D
{{short description|4th letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{About|the letter of the alphabet}}
{{Technical reasons|D#|D-sharp|D♯ (disambiguation)}}
{{Technical reasons|:D|the keyboard symbol|List of emoticons}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name = D
|letter = D d
|variations=
|script=Latin script
|type=Alphabet
|typedesc=ic
|language=Latin language
|phonemes={{flex list|[{{IPAlink|d}}]|[{{IPAlink|t}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɗ}}]|[{{IPAlink|z}}~j]|[{{IPAlink|ⁿ|ⁿd}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɖ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɾ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ð}}~{{IPAlink|ð̞}}~ð̠˕ˠ]|{{IPAc-en|d|iː}}}}
|unicode=U+0044, U+0064
|alphanumber=4
|number=4
|fam1=
|fam2=Image:Proto-semiticD-02.svg
|fam3=File:PhoenicianD-01.svg
|fam4=Image:Phoenician daleth.svg
|fam5=Δ δ
|fam6=𐌃
|usageperiod= {{circa}} 700 BCE to present
|children={{flex list|Ď|Dž|Dz|Đ|Ð|Ƌ|Ꭰ|₫|∂}}
|sisters={{flex list|Д|(ד د ܕ)|Դ|դ|Ꭰ|Ꮫ|ደ}}
|equivalents=
|associates=d(x)
|direction=Left-to-right
|image=Latin_letter_D.svg
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
}}
{{Latin letter info|d}}
D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|d|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-D.wav}}), plural dees."D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.
History
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background-color:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;"
! Egyptian hieroglyph ! Phoenician ! Western Greek ! Etruscan ! Latin |
| style="background-color:white; background-color:light-dark(white,black); text-align:center;"
| |
The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.{{Cite web|title=The letter D|url=https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|access-date=2021-07-06|website=issuu|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194452/https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|url-status=dead}} There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek{{Cite web |title=Definition of DELTA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delta |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}} and Latin,{{Cite web |title=Latin Alphabet |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155729/http://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-26 |url-status=live}} the letter represented {{IPA|/d/}}; in the Etruscan alphabetRex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions the letter was archaic but still retained. The equivalent Greek letter is delta, Δ.
The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and is now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Old English |url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/engol |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Linguistics Research Center}}
Use in writing systems
| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|d}} by language ! Orthography ! Phonemes |
| {{nwr|Standard Chinese}} (Pinyin)
| {{IPAslink|t}} |
|---|
| Dungan
| {{IPAslink|d̥}} |
| English
| {{IPAslink|d}} |
| French
| {{IPAslink|d}}, silent |
| German
| {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|t}} |
| Portuguese
| {{IPAslink|d}} |
| Spanish
| {{IPAslink|d}} |
| Turkish
| {{IPAslink|d}} |
| Vietnamese
| {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|j}} |
=English=
In English, {{angbr|d}} generally represents the voiced alveolar plosive {{IPA|/d/}}.
The letter {{angbr|d}} is the tenth most frequently used in the English language.
=Other languages=
File:Boundary stone on the Demeljoch - 2.jpg for "Germany"), on a boundary stone at the border between Austria and Germany.]]
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, {{angbr|d}} generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive {{IPA|/d/}}.
In the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound {{IPA|/z/}} in northern dialects or {{IPA|/j/}} in southern dialects. In Fijian, it represents a prenasalized stop {{IPA|/ⁿd/}}.{{Cite book |title=Pacific languages: an introduction |first=John |last=Lynch |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYfV1jN3whUC&q=d+fijian+prenasalized&pg=PA97 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-1898-9 }}
In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, {{angbr|d}} represents an unaspirated {{IPA|/t/}}, while {{angbr|t}} represents an aspirated {{IPA|/tʰ/}}. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.
=Other systems=
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, {{angbr|d}} represents the voiced alveolar plosive {{IPA|/d/}}.
Other uses
{{Main article|D (disambiguation)}}
- In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting.{{Cite web |title=Hexadecimal Number System {{!}} There are Many Ways to Write Numbers |url=https://u.osu.edu/storageofdata/hexadecimal-number-system/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=u.osu.edu}}
- The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord | url-access=registration | quote=roman numerals. | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=University of California Press | date=1983 | access-date=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord/page/44 44]| isbn=9780520038981 }}
- Unit prefix d, meaning one tenth.
- D is the grade below C but above E/F in the school grading system.
- D is the international vehicle registration code for Germany (also .de as its top-level domain).
- In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent {{lang|yue|啲}} ({{Literal translation|a little}}).{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2011 |title=The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese |url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3045 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=University of Pennsylvania}}
- In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
- d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from {{langx|la|denarius}})
Related characters
=Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=
- 𐤃: Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- Δ δ: Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- {{Script|Copt|Ⲇ ⲇ}}: Coptic letter Delta
- Д д: Cyrillic letter De
- 𐌃: Old Italic D, the ancestor of modern Latin D
- {{Script|Runr|ᛞ}}: Runic letter dagaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D
- {{Script|Runr|ᚦ}}: Runic letter thurisaz, another possible descendant of Old Italic D
- {{Script|Goth|𐌳}}: Gothic letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta
=Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations=
- ₫: Đồng sign
- ⅆ: Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
- ∂: the partial derivative symbol,
Other representations
=Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>=
The Latin letters {{angbr|D}} and {{angbr|d}} have Unicode encodings {{unichar|0044}} and {{unichar|0064}}. These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for {{angbr|D}} and {{angbr|d}} with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.
Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, plosive sounds in linguistics and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility.
=Other=
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Delta
|Morse=–··
|Character=D4
|Braille=⠙
|fingerspelling=D
}}
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.
{{clear}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons}}
- {{Wiktionary-inline|D}}
- {{Wiktionary-inline|d}}
{{Latin script|D|}}