derealization

The experience of derealization can be described as feeling as if a substance separates a person from the outside world, such as a sensory fog, pane of glass, or veil. The person may feel as if they are viewing their surroundings through VR glasses, through glass, or on a movie screen. Some report that what they see lacks vividness and emotional coloring.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |date=2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n433 |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology |place=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781483365817.n433 |isbn=9781483365831 |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150316/https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-abnormal-and-clinical-psychology/i14616.xml |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} Emotional response to visual recognition of loved ones may be significantly reduced. Feelings of déjà vu or jamais vu are common. One may not be sure whether what one perceives is real. The world may seem as if it were going through a dolly zoom effect. Such perceptual abnormalities may also extend to hearing, taste, and smell. An important differentiation between hallucination and derealization is that one does not hear, see, or experience things that are not real or visible during derealization; rather, one experiences their surroundings as distant or dreamlike. During this state of altered perception, one is aware of the feeling's subjective nature.{{Cite journal |last1=Graux |first1=Jérôme |last2=Lemoine |first2=Maël |last3=El Hage |first3=Wissam |last4=Camus |first4=Vincent |date=2012 |title=From Depersonalization to Hallucination |url=https://karger.com/PSP/article/doi/10.1159/000325911 |journal=Psychopathology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=42–52 |doi=10.1159/000325911 |pmid=22123515 |issn=0254-4962|url-access=subscription }}

The degree of familiarity one has with their surroundings is among one's sensory and psychological identity, memory foundation, and history when experiencing a place. People experiencing derealization block this identifying foundation from recall. This "blocking effect" creates a discrepancy of correlation between one's perception of one's surroundings during derealization and what one would perceive in its absence.

Frequently, derealization occurs in the context of constant worrying or "intrusive thoughts" that one finds hard to switch off. In such cases it can build unnoticed along with the underlying anxiety attached to these disturbing thoughts, and be recognized only in the aftermath of a realization of crisis, often a panic attack, subsequently seeming difficult or impossible to ignore. This type of anxiety can be crippling to the affected and may lead to avoidant behavior. Those who experience this phenomenon may feel concern over the cause of their derealization. It is often difficult to accept that such a disturbing symptom is simply a result of anxiety, and one may think the cause must be something more serious. This can, in turn, cause more anxiety and worsen the derealization. Derealization has also been shown to interfere with the learning process, with cognitive impairments demonstrated in immediate recall and visuospatial deficits.{{Cite journal |last1=Guralnik |first1=Orna |last2=Giesbrecht |first2=Timo |last3=Knutelska |first3=Margaret |last4=Sirroff |first4=Beth |last5=Simeon |first5=Daphne |date=December 2007 |title=Cognitive Functioning in Depersonalization Disorder |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=195 |issue=12 |pages=983–8 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815c19cd |pmid=18091191 |s2cid=35238079 |issn=0022-3018}} This can be best understood as the feeling of seeing events in third person.{{cite journal |last1=Spiegel |first1=David |last2=Cardeña |first2=Etzel |title=Disintegrated experience: The dissociative disorders revisited. |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=100 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=366–378 |issn=1939-1846 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.366 |pmid=1918616 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21236606}}

Derealization can accompany the neurological conditions of epilepsy (particularly temporal lobe epilepsy), migraine, and mild TBI (head injury).{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert MV, Sierra M, Phillips ML, David AS |title=The spectrum of organic depersonalization: a review plus four new cases |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=141–54 |year=2002 |pmid=11983788 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14.2.141}} There is a similarity between visual hypo-emotionality, a reduced emotional response to viewed objects, and derealization. This suggests a disruption of the process by which perception becomes emotionally colored. This qualitative change in the experiencing of perception may lead to reports of anything viewed being unreal or detached.

