–

7: Henry Paton, HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement (London, 1930), p. 227. Lucy, Countess of Bedford, compared the new formality to the court of Elizabeth I.Joanna Moody, Correspondence of Lady Cornwallis Bacon (Cranbury NJ, 2003), p. 131.

In Scotland, rooms at Holyrood Palace were also draped with symbolic black cloth.Balfour's Annals, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1824), p. 116: Register Privy Council of Scotland, 1623–1625, p. 11. The cloth was supplemented with wall paintings by James Warkman. In 1626 the cloth was given to the keepers of the palace and Warkman painted over the black decoration, but traces remain behind later panelling.Maria Hayward, Stewart Style (Yale, 2020), p. 301 & pl. 12.4: John Imrie & John G. Dunbar, Accounts of the Masters of Work, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 165, 203.

File:Daniël Mijtens - Portrait of James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, Later 3rd Marquis and 1st Duke of Hamilton, Aged 17 - Google Art Project.jpg held the train of Charles I as Chief Mourner]]

Black mourning cloth was provided for 9,000 people to attend the funeral. A number of servants, gunners, and former members of the household of Anne of Denmark petitioned the committee for an allowance of mourning livery, including Robert and John Wood who had kept the king's cormorants for 16 years.John Bruce, Calendar State Papers Domestic, Charles I, 1625, 1626 (London, 1858), p. 15. The hearse used in the Abbey was designed by Inigo Jones. It was covered with black velvet by the king's upholsterers Oliver Browne and John Baker.Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), p. 69.

A second fully articulated effigy for the Abbey was made by Maximilian Colt.Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), p. 67. Colt had made a wax death mask of the king's face at Theobalds to model these effigies. The wigs for the effigies were made by Daniel Parkin or Parkes.Ian W. Archer, 'City and Court Connected: The Material Dimensions of Royal Ceremonial, ca. 1480–1625', Huntington Library Quarterly, 71:1 (March 2008), p. 170. The faces were painted by Colt and John de Critz.Julian Litten, 'The Funeral Effigy', Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), p. 11. Colt also made a crown for the effigy set with counterfeit jewels, an orb, and a sceptre, which were gilded by John de Critz.Andrew Barclay, 'The 1661 St Edward's Crown: Refurbished, Recycled or Replaced?', Court Historian, 13:2 (November 2014), p. 158 {{doi|10.1179/cou.2008.13.2.002}} The effigy had joints for "severall postures".Christina Faraday, Tudor Liveliness (Yale, 2023), p. 35: Graham Parry, The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court (Manchester, 1981), 236. De Critz also provided heraldic funerary hatchments and banners for Denmark House and the Abbey.David Howarth, Images of Rule (Macmillan, 1997), pp. 174–175, 177.

James VI and I was buried at Westminster Abbey on the evening before the funeral. Charles I was the chief mourner on the day of the state funeral. He walked from Somerset House to the Abbey. In the procession, the "Banner of the Union of the two Crosses of England and Scotland" was carried by Lord Willoughby de Ersesby.Progresses of James the First, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 1043-4. Simonds D'Ewes was among the spectators on the Strand by Somerset House.J. O. Halliwell, [https://archive.org/details/autobiographycor01deweuoft/page/268/mode/2up Autobiography and correspondence of Simonds D'Ewes, 1 (London, 1845), p. 268]

As the king's effigy was placed in Inigo Jones's hearse or catafalque in the choir of Abbey, the Catholic ambassadors left the building.HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1877), pp. 14, 17. John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, gave a two-hour sermon. John Chamberlain wrote that "all was performed with great magnificence, but the order was very confused and disorderly". He heard the ceremony cost over £50,000.Norman McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 2 (Philadelphia, 1932), p. 616.

A diplomat from Tuscany, Alessandro Antelminelli alias Amerigo Salvetti of Lucca, described the procession from Denmark House and the funeral.HMC 11th Report, Skrine: Salvetti Correspondence (London, 1887), pp. 1, 4, 15–17. Williams (whose sermon was published) and Donne both discussed King James as Rex Pacificus a peacemaking king, and a modern Solomon.Walter S. H. Lim, The Arts of Empire: The Poetics of Colonialism from Raleigh to Milton (University of Delaware Press, 1998), p. 137.

