dolly (sheep)

{{Infobox animal

| name = Dolly

| image = Dolly face closeup.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = The taxidermy mount of Dolly on exhibit at the National Museum of Scotland in 2009

| othername = 6LLS (code name)

| species = Domestic sheep (Finn-Dorset)

| gender = Female

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1996|07|05|df=y}}

| birth_place = Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|02|14|1996|07|05|df=y}}

| death_place = Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland

| death_cause = Euthanasia

| resting_place = National Museum of Scotland (remains on display)

| resting_place_coordinates =

| nationality = United Kingdom (Scotland)

| known = First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell

| children = 6 lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton)

| namedafter = Dolly Parton

| website =

}}

Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female Finn-Dorset sheep and the first mammal that was cloned from an adult somatic cell. She was cloned by associates of the Roslin Institute in Scotland, using the process of nuclear transfer from a cell taken from a mammary gland. Her cloning proved that a cloned organism could be produced from a mature cell from a specific body part. Contrary to popular belief, she was not the first animal to be cloned.{{Cite web|title=The Life of Dolly {{!}} Dolly the Sheep|url=https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html|access-date=1 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151011/http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html|url-status=dead}}

The employment of adult somatic cells in lieu of embryonic stem cells for cloning emerged from the foundational work of John Gurdon, who cloned African clawed frogs in 1958 with this approach. The successful cloning of Dolly led to widespread advancements within stem cell research, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells.{{Cite web|title=The Legacy {{!}} Dolly the Sheep|url=https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/legacy/index.html|access-date=1 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920154939/https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/legacy/index.html|url-status=dead}}

Dolly lived at the Roslin Institute throughout her life and produced several lambs. She was euthanized at the age of six years due to a progressive lung disease. No cause which linked the disease to her cloning was found.

Dolly's body was preserved and donated by the Roslin Institute in Scotland to the National Museum of Scotland, where it has been regularly exhibited since 2003.

Genesis

Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00141844.1999.9981606| title = Why dolly matters: Kinship, culture and cloning| journal = Ethnos| volume = 64| issue = 3–4| pages = 301–324| year = 1999| last1 = Edwards | first1 = J. }} She was born on 5 July 1996.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2764039.stm "Dolly the sheep clone dies young"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512101046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2764039.stm |date=12 May 2011 }}. BBC News. 14 February 2003 She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm |title=Is Dolly old before her time? |date=27 May 1999 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 October 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115720/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=live }}{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around|title=No More Cloning Around|last=Lehrman|first=Sally|date=July 2008|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=21 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119114926/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around|archive-date=19 November 2008|url-status=live}}

The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone, therefore, proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's."{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/22/newsid_4245000/4245877.stm | work=BBC News | title=1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned | date=22 February 1997 | access-date=1 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307132931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/22/newsid_4245000/4245877.stm | archive-date=7 March 2008 | url-status=live }}

Birth

Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.{{cite journal | last1 = Williams | year = 2003 | first1 = N. | title = Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 209–210 | pmid=12646139 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00148-9 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2003CBio...13.R209W }} She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.{{Cite journal|author=Campbell KH|author2=McWhir J |author3=Ritchie WA|author4=Wilmut I |title=Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line |journal=Nature |volume=380 |issue=6569 |pages=64–6 |date=1996 |pmid=8598906 | doi = 10.1038/380064a0|bibcode = 1996Natur.380...64C |s2cid=3529638 }} Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal.{{Cite journal|author=McLaren A |title=Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5472 |pages=1775–80 |date=2000 |pmid=10877698 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5472.1775|s2cid=44320353 }}{{Cite journal|display-authors=4|author=Wilmut I|author2=Schnieke AE|author3=McWhir J|author4=Kind AJ|author5=Campbell KH |title=Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells |journal=Nature |volume=385 |issue=6619 |pages=810–3 |date=1997 |pmid=9039911 | doi=10.1038/385810a0 |bibcode=1997Natur.385..810W|s2cid=4260518}} The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.{{Cite journal |author=Niemann H |author2=Tian XC |author3=King WA |author4=Lee RS |date=February 2008 |title=Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning |url=http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/135/2/151.full.pdf |url-status= |journal=Reproduction |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=151–63 |doi=10.1530/REP-07-0397 |pmid=18239046 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719155145/http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/135/2/151.full.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |doi-access=free}}

Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997. It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in Time magazine featured Dolly. Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell.{{cite journal | author1=McKinnell, Robert G.| author2= Di Berardino, Marie A. | title=The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale| journal=BioScience | volume=49 | issue=11 | pages=875–885| date=November 1999 | doi=10.2307/1313647| jstor=1313647| doi-access=free}}

Life

File:Dolly clone.svg process that produced Dolly]]

Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian.{{Cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=14 February 2003 |title=Dolly, the First Cloned Mammal, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/14/science/life/dolly-the-first-cloned-mammal-is-dead.html |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211811/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/14/science/life/dolly-the-first-cloned-mammal-is-dead.html |archive-date=24 February 2017 |url-status=live }} There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998. The next year, Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie; further, she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in 2000.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070813013311/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFamily.php Dolly's family]. Roslin Institute, UK In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and started to have difficulty walking. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070813013454/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyArthritis.php Dolly's arthritis]. Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008

Death

On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFinalIilness.php Dolly's final illness] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227144956/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFinalIilness.php |date=27 February 2008 }} Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030120853/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFinalIilness.php |date=30 October 2012 }} A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived 6.5 years. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, also known as Jaagsiekte,Bridget M. Kuehn [http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/apr03/030415f.asp Goodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004231844/http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/apr03/030415f.asp |date=4 October 2009 }} American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003 which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.{{Cite journal |author=Palmarini M |title=A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology |journal=PLOS Pathog. |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e12 |date=2007 |pmid=17319740 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012 |pmc=1803002 |doi-access=free }} Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease. Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/15/world/first-mammal-clone-dies-dolly-made-science-history.html|title=First Mammal Clone Dies; Dolly Made Science History|first=Gina|last=Kolata|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 February 2003|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226163558/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/15/world/first-mammal-clone-dies-dolly-made-science-history.html|url-status=live}}

Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned. One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly's telomeres were short, which is typically a result of the aging process.{{Cite journal|author=Shiels PG|author2=Kind AJ|author3=Campbell KH|title=Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer |journal=Cloning |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |date=1999 |pmid=16218837 | doi = 10.1089/15204559950020003|display-authors=etal}}{{Cite journal|author=Shiels PG|author2=Kind AJ|author3=Campbell KH|title=Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep |journal=Nature |volume=399 |issue=6734 |pages=316–7 |date=1999 |pmid=10360570 | doi = 10.1038/20580|bibcode = 1999Natur.399..316H |s2cid=4380715|display-authors=etal}} The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging.[http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/public-interest/dolly-the-sheep/a-life-of-dolly/ Was Dolly already 'old' at birth?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528165730/http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/public-interest/dolly-the-sheep/a-life-of-dolly/ |date=28 May 2011 }} Roslin Institute, Accessed 4 April 2010

In 2016, scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep, including four from the same cell line as Dolly. The first study to review the long-term health outcomes of cloning, the authors found no evidence of late-onset, non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded "We could find no evidence, therefore, of a detrimental long-term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort."{{cite journal|last1=Sinclair|first1=K. D.|last2=Corr|first2=S. A.|last3=Gutierrez|first3=C. G.|last4=Fisher|first4=P. A.|last5=Lee|first5=J.-H.|last6=Rathbone|first6=A. J.|last7=Choi|first7=I.|last8=Campbell|first8=K. H. S.|last9=Gardner|first9=D. S.|title=Healthy ageing of cloned sheep|journal=Nature Communications|volume=7|pages=12359|language=en|doi=10.1038/ncomms12359|pmid=27459299|pmc=4963533|date=26 July 2016|bibcode=2016NatCo...712359S}}{{cite news|last1=Klein|first1=Joanna|title=Dolly the Sheep's Fellow Clones, Enjoying Their Golden Years|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/science/dolly-the-sheep-clones.html|access-date=27 July 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729224740/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/science/dolly-the-sheep-clones.html|archive-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live}}