The instances of recurring or chronic derealization among those who have experienced extreme trauma and/or have post-traumatic stress (PTSD) have been studied closely in many scientific studies, whose results indicate a strong link between the disorders, with a disproportionate amount of post traumatic stress patients reporting recurring feelings of derealization and depersonalization (up to 30% of those with the condition) in comparison to the general populace (only around 2%),{{Cite web|date=2015-05-01|title=Altered Circuits May Cause 'Out-Of-Body' Symptoms in Some People with PTSD|url=https://www.bbrfoundation.org/content/altered-circuits-may-cause-out-body-symptoms-some-people-ptsd|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Brain & Behavior Research Foundation|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613171825/https://www.bbrfoundation.org/content/altered-circuits-may-cause-out-body-symptoms-some-people-ptsd|url-status=live}} especially in those who experienced the trauma in childhood. Many possibilities have been suggested by various psychologists to help explain these findings, the most widely accepted including that experiencing trauma can cause individuals to distance themselves from their surroundings and perception, with the aim of subsequently distancing themselves from the trauma and (especially in the case of depersonalisation) their emotional response to it. This could be either as a deliberate coping mechanism or an involuntary, reflexive response depending on circumstance. This possibly not only increases the risk of experiencing problems with derealization and its corresponding disorder, but with all relevant dissociative disorders. In the case of childhood trauma, not only are children more likely to be susceptible to such a response as they are less able to implement more healthy strategies to deal with the emotional implications of experiencing trauma, there is also a lot of evidence that shows trauma can have a substantial detrimental effect on learning and development, especially since those who experience trauma in childhood are far less likely to have received adequate parenting.{{Cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=Kristen R.|last2=Seng|first2=Julia S.|last3=Briggs|first3=Ernestine C.|last4=Munro-Kramer|first4=Michelle L.|last5=Graham-Bermann|first5=Sandra A.|last6=Lee|first6=Robert C.|last7=Ford|first7=Julian D.|date=December 2017|title=The Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among Adolescents: Co-Occurring PTSD, Depersonalization/Derealization, and Other Dissociation Symptoms|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=56|issue=12|pages=1062–1072|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.425|issn=0890-8567|pmc=5726572|pmid=29173740}} These are factors proven to increase susceptibility to maladaptive psychological conditions, including dissociative disorders and their derealization symptoms.

Some neurophysiological studies have noted disturbances arising from the frontal-temporal cortex, which could explain the correlation found between derealization symptoms and temporal lobe disorders. This is further supported by reports of people with frontal lobe epilepsy, with those with epilepsy of the dorsal premotor cortex reporting symptoms of depersonalization, while those with temporal lobe epilepsy reported experiencing derealization symptoms.{{Cite journal|last1=Heydrich|first1=Lukas|last2=Marillier|first2=Guillaume|last3=Evans|first3=Nathan|last4=Seeck|first4=Margitta|last5=Blanke|first5=Olaf|date=2019-08-22|title=Depersonalization- and derealization-like phenomena of epileptic origin|journal=Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology|volume=6|issue=9|pages=1739–1747|doi=10.1002/acn3.50870|issn=2328-9503|pmc=6764488|pmid=31437864}} This implies that malfunction of these specific brain regions may be the cause of these dissociative symptoms, or at the very least that these brain regions are heavily involved.

Derealization is a common psychosomatic symptom seen in various anxiety disorders, especially hypochondria.{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=NM |last2=Pollack |first2=MH |last3=Tuby |first3=KS |last4=Stern |first4=TA. |title=Dizziness and panic disorder: a review of the association between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety |journal=Annals of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |date=June 1998 |doi=10.3109/10401239809147746 |pmid=9669539}} However, derealization is presently regarded as a separate psychological issue due to its presence as a symptom within several pathologies.