There was no monument for James at the Abbey, although he commissioned monuments for Elizabeth I, his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, and his own English-born daughters Mary and Sophia. The place of his interment was rediscovered by Dean Stanley in February 1869 in the vault containing the coffins of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.David Howarth, Images of Rule (Macmillan, 1997), pp. 164–171: Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London, 1882), pp. 499–526. The body of his wife, Anne of Denmark, had been buried nearby on 13 May 1619.Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing (Manchester, 2018), p. 85 & fn. 489: Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London, 1882), pp. 505–506. The antiquary John Dart saw a labelled urn containing the embalmed organs of Anne of Denmark in 1718, which he thought had been moved in 1674 during the reburial of the Princes in the Tower. A similar urn for King James was not found in 1869.Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London, 1882), p. 524: John Dart, Westmonasterium Or the History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church (London, 1723), Book 2, pp. 167, 169.

The chief mourner was Charles I. His supporters were the Earls of Arundel and Rutland. His train was carried by the Duke of Lennox, the Marquess of Hamilton, the Earl of Denbigh, and Lords Maltravers and Strange. The king's two attendants were Robert Kerr of the bedchamber and James Fullerton, Groom of the Stool. There were 14 Earls as assistants to the chief mourner.John Nichols, Progresses of James I, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 1047.

The Earl of Nithsdale was an Earl Assistant. The other Scottish earls at the ceremony, not among the "close mourners", included; Linlithgow, Home, Wigton, Tullibardine, Roxburghe, Kellie, Buccleuch, Melrose, Annandale, and Lauderdale.Progresses of James I, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 1048.

{{main|Jewels of James VI and I}}

Later in the year, a scheme was devised by the Duke of Buckingham to raise money by pawning the king's jewels at The Hague and Amsterdam, in part to meet commitments to be made by the Treaty of The Hague (1625).Nadine Akkerman, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts (Oxford, 2021), p. 239: Roger Lockyer, Buckingham (London: Longman, 1981), pp. 285, 298. On 8 November 1625, Spencer, Lord Compton, who served as Master of the King's Robes delivered jewels to two courtiers of Charles I, Lord Conway and Endymion Porter, at Hampton Court. These included the famous diamond hat jewel known as the Mirror of Great Britain (now configured with a diamond instead of a ruby, which James had given to Anne of Denmark), a gold feather set with diamonds, a jewel called the "Brethren" or the "Three Brothers", collets (segments set with precious stones) from collars with the ciphers of Anne of Denmark and James, a hatband of two ropes of pearls, and a jewel in shape of an initial "J" or "I". The "J" was also a hat badge, and had been made by the goldsmiths William Herrick and John Spilman in 1603 or 1604. It included two balas rubies and a great and a small diamond,HMC Calendar of the Laing Manuscripts at the University of Edinburgh, 1 (London, 1914), p. 96. and a lozenge diamond taken from a jewel in Anne of Denmark's collection.Diana Scarisbrick, 'Anne of Denmark's Jewellery Inventory', Archaeologia, vol. CIX (1991), p. 222.Antient Kalendars and Inventories, 2, pp. 305 no. 53, 308 no. 20.

The Dutch were reluctant to lend money on the jewels, considering they were annexed as crown jewels, rather than royal personal property, and the English Parliament could object. Nevertheless, some of pieces were pawned by the Duke of Buckingham and his agent Sackville Crowe,Nadine Akkerman, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts (Oxford, 2021), p. 239. and in 1634 were in the hands of Garret van Schoonhoven and Francis Vanhoven of Amsterdam.HMC 8th Report: Bankes (London, 1881), p. 209: Foedera, 19, p. 587: HMC Report on Various Manuscripts, vol. 5 (Hereford, 1909), p. 123.

==References==

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Category:1625 in England

James VI and I

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James VI and I

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