emoticon

File:Poire typo..JPG, text of a legal ruling against it in the shape of a pear, 1834]]

In 1648, poet Robert Herrick wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of brackets as a smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts doubted the inclusion of the colon in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general, was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them."{{cite web |last1=Madrigal |first1=Alexis C. |title=The First Emoticon May have appeared in 1648 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/ |work=The Atlantic |date=April 14, 2014 |url-access=limited}} 17th century typography practice often placed colons and semicolons within parentheses, including 14 instances of "{{big|:)}}" in Richard Baxter's 1653 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-membership and Baptism.{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Ben |date=2014-04-15 |title=Sorry, That's Not an Emoticon in a 1648 Poem :( |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/emoticon-robert-herrick-s-17th-century-poem-to-fortune-does-not-contain-a-smiley-face.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Slate}}

Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since the 19th century.{{r|Evans|Long|Giannoulis}} The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses"{{cite book |last1=Hey |first1=Tony |last2=Pápay |first2=Gyuri |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-12322-5 |page=241}} (later reduced to the more formal "best regards"). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL.{{cite journal |first1=Joan |last1=Gajadhar |first2=John |last2=Green |title=The Importance of Nonverbal Elements in Online Chat |year=2005 |journal=EDUCAUSE Quarterly |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=63–64 |issn=1528-5324 |url=https://er.educause.edu/~/media/files/articles/2005/10/eqm05411.pdf}}

File:Alleged use of emoticon, 1862-08-07.jpg's speech in 1862]]

The transcript of one of Abraham Lincoln's speeches in 1862 recorded the audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)".{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Vyvyan |title=The Emoji Code: The Linguistics Behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats |date=2017 |publisher=Picador |location=New York |isbn=978-1-250-12906-2 |pages=149–150}}{{cite news |last1=Houston |first1=Keith |title=Something to Smile About |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304213904579093661814158946 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=28 September 2013 |issn=0099-9660 |url-access=subscription |page=C3}} There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a typo, a legitimate punctuation construct or the first emoticon.{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Jennifer |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/hfo-emoticon/ |work=The New York Times |title=Is That an Emoticon in 1862? |date=January 19, 2009 |department=City Room |url-access=limited}} Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple typesetting error.{{r|Seargeant}}

File:Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png

File:Emoticons Puck 1881.png on March 30, 1881]]

Before March 1881, the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including Kurjer warszawski (published in Warsaw) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent the emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference and astonishment.{{cite web | url=https://polona.pl/item/kurjer-warszawski-r-61-nr-51-5-marca-1881,MjA0ODAxODg/4/#info:metadata | title=Polona }}

{{Clear left|left}}File:Emoticons-Telegraphische Zeichenkunst.jpgIn a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author Ambrose Bierce suggested facetiously{{r|Evans|Houston}} that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey cachinnation, loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence".{{r|Evans}}{{cite book |first=Ambrose |last=Bierce |chapter=For Brevity and Clarity |title=The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, XI: Antepenultimata |year=1912 |publisher=The Neale Publishing Company |pages=386–387 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nEcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA387}} In a 1936 Harvard Lampoon article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other punctuation marks to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: {{big|(-)}} for a smile, {{nowrap|{{big|(--)}}}} (showing more "teeth") for laughter, {{big|(#)}} for a frown and {{big|(*)}} for a wink.{{r|Evans}}The Harvard Lampoon, Vol. 112 No. 1, September 16, 1936, pp. 30–31. {{issn|0017-8098}} An instance of text characters representing a sideways smiling and frowning face could be found in the New York Herald Tribune on March 10, 1953, promoting the film Lili starring Leslie Caron.New York Herald Tribune, 1953-03-10, p. 20, cols. 4–6.

The September 1962 issue of MAD magazine included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable", was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger 'bust' than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand".MAD Magazine No. 73, September 1962, pp. 36–37. {{ISSN|0024-9319}} A further example attributed to a Baltimore Sunday Sun columnist appeared in a 1967 article in Reader's Digest, using a dash and right bracket to represent a tongue in one's cheek: {{big|—}}).{{r|Evans|Houston}}{{cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |url=http://www.snopes.com/fact-check/glyph-notes/ |title=Fact Check: Emoticon (Smiley) Origin |website=Snopes |date=20 September 2007}} Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon,{{r|Evans|Seargeant}} writer Vladimir Nabokov told an interviewer from The New York Times in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile—some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question."{{cite book |last=Nabokov |first=Vladimir |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679726098 |title=Strong Opinions |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-679-72609-8 |edition=1st Vintage international |location=New York |page=134 |oclc=1035656350 |url-access=registration}}

In the 1970s, the PLATO IV computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting.{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Ernie |title=The Greatest Computer Network You've Never Heard Of |date=November 13, 2017 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa3vvg/the-greatest-computer-network-youve-never-heard-of |publisher=Vice}} On the computer system, a student at the University of Illinois developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be the first emoticons.{{cite book |last1=Kalantzis |first1=Mary |last2=Cope |first2=Bill |title=Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49534-9 |page=33}}{{cite web |last1=Cope |first1=Bill |last2=Kalantzis |first2=Mary |title=A Little History of e-Learning |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351400910 |via=ResearchGate |access-date=26 October 2021}}

Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Scott Fahlman is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982.{{cite book |last1=Seargeant |first1=Philip |title=The Emoji Revolution: How Technology is Shaping the Future of Communication |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49664-3 |pages=45–46 |quote=The history of emoticons conventionally begins with the computer scientist Scott Fahlman who, in 1982, combined a colon, a hyphen and a round bracket as a way of indicating that a given statement was meant as a joke.}}{{cite book |last1=Doliashvili |first1=Mariam |last2=Ogawa |first2=Michael-Brian C. |last3=Crosby |first3=Martha E. |editor1-last=Schmorrow |editor1-first=Dylan D. |editor2-last=Fidopiastis |editor2-first=Cali M. |title=Augmented Cognition. Theoretical and Technological Approaches |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=12196 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-50353-6 |date=2020 |page=26 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-50353-6_2 |s2cid=220551348 |chapter=Understanding Challenges Presented Using Emojis as a Form of Augmented Communication |quote=Scott Fahlman, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, was credited with popularizing early text-based emoticons in 1982}}{{cite magazine |last1=Long |first1=Tony |title=Sept. 19, 1982: Can't You Take a Joke? :-) |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/09/dayintech-0919/ |magazine=Wired |date=19 September 2008 |url-access=limited |quote=Fahlman became the acknowledged originator of the ASCII-based emoticon.}} The use of ASCII symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer.{{cite book |last1=Veszelszki |first1=Ágnes |title=Digilect: The Impact of Infocommunication Technology on Language |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-049911-7 |pages=131–132}} In Carnegie Mellon's bulletin board system, Fahlman proposed colon–hyphen–right bracket {{code|:-)}} as a label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying humor or sarcasm in plain text.{{cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrea L. |editor1-last=Benski |editor1-first=Tova |editor2-last=Fisher |editor2-first=Eran |title=Internet and Emotions |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-81944-2 |page=84 |chapter=Islamic Emoticons: Pious Sociability and Community Building in Online Muslim Communities.}}{{r|Long}} Fahlman sent the following message{{efn|The transcript of the conversation between several computer scientists, including David Touretzky, Guy Steele and Jaime Carbonell,{{cite web |last=Fahlman |first=Scott |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm |title=Original Bboard Thread in which :-) was proposed |website=cs.cmu.edu |access-date=March 22, 2018}} was believed lost before it was recovered 20 years later from old backup tapes.{{r|Long}}}} after an incident where a humorous warning about a mercury spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious:{{r|Houston|Seargeant}}{{cite web |last1=Garber |first1=Megan |title=) or :-)? Some Highly Scientific Data |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/emoticon-smileys-some-highly-scientific-data/373086/ |work=The Atlantic |date=June 19, 2014 |url-access=limited}}

19-Sep-82 11:44    Scott E  Fahlman             :-)
From: Scott E  Fahlman 
I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers:
:-)
Read it sideways.  Actually, it is probably more economical to mark
things that are NOT jokes, given current trends.  For this, use
:-(

Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the ARPANET{{cite newsgroup |title=Notes{{dash}}Communications Breakthrough |first=James |last=Morris |date=October 10, 1982 |newsgroup=net.works |url=https://groups.google.com/group/net.works/browse_thread/thread/773cc0618cfd7d83q=Scott+Fahlman#35a7598e05d9a09b |access-date=December 18, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2021}} and Usenet.{{cite newsgroup |title=How to keep from being misunderstood on the net |first=Curtis |last=Jackson |date=December 3, 1982 |newsgroup=net.news |url=https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/browse_thread/thread/b72c333ced0d3adc/e008ed19e251f9ee?#e008ed19e251f9ee |access-date=December 17, 2008}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2021}} Other suggestions on the forum included an asterisk {{code|*}} and an ampersand {{code|&}}, the latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter,{{cite news |last1=Hitt |first1=Tarpley |title=The Inventor of the Emoticon Tells All: 'I've Created a Virus' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-inventor-of-the-emoticon-tells-all-ive-created-a-virus |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 July 2020 |url-access=limited}}{{r|Garber}} as well as a percent sign {{code|%}} and a pound sign {{code|#}}.{{cite book |last1=Baron |first1=Naomi |editor1-last=Vincent |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Fortunati |editor2-first=Leopoldina |title=Electronic Emotion: The Mediation of Emotion via Information and Communication Technologies |date=2009 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=Bern |isbn=978-3-03911-866-3 |page=112 |chapter=The myth of impoverished signal: Dispelling the spoken-language fallacy for emoticons in online communication.}} Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate emotion, but also replace language. Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications,{{cite book |editor1-last=Giannoulis |editor1-first=Elena |editor2-last=Wilde |editor2-first=Lukas R. A. |title=Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-429-95884-7 |chapter=Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age |quote=The most commonly used emoticons, the 'smileys', have since become an integral part of digital communication.}}{{Page needed|date=October 2021}} and have inspired a variety of other emoticons,{{r|Long}}{{sfn|Evans|2017|pp=151–152}} including the "winking" face using a semicolon {{code|;-)}},{{cite news |title=:-) turns 25 |agency=Associated Press |date=September 20, 2007 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012051803/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |website=CNN.com}} {{code|XD}}, a representation of the Face with Tears of Joy emoji and the acronym LOL.{{sfn|Seargeant|2019|p=47}}