One study suggested multiple explanations for derealisation, one of which being the “intrusions of sleep elements into waking consciousness”,{{Cite journal |last1=Vannikov-Lugassi |first1=Miriam |last2=Shalev |first2=Hadar |last3=Soffer-Dudek |first3=Nirit |date=2021 |title=From brooding to detachment: Rumination longitudinally predicts an increase in depersonalization and derealisation |url=https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/papt.12279 |journal=Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice |language=en |volume=94 |issue=S2 |pages=321–338 |doi=10.1111/papt.12279 |issn=2044-8341|url-access=subscription }} because derealisation has been described as “dream-like”, and because derealisation is related to low levels of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter regulating alertness, in the urine. These all suggest a link between derealisation and depersonalisation and abnormalities in sleep and wakefulness. Another explanation in the same vein is poor sleep quality, which contributes to rumination— repetitively focusing on one’s own distress and the circumstances surrounding such distress— and seems to either bring about or increase symptoms of derealisation. Rumination and derealisation were found to be linked, as those individuals who had high levels of rumination were more likely to report symptoms of derealisation. Finally, the study suggested that maladaptive emotional regulation was linked to derealisation, and that poor emotional regulation, when combined with high levels of rumination and poor sleep quality, could be the cause of derealisation and depersonalisation disorder.

There is a positive correlation between fatigue and derealisation symptoms. Emotional suppression is also linked to derealisation symptoms. A study by Tibubos et al. showed that those who reappraised their emotions, meaning those who changed the way they assessed their situation and their capacity to manage it, thus altering its emotional impact, were less likely to experience derealisation. Conversely, those who suppressed their emotions were both more fatigued and more likely to experience derealisation  and depersonalisation symptoms.{{Cite journal |last1=Tibubos |first1=Ana N. |last2=Grammes |first2=Jennifer |last3=Beutel |first3=Manfred E. |last4=Michal |first4=Matthias |last5=Schmutzer |first5=Gabriele |last6=Brähler |first6=Elmar |date=2018-02-01 |title=Emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032717310820 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=227 |pages=571–579 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.079 |pmid=29172049 |issn=0165-0327|url-access=subscription }}

Derealisation is often comorbid with depression and anxiety. Symptoms of derealisation are associated with symptoms of both depression and anxiety in the long-term, and those who experience chronic derealisation seem to be more likely to experience depressive and anxious symptoms.{{Cite journal |last1=Schlax |first1=Jasmin |last2=Wiltink |first2=Jörg |last3=Beutel |first3=Manfred E. |last4=Münzel |first4=Thomas |last5=Pfeiffer |first5=Norbert |last6=Wild |first6=Philipp |last7=Blettner |first7=Maria |last8=Ghaemi Kerahrodi |first8=Jasmin |last9=Michal |first9=Matthias |date=2020-08-01 |title=Symptoms of depersonalization/derealization are independent risk factors for the development or persistence of psychological distress in the general population: Results from the Gutenberg health study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032716318961 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=273 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.018 |pmid=32421621 |issn=0165-0327|url-access=subscription }} Even when controlling for factors like treatment history, family history of mental disorders, childhood trauma, and sociodemographic status, many people who experience derealization also suffer from depression and/or anxiety disorders. However, those who experience derealization are also less likely to experience bodily symptoms of anxiety, compared to those who suffer from anxiety but not derealization, which may reflect the feelings of detachment from the body caused by derealization.{{Cite journal |last1=Michal |first1=Matthias |last2=Adler |first2=Julia |last3=Wiltink |first3=Jörg |last4=Reiner |first4=Iris |last5=Tschan |first5=Regine |last6=Wölfling |first6=Klaus |last7=Weimert |first7=Sabine |last8=Tuin |first8=Inka |last9=Subic-Wrana |first9=Claudia |last10=Beutel |first10=Manfred E. |last11=Zwerenz |first11=Rüdiger |date=2016-06-27 |title=A case series of 223 patients with depersonalization-derealization syndrome |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=203 |doi=10.1186/s12888-016-0908-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=4924239 |pmid=27349226}}

Researchers used brain fMRI to check the neural responses of those suffering from derealisation and depersonalisation to both aversive and neutral images. They found that the derealised patients “rated the aversive, disgusting scenes as less emotive than control subjects and, in response to these stimuli, showed reduced activation in structures implicated in the perception of disgust.” While the derealised patients understood the content of the aversive pictures they were shown, they did not experience an emotional response, while the control group did, showing that the neural and behavioural responses of those experiencing derealization and depersonalisation were impaired.{{Cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Mary L |last2=Medford |first2=Nicholas |last3=Senior |first3=Carl |last4=Bullmore |first4=Edward T |last5=Suckling |first5=John |last6=Brammer |first6=Michael J |last7=Andrew |first7=Chris |last8=Sierra |first8=Mauricio |last9=Williams |first9=Stephen C.R |last10=David |first10=Anthony S |date=December 2001 |title=Depersonalization disorder: thinking without feeling |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925492701001196 |journal=Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging |language=en |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00119-6|pmid=11756013 |url-access=subscription }}

