ecclesiastical Latin

{{About|the version of Latin prevalent throughout Western Christianity|its use in Christian liturgy|Liturgical use of Latin|Latin as a formal lingua franca outside the Church|Medieval Latin|and|Neo-Latin}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Ecclesiastical Latin

| altname = Church Latin, Liturgical Latin

| nativename =

| states = Never spoken as a native language; other uses vary widely by period and location

| script = Latin alphabet

| extinct = Still used for many purposes, mostly as a liturgical language of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church, and (rarely) in Anglicanism and Lutheranism. Also used in the Western Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church.{{Cite web|url=http://antiochian.org/node/22396|title=On the Western Rite Liturgy {{!}} Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese|website=antiochian.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-30}}

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = Italic

| fam3 = Latino-Faliscan

| fam4 = Latin

| ancestor = Old Latin

| agency =

| isoexception = historical

| ietf = la-VA

| glotto = none

| notice = IPA

}}

File:Missale romanum1962.JPG

Ecclesiastical Latin, also called Church Latin or Liturgical Latin, is a form of Latin developed to discuss Christian thought in Late antiquity and used in Christian liturgy, theology, and church administration to the present day, especially in the Catholic Church. It includes words from Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew) re-purposed with Christian meaning.{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09019a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church Latin|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2018-11-27}} It is less stylized and rigid in form than Classical Latin, sharing vocabulary, forms, and syntax, while at the same time incorporating informal elements which had always been with the language but which were excluded by the literary authors of Classical Latin.Collins, Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin, pg. vi

Its pronunciation was partly standardized in the late 8th century during the Carolingian Renaissance as part of Charlemagne's educational reforms, and this new letter-by-letter pronunciation, used in France and England, was adopted in Iberia and Italy a couple of centuries afterwards.{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Roger|date=1982|title=Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France|location=Liverpool|publisher=Francis Cairns|series=ARCA (Classical & Medieval Texts, Papers & Monographs)|volume=8|isbn=9780905205120}} As time passed, pronunciation diverged depending on the local vernacular language, giving rise to even highly divergent forms such as the traditional English pronunciation of Latin, which has now been largely abandoned for reading Latin texts. Within the Catholic Church and in certain Protestant churches, such as the Anglican Church, a pronunciation based on modern Italian phonology, known as Italianate Latin, has become common since the late 19th century.

Ecclesiastical Latin is the language of liturgical rites in the Latin Church, as well as the Western Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is occasionally used in Anglican Church and Lutheran Church liturgies as well. Today, ecclesiastical Latin is primarily used in official documents of the Catholic Church, in the Tridentine Mass, and it is still learned by clergy.{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|last1=Cross|first1=Frank Leslie|last2=Livingstone|first2=Elizabeth A.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780192802903|page=961|language=en|quote=The Second Vatican Council declared that the use of Latin was to be maintained in the liturgy, though permission was granted for some use of the vernacular; in the outcome, the use of the vernacular has almost entirely triumphed, although the official books continue to be published in Latin. In the Church of England the Latin versions of the Book of Common Prayer have never been widely used, though, for instance, John Wesley used Latin text in doctrinal writings. The option of using traditional Latin texts in sung worship has been retained by choirs in both the Anglican and Lutheran Churches.}}

The Ecclesiastical Latin that is used in theological works, liturgical rites and dogmatic proclamations varies in style: syntactically simple in the Vulgate Bible, hieratic (very restrained) in the Roman Canon of the Mass, terse and technical in Thomas Aquinas's {{lang|la-x-medieval|Summa Theologica}}, and Ciceronian (syntactically complex) in Pope John Paul II's encyclical letter {{lang|la-VA|Fides et Ratio}}.

Usage

=Late antique usage=

The use of Latin in the Church started in the late fourth centuryCollins, Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin, pg. vi with the split of the Roman Empire after Emperor Theodosius in 395. Before this split, Greek was the primary language of the Church (the New Testament was written in Greek and the Septuagint – a Greek translation of the Hebrew bible – was in widespread use among both Christians and Hellenized Jews) as well as the language of the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Following the split, early theologians like Jerome translated Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin, the dominant language of the Western Roman Empire. The loss of Greek in the Western half of the Roman Empire, and the loss of Latin in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire were not immediate, but changed the culture of language as well as the development of the Church.{{Cite book|title=Latin: Story of a World Language|last=Leonhardt|first=Jürgen|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-674-05807-1|location=Munich|pages=94}} What especially differentiates Ecclesiastical Latin from Classical Latin is the consequences of its use as a language for translating, since it has borrowed and assimilated constructions and vocabulary from the koine Greek, while adapting the meanings of some Latin words to those of the koine Greek originals, which are sometimes themselves translations of Hebrew originals.

