dz (digraph)

Dz generally represents {{IPAslink|d͡z}} in Latin alphabets, including Hungarian, Kashubian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Slovak, and romanized Macedonian. However, in Dene Suline (Chipewyan) and the ILE romanization of Cantonese, it represents {{IPAslink|t͡s}}, and in Vietnamese it is a pronunciation respelling of the letter D to represent {{IPA|/z/}}.{{cite web|title=Từ chữ Nôm đến quốc ngữ: Dzương Quí Phi và Cơm Gà Hải Nam|trans-title=From chữ Nôm to the Vietnamese alphabet: Dzương Quí Phi and Hainanese chicken rice|author=Nguyên Nguyên|publisher=Ái Hữu Công Chánh|date=May 2004|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://www.aihuucongchanh.com/baiviet/nguyennguyen/duongquyphi.html|language=vi|archive-date=December 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231230523/http://www.aihuucongchanh.com/baiviet/nguyennguyen/duongquyphi.html|url-status=dead}}

Some Esperanto grammars, notably Plena Analiza Gramatiko de Esperanto,Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto, §17, 22 consider dz to be a digraph for the voiced affricate {{IPAblink|d͡z}}, as in edzo "husband". The case for this is "rather weak".van Oostendorp, Marc (1999). Syllable structure in Esperanto as an instantiation of universal phonology. Esperantologio / Esperanto Studies 1, 52 80. p. 68 Most Esperantists, including Esperantist linguists (Janton,Pierre Janton, Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community. Translated by Humphrey Tonkin et al. State University of New York Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-7914-1254-7}}. WellsJ. C. Wells, Lingvistikaj Aspektoj de Esperanto, Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1978. {{ISBN|92 9017 021 2}}.), reject it.

{{Hungarian language}}

{{angle bracket|Dz}} is the seventh letter of the Hungarian alphabet. It is called dzé ({{IPA|hu|d͡zeː|IPA}}) as a letter of the alphabet, where it represents the voiced alveolar affricate phoneme {{IPAslink|dz}}.

⟨Dz⟩ and ⟨dzs⟩ were recognized as individual letters in the 11th edition of Hungarian orthography (1984).http://real-j.mtak.hu/6065/1/MagyarNyelvor_1984.pdf p. 399 Prior to that, they were analyzed as two-letter combinations ⟨d⟩+⟨z⟩ and ⟨d⟩+⟨zs⟩.

Like most Hungarian consonants, the sound {{IPA|/dz/}} can be geminated. However, the letter is only doubled in writing (to {{angle bracket|ddz}}) when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem: eddze, lopóddzon.

In several words, it is pronounced long, e.g. bodza, madzag, edz, pedz. In some other ones, short, e.g. dzadzíki, dzéta, Dzerzsinszkij (usually at the beginning of words), though it is always short after another consonant (e.g. in brindza).

In several verbs ending in -dzik (approximately fifty), there is a free alternation with -zik, e.g. csókolódzik or csókolózik, lopódzik or lopózik. In other verbs, there is no variation: birkózik, mérkőzik (only with {{angle bracket|z}}) but leledzik, nyáladzik (only with {{angle bracket|dz}}, pronounced long). In some other verbs, there is a difference in meaning: levelez(ik) "to correspond", but leveledzik "to produce leaves".

Usage of this letter is similar to that of Polish and Slovak languages: though {{angle bracket|dz}} is a digraph composed of {{angle bracket|d}} and {{angle bracket|z}}, it is considered one letter, and even acronyms keep the letter intact.

Dz generally represents {{IPAblink|d͡z}}. However, when followed by i it is palatalized to {{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}}.

{{Audio|Pl-dzwon-2.ogg|dzwon}} (bell)

{{Audio|Pl-rodzaj.ogg|rodzaj}} (kind, type)

Compare dz followed by i:

{{Audio|Pl-dziecko.ogg|dziecko}} (child)

{{Audio|pl-dziewczyna.ogg|dziewczyna}} (girl, girlfriend)

In Slovak, the digraph dz is the ninth letter of the Slovak alphabet. Example words with this phoneme include:

• medzi = between, among
• hrádza = dam, dike

The digraph may never be divided by hyphenation:

• medzi → me-dzi
• hrádza → hrá-dza

However, when d and z come from different morphemes, they are treated as separate letters, and must be divided by hyphenation:

• odzemok = type of folk dance → od-ze-mok
• nadzvukový = supersonic → nad-zvu-ko-vý

In both cases od- (from) and nad- (above) are a prefix to the stems zem (earth) and zvuk (sound).

File:Viet Dzung Human Rights Memorial Highway.jpg in Little Saigon, Orange County, is named after Vietnamese-American singer-songwriter {{lang|vi|Việt Dzũng}}, born {{lang|vi|Nguyễn Ngọc Hùng Dũng}}.]]