Derealization and dissociative symptoms have been linked by some studies to various physiological and psychological differences in individuals and their environments. It was remarked that labile sleep-wake cycles (labile meaning more easily roused) with some distinct changes in sleep, such as dream-like states, hypnogogic, hypnopompic hallucinations, night-terrors and other disorders related to sleep could possibly be causative or improve symptoms to a degree.{{Cite journal |last=Lynn |first=Lillienfeld |date=2008 |title=Challenging Conventional Wisdom- Socio-cognitive Framework for DID & Dissociative Disorders |url=http://www.haraldmerckelbach.nl/artikelen_engels/2008/Dissociation%20And%20Dissociative%20Disorders.pdf |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |via=Sage |access-date=2019-09-08 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224153428/http://www.haraldmerckelbach.nl/artikelen_engels/2008/Dissociation%20And%20Dissociative%20Disorders.pdf |url-status=live }} Derealization can also be a symptom of severe sleep disorders and mental disorders like depersonalization disorder, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dissociative identity disorder, and other mental conditions.{{cite journal |pmid=14628973 |volume=64 |issue=9 |title=Feeling unreal: a depersonalization disorder update of 117 cases |date=September 2003 |vauthors=Simeon D, Knutelska M, Nelson D, Guralnik O |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |pages=990–7 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v64n0903}}

Cannabis,{{cite journal |pmid=2178712 |volume=43 |issue=2 |title=Psychopharmacological effects of cannabis |date=February 1990 |author=Johnson BA |journal=Br J Hosp Med |pages=114–6, 118–20, 122}} psychedelics, dissociatives, antidepressants, caffeine, nitrous oxide, albuterol, and nicotine can all produce feelings of derealization, or sensations mimicking them,{{Cite web|title=Depersonalization-derealization disorder - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352911|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|archive-date=2017-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030114/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352911|url-status=live}} particularly when taken in excess. It can also result from alcohol withdrawal or benzodiazepine withdrawal.{{cite journal |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=November 1999 |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=200–9 |title=A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users |author1=Mintzer MZ |author2=Stoller KB |author3=Griffiths RR |pmid=10591888 |doi=10.1007/s002130051161 |s2cid=35666163}} Tramadol withdrawal can also cause feelings of derealization, often alongside psychotic symptoms such as anxiety, paranoia and hallucinations.{{Cite journal |last1=Sidana |first1=Ajeet |last2=Domun |first2=Ira |last3=Arora |first3=Prinka |date=2019 |title=Tramadol withdrawal psychosis |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=655–656 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_11_19 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=6862981 |pmid=31896879 |doi-access=free }} Generally, when derealisation is induced by cannabis, symptoms do not last longer than the period of intoxication, generally subsiding within about 2 hours of exposure. However, a small group of those who use cannabis may experience derealization symptoms lasting weeks, months, or years, even after they stop using cannabis. The most significant factor for this chronic cannabis-induced derealisation seems to be a history of anxiety, and young, anxiety-prone males who use cannabis under “marked distress” are particularly at risk.{{Cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=Sean P. |last2=Einhorn |first2=Patrick M. |date=February 2018 |title=Cannabis-Induced Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2018.130202 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2018.130202|doi-access=free }}

Derealisation symptoms may also be experienced after playing video games, particularly after using virtual-reality headsets. A study of 40 participants found that those who used VR headsets while playing the game Skyrim reported significantly more derealisation symptoms than those who played on a PC. Researchers hypothesised that using VR headsets, as opposed to the PC, induced “stronger levels of realness towards the newly experienced virtual world, which casts into doubt the so far experienced ordinary world."{{Cite journal |last1=Peckmann |first1=Carina |last2=Kannen |first2=Kyra |last3=Pensel |first3=Max C. |last4=Lux |first4=Silke |last5=Philipsen |first5=Alexandra |last6=Braun |first6=Niclas |date=2022-06-01 |title=Virtual reality induces symptoms of depersonalization and derealization: A longitudinal randomised control trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563222000553 |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=131 |pages=107233 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2022.107233 |issn=0747-5632|doi-access=free }}