=Medieval usage=

{{See also|Carolingian Renaissance#Reform of Latin pronunciation}}

At first there was no distinction between Latin and the actual Romance vernacular, the former being just the traditional written form of the latter. For instance, in ninth-century Spain {{angle brackets|{{lang|roa-ES|saeculum}}}} was simply the correct way to spell {{ipa|[sjeɡlo]}}, meaning 'century'. The writer would not have actually read it aloud as {{ipa|/sɛkulum/}} any more than an English speaker today would pronounce ⟨knight⟩ as {{ipa|*/knɪxt/}}.{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Roger|title=Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France|publisher=Francis Cairns|year=1982|isbn=0-905205-12-X|location=Liverpool|pages=44–50}}

The spoken version of Ecclesiastical Latin was created later during the Carolingian Renaissance. The English scholar Alcuin, tasked by Charlemagne with improving the standards of Latin writing in France, prescribed a pronunciation based on a fairly literal interpretation of Latin spelling. For example, in a radical break from the traditional system, a word such as ⟨{{lang|la-x-medieval|viridiarium}}⟩ 'orchard' now had to be read aloud precisely as it was spelled rather than {{ipa|*/verdʒjær/}} (later spelled as Old French {{lang|fro|vergier}}). The Carolingian reforms soon brought the new Church Latin from France to other lands where Romance was spoken.

=Usage during the Reformation and in modern Protestant churches=

The use of Latin in the Western Church continued into the Early modern period. One of Martin Luther's tenets during the Reformation was to have services and religious texts in the common tongue, rather than Latin, a language that at the time, many did not understand. Protestants refrained from using Latin in services, however Protestant clergy had to learn and understand Latin as it was the language of higher learning and theological thought until the 18th century.{{Cite book|title=Natural History of Latin: The Story of the World's Most Successful Language|last=Janson|first=Tore|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0199214051|pages=126}} After the Reformation, in the Lutheran churches, Latin was retained as the language of the Mass for weekdays, although for the Sunday Sabbath, the Deutsche Messe was to be said. In Geneva, among the Reformed churches, "persons called before the consistory to prove their faith answered by reciting the Paternoster, the Ave Maria, and the Credo in Latin."{{cite book|last=Waquet|first=Françoise|title=Latin, Or, The Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries|year=2002|publisher=Verso|language=en|isbn=9781859844021|page=78}} In the Anglican Church, the Book of Common Prayer was published in Latin, alongside English. John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist churches, "used Latin text in doctrinal writings", as Martin Luther and John Calvin did in their era. In the training of Protestant clergy in Württemberg, as well as in the Rhineland, universities instructed divinity students in Latin and their examinations were conducted in this language. The University of Montauban, under Reformed auspices, required that seminarians complete two theses, with one being in Latin; thus Reformed ministers were "Latinist by training", comparable to Catholic seminarians.

=Modern Catholic usage=

Ecclesiastical Latin continues to be the official language of the Catholic Church. The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) decreed that the Mass would be translated into vernacular languages.{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Vatican-Council|title=Second Vatican Council {{!}} Roman Catholic history [1962–1965]|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en}} The Church produces liturgical texts in Latin, which provide a single clear point of reference for translations into all other languages. The same holds for the texts of canon law. Pope Benedict XVI gave his unexpected resignation speech in Latin.See it at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_271es-StQ the Catholic News Service channel].

The Holy See has for some centuries usually drafted documents in a modern language, but the authoritative text, published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, is usually in Latin. Some texts may be published initially in a modern language and be later revised, according to a Latin version (or "editio typica"), after this Latin version is published. For example, the Catechism of the Catholic Church was drafted and published, in 1992, in French. The Latin text appeared five years later, in 1997, and the French text was corrected to match the Latin version, which is regarded as the official text. The Latin-language department of the Vatican Secretariat of State (formerly the Secretaria brevium ad principes et epistolarum latinarum) is charged with the preparation in Latin of papal and curial documents. Sometimes, the official text is published in a modern language, e.g., the well-known edict Tra le sollecitudini{{Cite web|url=https://adoremus.org/1903/11/22/tra-le-sollecitudini/|title=Tra Le Sollecitudini Instruction on Sacred Music|date=November 22, 1903|website=Adoremus Bulletin|access-date=July 22, 2019|archive-date=February 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209100005/https://adoremus.org/1903/11/22/tra-le-sollecitudini/|url-status=dead}} (1903) by Pope Pius X (in Italian) and Mit brennender Sorge (1937) by Pope Pius XI (in German).