Dz is sometimes used in Vietnamese names as a pronunciation respelling of the letter D. Several common Vietnamese given names start with the letter D, including {{lang|vi|Dũng}}, {{lang|vi|Dụng}}, and {{lang|vi|Dương}}. Whereas D is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned D in the Vietnamese alphabet represents either {{IPA|/z/}} (Northern Vietnamese) or {{IPA|/j/}} (Southern Vietnamese), while the letter Đ represents a voiced alveolar implosive ({{IPA|/ɗ/}}) or, according to Thompson (1959), a preglottalized voiced alveolar stop ({{IPA|/ʔd/}}).{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Laurence|author-link=Laurence Thompson|title=Saigon phonemics|journal=Language|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|volume=35|issue=3|year=1959|pages=458–461|doi=10.2307/411232|jstor=411232}} Z is not included in the Vietnamese alphabet as a letter in its own right.

Many Vietnamese cultural figures spell their family names, pen names, or stage names with Dz instead of D, emphasizing the northern pronunciation. Examples include the songwriter Dzoãn Mẫn, the poet Hồ Dzếnh, and the television chef Nguyễn Dzoãn Cẩm Vân.{{cite news|title=Thói quen đặt tên có chữ "Dz" của người xưa là do đâu?|trans-title=Where did the old practice of putting "Dz" in names come from?|work=Trí Thức Trẻ|date=December 2, 2015|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://kenh14.vn/kham-pha/thoi-quen-dat-ten-co-chu-dz-cua-nguoi-xua-la-do-dau-20151129111355980.chn|language=vi|via=Kenh14.vn}} Other examples include Bùi Dzinh and Trương Đình Dzu.

Some Overseas Vietnamese residing in English-speaking countries also replace D with Dz in their names. A male named {{lang|vi|Dũng}} may spell his name {{lang|vi|Dzung}} to avoid being called "dung" in social contexts. Examples of this usage include Vietnamese-Americans Việt Dzũng and Dzung Tran. (Occasionally, D is instead replaced by Y to emphasize the Saigonese pronunciation, as with Yung Krall.{{cite news|title=Câu chuyện về gia đình nữ cựu điệp viên CIA gốc Việt|trans-title=The story of the family of a Vietnamese former CIA spy|author=Minh Anh|work=Voice of America|date=February 20, 2011|access-date=December 31, 2015|url=http://www.voatiengviet.com/content/yung-krall-former-viet-cia-02-20-11-116564733/896128.html|language=vi}})

Dz is represented in Unicode as three separate glyphs within the Latin Extended-B block. It is one of the rare characters that has separate glyphs for each of its uppercase, title case, and lowercase forms.

The single-character versions are designed for compatibility with Yugoslav encodings supporting Romanization of Macedonian, where this digraph corresponds to the Cyrillic letter Ѕ.

Additional variants of the Dz digraph are also encoded in Unicode.

• {{unichar|01C5|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON|nlink=Dž}} is used in the Croatian, Bosnian, and Slovak alphabets as a letter in its own right.
• {{unichar|01C4|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER DZ WITH CARON}} is the all-capitals form of U+01C5 (Dž).
• {{unichar|01C6|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ WITH CARON}} is the lowercase form of U+01C5 (Dž).
• {{unichar|02A3|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH}} was historically used to represent the voiced alveolar affricate in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
• {{unichar|10787|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DZ DIGRAPH}} is the superscript form of U+02A3 and is an IPA superscript letter
• {{unichar|02A5|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL}} was historically used to represent the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate in the IPA.
• {{unichar|10789|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL}} is the superscript form of U+02A5 and is an IPA superscript letter
• {{unichar|AB66|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} is used in Sinological and Tibetanist transcription for a voiced retroflex affricate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17299-n4842-sinological-digraphs.pdf|title=L2/17-299: Proposal to add two Sinological Latin letters|date=2017-08-17|first=Michael|last=Everson|author-link=Michael Everson}}
• {{unichar|10788|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DZ DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} is the superscript form of U+AB66 and is an IPA superscript letter
• {{unichar|02A4|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH}} is a ligature of lowercase d and ezh (a z with a tail), formerly used in the IPA
• {{unichar|1078A|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DEZH DIGRAPH}} is the superscript form of U+02A4 and is an IPA superscript letter{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}
• {{unichar|1DF12|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK}} is used in phonetic transcription{{Cite web|title=L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf|date=2020-07-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}{{Cite web|title=L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf|date=2020-12-07|first=Deborah|last=Anderson}}
• {{unichar|1DF19|LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK}} has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish{{Cite web|title=L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21004-dezh-retroflex-hook.pdf|date=2021-01-03|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}

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{{Latin script}}

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Category:Polish orthography

Category:Hungarian language

Category:Latin-script digraphs

Category:Vietnamese language