Interoceptive exposure exercises have been used in research settings as a means to induce derealization, as well as the related phenomenon depersonalization, in people who are sensitive to high levels of anxiety. Exercises with documented successes include timed intervals of hyperventilation or staring at a mirror, dot, or spiral.{{cite journal |vauthors=Lickel J, Nelson E, Lickel AH, Deacon B |year=2008 |title=Interoceptive Exposure Exercises for Evoking Depersonalization and Derealization: A Pilot Study |url=https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrjcp/22/4/321 |journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=321–330 |doi=10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.321 |s2cid=12746427 |access-date=2020-11-19 |archive-date=2021-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215812/https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrjcp/22/4/321 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}

In the past, treatments like anticonvulsants, stimulants, and electroconvulsive therapy were tested, but were not effective in reducing symptoms.{{Cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=Elaine C. M. |last2=Charlton |first2=Jane |last3=David |first3=Anthony S. |date=2017-03-23 |title=Depersonalisation and derealisation: assessment and management |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j745 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=356 |pages=j745 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j745 |issn=0959-8138 |pmid=28336554|url-access=subscription }}

There is evidence to suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy is effective in treating derealisation symptoms, especially through cognitive reappraisal of catastrophizing thoughts, reducing avoidance behavior, and self-observation. Therapy has been shown to reduce the severity of chronic derealisation and other comorbidities, like anxiety and depression, in the long-term.

Currently, chronic derealisation is generally treated using medication. These drugs include antidepressants, antiepileptics, and antipsychotics. Serotonin reuptake blockers (SSRIs) may be prescribed. They mediate serotonergic dysregulation, which is when the body does not have enough serotonin, thought to be a possible cause of derealisation-depersonalisation disorder.{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Sici |last2=Zheng |first2=Sisi |last3=Zhang |first3=Francis Xiaitan |last4=Ma |first4=Rui |last5=Feng |first5=Sitong |last6=Song |first6=Mingkang |last7=Zhu |first7=Hong |last8=Jia |first8=Hongxiao |date=January 2024 |title=The Treatment of Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: A Systematic Review |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15299732.2023.2231920 |journal=Journal of Trauma & Dissociation |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=6–29 |doi=10.1080/15299732.2023.2231920 |issn=1529-9732|url-access=subscription }}

Derealization, as a concept, is referenced in the 2021 comedy special by Bo Burnham called Bo Burnham: Inside; specifically, it is mentioned in the song "That Funny Feeling".{{cite AV media |first=Bo |last=Burnham |author-link=Bo Burnham |date=30 May 2021 |title="That Funny Feeling" |department=album Inside, disc 2, track 6 |medium=music video |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObOqq1knVxs |url-status=live |lang=en |access-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220115012/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObOqq1knVxs |archive-date=2021-12-20 }}

The protagonist of the 2017 video game Night in the Woods - Mae Borowski - is implied to experience derealization, seeing objects and people as "just shapes" and "just lines someone wrote".

In season 3, episode 3 of the Netflix series Evil, Ben Shakir is spontaneously diagnosed as being "culturally derealized" by the children of Kristen Bouchard.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Depersonalization-derealization disorder
• Alice in Wonderland syndrome
• Brain fog
• Śūnyatā
• Ego death
• Temporal lobe epilepsy
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Dissociative disorders
• Existential crisis
• Mystical psychosis
• Narcissistic withdrawal
• Spiritual emergency
• Solipsism syndrome
• Fugue state
• Reality
• Spectacle
• Falling (sensation)
• Weltschmerz
• Sleep deprivation
• Neoplatonism}}

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Neurology

Category:Dissociative disorders

Category:Symptoms or signs involving perceptual disturbance