Comparison with Classical Latin

{{See also|Latin spelling and pronunciation#Ecclesiastical pronunciation|Latin regional pronunciation}}

There are not many differences between Classical Latin and Church Latin. One can understand Church Latin knowing the Latin of classical texts, as the main differences between the two are in pronunciation and spelling, as well as vocabulary.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}{{Clarify|reason="as well as vocabulary" seems to contradict the rest of the sentence.|date=January 2024}}

In many countries, those who speak Latin for liturgical or other ecclesiastical purposes use the pronunciation that has become traditional in Rome by giving the letters the value they have in modern Italian but without distinguishing between Italian phonology#Vowels. {{angbr|ae}} and {{angbr|oe}} coalesce with {{angbr|e}}. {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|ae}}, {{angbr|oe}}, {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|y}} and {{angbr|i}} are pronounced {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} (English {{angbr|ch}}) and {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} (English {{angbr|j}}), respectively. {{angbr|ti}} before a vowel is generally pronounced {{IPA|/tsi/}} (unless preceded by {{angbr|s}}, {{angbr|d}} or {{angbr|t}}). Such speakers pronounce consonantal {{angbr|v}} (not written as {{angbr|u}}) as {{IPA|/v/}} as in English, not as Classical {{IPA|/w/}}. Like in Classical Latin, double consonants are pronounced with gemination.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The distinction in Classical Latin between long and short vowels is ignored, and instead of the 'macron' or 'apex', lines to mark the long vowel, an acute accent is used for stress. The first syllable of two-syllable words is stressed; in longer words, an acute accent is placed over the stressed vowel: adorémus 'let us adore'; Dómini 'of the Lord'.Roman Missal

Language materials

The complete text of the Bible in Latin, the revised Vulgate, appears at Nova Vulgata – Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html|title=Nova Vulgata – Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio|website=www.vatican.va}} New Advent{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/bible/gen001.htm|title=HOLY BIBLE: Genesis 1|website=www.newadvent.org}} gives the entire Bible, in the Douay version, verse by verse, accompanied by the Vulgate Latin of each verse.

In 1976, the Latinitas Foundation{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/index_lt.htm|title=Latinitas, Opus Fundatum in Civitate Vaticana|website=www.vatican.va}} (Opus Fundatum Latinitas in Latin) was established by Pope Paul VI to promote the study and use of Latin. Its headquarters are in Vatican City. The foundation publishes an eponymous quarterly in Latin. The foundation also published a 15,000-word Italian-Latin Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis (Dictionary of Recent Latin), which provides Latin coinages for modern concepts, such as a bicycle (birota), a cigarette (fistula nicotiana), a computer (instrumentum computatorium), a cowboy (armentarius), a motel (deversorium autocineticum), shampoo (capitilavium), a strike (operistitium), a terrorist (tromocrates), a trademark (ergasterii nota), an unemployed person (invite otiosus), a waltz (chorea Vindobonensis), and even a miniskirt (tunicula minima) and hot pants (brevissimae bracae femineae). Some 600 such terms extracted from the book appear on a page{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html|title=Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis, parvum verborum novatorum Léxicum|website=www.vatican.va}} of the Vatican website. The Latinitas Foundation was superseded by the Pontifical Academy for Latin ({{langx|la|Pontificia Academia Latinitatis}}) in 2012.

Current use

Latin remains an oft-used language of the Holy See and the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church.Official documents are frequently published in other languages. The Holy See's diplomatic languages are French and Latin (such as letters of credence from Vatican ambassadors to other countries are written in Latin Fr. Reginald Foster, on Vatican Radio, 4 June 2005]). Laws and official regulations of Vatican City, which is an entity that is distinct from the Holy See, are issued in Italian. Until the 1960s and still later in Roman colleges like the Gregorian, Catholic priests studied theology using Latin textbooks and the language of instruction in many seminaries was also Latin, which was seen as the language of the Church Fathers. The use of Latin in pedagogy and in theological research, however, has since declined. Nevertheless, canon law requires for seminary formation to provide for a thorough training in Latin,[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM Can. 249], 1983 CIC though "the use of Latin in seminaries and pontifical universities has now dwindled to the point of extinction."{{Cite book |last=Cross |first=Frank Leslie |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |last2=Livingstone |first2=Elizabeth A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780192802903 |page=961 |language=en}} Latin was still spoken in recent international gatherings of Catholic leaders, such as the Second Vatican Council, and it is still used at conclaves to elect a new Pope. The Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 2004 was the most recent to have a Latin-language group for discussions.