After her death Dolly's body was preserved via taxidermy and is currently on display at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.{{cite news |date=24 December 2023 |title=Dolly the Sheep's fleece donated to museum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-67810915 |work=BBC News |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224101135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-67810915 |url-status=live }}

Legacy

After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs,{{Cite journal | last1 = Grisham | first1 = Julie | journal = Nature Biotechnology | title= Pigs cloned for first time| volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 365 | doi = 10.1038/74335 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10748477| s2cid = 34996647 | doi-access = free }}Shukman, David (14 January 2014) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25576718 China cloning on an 'industrial scale'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817140351/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25576718 |date=17 August 2018 }} BBC News, Retrieved 14 January 2014 deer,{{Cite news |url = http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html |title = Texas A&M scientists clone world's first deer |access-date = 1 January 2007 |date = 23 December 2003 |work = Innovations Report |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061111000645/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html |archive-date = 11 November 2006 |df = dmy-all }} horses{{cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Haley|title=How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso|website=VFNews|publisher=Vanity Fair|access-date=27 December 2015|date=31 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220071807/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=live}} and bulls.{{cite web | last = Lozano | first = Juan A. | title = A&M Cloning project raises questions still | work = Bryan-College Station Eagle | date = 27 June 2005 | url = https://www.theeagle.com/news/a_m/a-m-cloning-project-raises-questions-still/article_16a5097d-9501-58f3-b99a-24290f3a49ca.html | access-date = 16 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191212152646/https://www.theeagle.com/news/a_m/a-m-cloning-project-raises-questions-still/article_16a5097d-9501-58f3-b99a-24290f3a49ca.html | archive-date = 12 December 2019 | url-status = live }} The attempt to clone argali (mountain sheep) did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone mouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.{{Cite news | title =Endangered sheep cloned | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm | access-date =12 November 2007 | work =BBC News | date =1 October 2001 | location =London | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080124190734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm | archive-date =24 January 2008 | url-status =live }} The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.{{Cite book|author=Jaenisch R|author2=Hochedlinger K|author3=Eggan K |title=Stem Cells: Nuclear Reprogramming and Therapeutic Applications |chapter=Nuclear Cloning, Epigenetic Reprogramming and Cellular Differentiation |volume=265 |pages=107–18; discussion 118–28 |date=2005 |pmid=16050253 |doi=10.1002/0470091452.ch9|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia|isbn=978-0-470-09145-6}}{{Cite journal|author=Rideout WM|author2=Eggan K|author3=Jaenisch R |s2cid=23021886|title=Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5532 |pages=1093–8 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11498580 |doi=10.1126/science.1063206}} Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient{{snd}}in 1996, Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. By 2014, Chinese scientists were reported to have 70–80% success rates cloning pigs, and in 2016, a Korean company, Sooam Biotech, was producing 500 cloned embryos a day.{{cite magazine|last1=Zastrow|first1=Mark|title=Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076681-inside-the-cloning-factory-that-creates-500-new-animals-a-day/|access-date=23 February 2016|magazine=New Scientist|date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222043834/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076681-inside-the-cloning-factory-that-creates-500-new-animals-a-day/|archive-date=22 February 2016|url-status=live}} Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.Roger Highfield [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3314696/Dolly-creator-Prof-Ian-Wilmut-shuns-cloning.html "Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116140852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3314696/Dolly-creator-Prof-Ian-Wilmut-shuns-cloning.html |date=16 November 2014 }}. Daily Telegraph 16 November 2007

Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species, and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species.{{Cite book |author=Trounson AO |chapter=Future and Applications of Cloning |title=Nuclear Transfer Protocols |volume=348 |pages=319–32 |date=2006 |pmid=16988390 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319 |doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22 |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-58829-280-3 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609175209/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} In January 2009, scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon in northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.{{Cite news | title=Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html | access-date=1 February 2009 | work=The Telegraph | location=London | first1=Richard | last1=Gray | first2=Roger | last2=Dobson | date=31 January 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071437/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html | archive-date=27 December 2014 | url-status=live }}{{cite magazine |last=Jabr |first=Ferris |date=11 March 2013 |title=Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals? |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloning-endangered-animals |journal=Scientific American |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213123914/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloning-endangered-animals |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}

In July 2016, four identical clones of Dolly (Daisy, Debbie, Dianna, and Denise) were alive and healthy at nine years old.{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2016/07/clones-da-ovelha-dolly-envelheceram-com-boa-saude-diz-estudo.html|title=Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde, diz estudo|date=26 July 2016|publisher=Rede Globo|language=pt|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728170616/http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2016/07/clones-da-ovelha-dolly-envelheceram-com-boa-saude-diz-estudo.html|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36893506|title=Dolly the sheep's siblings 'healthy'|date=26 July 2016|website=News – Science and Environment|publisher=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727021843/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36893506|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live}}

Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-dolly-the-sheep-led-the-way-where-is-cloning-now/|title=20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way—Where Is Cloning Now?|last=Weintraub|first=Karen|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234623/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-dolly-the-sheep-led-the-way-where-is-cloning-now/|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}} Gene targeting was added in 2000, when researchers cloned female lamb Diana from sheep DNA altered to contain the human gene for alpha 1-antitrypsin. The human gene was specifically activated in the ewe’s mammary gland, so Diana produced milk containing human alpha 1-antitrypsin.{{cite journal | last=Adam | first=David | title=Science of the lambs | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | date=2000-06-29 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/news000629-8 | page=}} After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be grown into any tissue.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/26/dollys-clones-ageing-no-differently-to-naturally-conceived-sheep-study-finds|title=Dolly's clones ageing no differently to naturally-conceived sheep, study finds|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203000846/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/26/dollys-clones-ageing-no-differently-to-naturally-conceived-sheep-study-finds|archive-date=3 December 2016|url-status=live}}

The first successful cloning of a primate species was reported in January 2018, using the same method which produced Dolly. Two identical clones of a macaque monkey, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, were created by researchers in China and were born in late 2017.{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen |display-authors=etal |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=Cell |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202402/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124203208/http://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134442/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live }}

In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, again using this method, and the gene-editing CRISPR-Cas9 technique allegedly used by He Jiankui in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.{{cite news |author=Science China Press |title=Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124030455/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |archive-date=24 January 2019 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess |url=https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |date=23 January 2019 |work=Gizmodo |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124195629/https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |url-status=live }}

In popular culture

In 2003, Belgian artist Dominique Goblet published a short comic strip about Dolly the cloned sheep with the title: “2004 Apparition de Dolly dans la campagne anglaise”Beaux Arts Magazine hors-série, december 2003, 95-99

References

External links

[https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/natural-sciences/dolly-the-sheep/ Dolly the Sheep] at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
[http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/151/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/ Cloning Dolly the Sheep] Dolly the Sheep and the importance of animal research
[https://web.archive.org/web/20071213214908/http://www.biotecnika.googlepages.com/animal_cloning.html Animal cloning and Dolly]
{{cite AV media| title=Antiques Roadshow, Series 45, Brodie Castle 3, Dolly the Sheep | website=BBC|type=3' video clip| date=6 April 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0ffdcmv}} Episode where several items appertaining to Dolly, including wool from a shearing and scientific instruments, were appraised.

Category:1996 animal births

Category:2003 animal deaths

Category:1996 in biotechnology

Category:1996 in Scotland

Category:2003 in Scotland

Category:Animal world record holders

Category:Cloned sheep

Category:Cloning

Category:Individual animals in the United Kingdom

Category:Collection of National Museums Scotland

Category:History of Midlothian

Category:Dolly Parton