Although Latin is the traditional liturgical language of the Western (Latin) Church, the liturgical use of the vernacular has predominated since the liturgical reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council: liturgical law for the Latin Church states that Mass may be celebrated either in Latin or another language in which the liturgical texts, translated from Latin, have been legitimately approved.[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3A.HTM Can. 928] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204185953/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3A.HTM |date=December 4, 2010 }}, 1983 CIC The permission granted for continued use of the Tridentine Mass in its 1962 form authorizes use of the vernacular language in proclaiming the Scripture readings after they are first read in Latin.[{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Letter: On the Use of the Roman Liturgy Prior to the 1970 Reform |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html |archive-date=2015-01-01 |access-date=2015-03-27 |via=vatican.va}} Motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, article 6

In historic Protestant churches, such as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran churches, Ecclesiastical Latin is occasionally employed in sung celebrations of the Mass.

References

= Citations =

= Sources =

{{Cite book |title=The New Missal Latin |first=Edmund J.|last=Baumeister |publisher=St. Mary's Publishing |location=St. Mary's, KS}}
{{Cite web |last=Byrne |first=Carol |date=1999 |title=Simplicissimus |url=http://www.lms.org.uk/resources/shop/simplicissimus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225190631/http://www.lms.org.uk/resources/shop/simplicissimus |archive-date=25 February 2014 |access-date=20 April 2011 |publisher=The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}} (A course in ecclesiastical Latin.)

External links

{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Ecclesiastical Latin

|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}

=Latin and the Catholic Church=

{{cite web|author=Pope John XXIII|author-link=Pope John XXIII|title=Veterum Sapientia: Apostolic Constitution on the Promotion of the Study of Latin|orig-year=1962|year=1999|publisher=Adoremus: Society for the Renewal of the Sacred Liturgy|url=http://www.adoremus.org/VeterumSapientia.html}} ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_j-xxiii_apc_19620222_veterum-sapientia_lt.html in Latin here])
{{Cite web |title=What the Church Says on the Latin Language |url=http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Introductio/Popes.html |publisher=Michael Martin}}
[https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/index_lt.htm Catechism of the Catholic Church in Latin]
Fr. Nikolaus Gihr, [https://archive.org/details/holysacrificeofm00gihriala The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass] "[http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/language_gihr.pdf The Language Used in the Celebration of the Holy Mass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055546/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/language_gihr.pdf |date=2011-06-05 }}"

=Bibles=

[https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html The Latin Vulgate version of the Bible]
[http://www.newadvent.org/bible/ NewAdvent.org] Side-by-side comparisons of the Ancient Greek, English, and Latin Vulgate Bibles.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080914124311/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/TextContents/Index/4/SubIndex/67/TextIndex/9 Ordo Missae of the 1970 Roman Missal], Latin and English texts, rubrics in English only
[http://www.sacredbible.org/studybible/index.htm Latin-English Study Bible] Side-by-side of the Vulgate Latin and English
[https://www.rosarybay.com/parallel-latin-english-psalter Parallel Latin-English Psalter]

=Breviaries=

[http://divinumofficium.com/cgi-bin/horas/officium.pl?expand=all&version=Divino%20Afflatu&lang2=English Divinum Officium]
[http://www.breviary.net/ Latin-English pre-Vatican-II Breviary]

=Other documents=

{{cite web|title=Documenta Latina|url=https://www.vatican.va/latin/latin_index.html|publisher=The Holy See|access-date=13 October 2009}}
[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/_index.html "Documenta Catholica Omnia"]—Multi-language Catholic eBook database of all the writings of Holy Popes, Councils, Church Fathers and Doctors, and Allied Auctors. Retrieved November 2018.
{{cite web|title=Thesaurus Precum Latinarum: Treasury of Latin Prayers|url=http://www.preces-latinae.org/index.htm|publisher=Michael Martin|access-date=13 October 2009}}
[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/christian.html The Christian Latin Library]—a collection of ecclesiastical Latin texts by Christian authors. Retrieved November 2018.
[http://www.augustinus.it/latino/index.htm Complete Latin works of St. Augustine]
[http://www.logoslibrary.eu/index.php?newsearch=1&code_language=LA Latin Logos Library]—contains Classical, Medieval, and Ecclesiastical texts.
[http://www.logicmuseum.com/index.htm The Logic Museum]—a collection of ecclesiastical Latin. Retrieved November 18.
[http://frcoulter.com/latin/first-message.html Pope Benedict XVI's First Message] with interlinear Latin-English translations

=Course=

[http://frcoulter.com/latin/first/index.html "First Experience Latin with Fr. Reginald Foster"], an ecclesiastical Latin course. Retrieved November 2018.
[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html The Vatican's Lexicon] Retrieved November 2018.
[http://archives.nd.edu/latgramm.htm Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130100754/http://archives.nd.edu/latgramm.htm |date=2012-01-30 }}. Retrieved November 2018.

Category:Languages attested from the 4th century

Category:Forms of Latin

Category:Christian liturgical languages

Category:Latin liturgical rites

Category:Latin Church

Category:Western Christianity

Category:Languages of Vatican City