In 1996, The Smiley Company was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the smiley trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating the book Smileys in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008.{{sfn|Seargeant|2019|p=47}}

A researcher at Stanford University surveyed the emoticons used in four million Twitter messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" {{code|:)}} was much more common than the original version with the hyphen {{code|:-)}}. Linguist Vyvyan Evans argues that this represents a shift in usage by younger users as a form of covert prestige: rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership.{{sfn|Evans|2017|pp=152–154}}

Loufrani began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. They are now known as graphical emoticons. His designs were registered at the United States Copyright Office in 1997 and appeared online as GIF files in 1998.{{cite web |url=http://www.thelightmag.com/preferences-changes-in-social-media-marketingroberta-b-turner/ |title=Emoji Users Are Shaping The Future Of Messaging |first=Rene |last=Mahfood |date=2016 |work=The Light Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221736/http://www.thelightmag.com/preferences-changes-in-social-media-marketingroberta-b-turner/ |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.europe1.fr/societe/avec-le-smiley-on-arrive-a-decontracter-tout-le-monde-2662759 |title=Avec le smiley, 'on arrive à décontracter tout le monde' |trans-title=With the smiley, 'we get to relax everybody' |date=February 4, 2016 |website=Europe 1 |language=fr |access-date=July 16, 2017 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222619/http://www.europe1.fr/societe/avec-le-smiley-on-arrive-a-decontracter-tout-le-monde-2662759 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.newstalk.com/Emojis-World-Emoji-Day-history-of-emoji-Ireland-Nicolas-Loufrani-Vyv-Evans |title=A picture paints a thousand words: Today is World Emoji Day |first=Jack |last=Quann |date=July 17, 2015 |website=newstalk.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811013424/http://www.newstalk.com/Emojis-World-Emoji-Day-history-of-emoji-Ireland-Nicolas-Loufrani-Vyv-Evans |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |url-status=dead}} For ASCII emoticons that did not exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from the graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons.{{cite web |url=https://www.digit.in/features/general/emoting-out-loud-the-origin-of-emojis-31252.html |title=Emoting Out Loud: The Origin of Emojis |first=Souvik |last=Das |date=August 4, 2016 |website=Digit}} He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001. This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons{{cite web |last1=Hooks |first1=Matheus |title=The Untold Story Behind the Emoji Phenomeon |date=March 10, 2022 |url=https://www.hooksmagazine.com/post/silver-screen-the-untold-story-behind-the-emoji-phenomenon |publisher=Hooks magazine}}{{cite news |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/business/qui-a-invente-le-smiley-son-histoire-va-vous-surprendre-09-05-2016-5777881.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020859/http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/business/qui-a-invente-le-smiley-son-histoire-va-vous-surprendre-09-05-2016-5777881.php |archive-date=10 May 2019 |title=Qui a inventé le Smiley ? Son histoire va vous surprendre... |trans-title=Who invented the Smiley? Its history will surprise you... |first=Marc |last=Hervez |date=May 9, 2016 |newspaper=Le Parisien |language=fr}} and was published as a book called Dico Smileys in 2002.{{cite book |title=The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet |first=Marcel |last=Danesi |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-4742-8200-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} In 2017, British magazine The Drum referred to Loufrani as the "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field.{{cite web |last1=Deighton |first1=Katie |title=Creative The Smiley Company Emoji |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/07/24/smiley-s-ceo-wants-turn-the-emoji-s-godfather-licensing-biz-global-brand |publisher=The Drum |date=July 24, 2017}}

On September 23, 2021, it was announced that Scott Fahlman was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in Dallas, United States, and sold the two designs as non-fungible tokens (NFT).{{cite web |title=First smiley and frowny emoticons go under hammer in US |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/life/first-smiley-and-frowny-emoticons-go-under-hammer-in-us/news |publisher=Daily Sabah |date=September 11, 2021}} The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for US$237,500.{{Cite web |author= |date=2021-09-24 |title=Erstes digitales Smiley für mehr als 200.000 Dollar als NFT versteigert |trans-title=First digital smiley sold for more than $ 200,000 as NFT |url=https://futurezone.at/digital-life/erstes-smiley-als-nft-versteigert-237500-dollar/401746341 |website=Future Zone |language=de}}

In some programming languages, certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes the Spaceship operator <=> (a comparison), the Diamond operator <> (for type hinting) and the Elvis operator ?: (a shortened ternary operator).[http://docs.groovy-lang.org/latest/html/documentation/index.html#_elvis_operator Groovy Language Documentation], includes Spaceship, Elvis and Diamond operators

{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2021}}

Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The two-character version :), which omits the nose, is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but some can be rotated (making them tiny ambigrams). There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express another feeling. For example, {{nowrap|:(}} equals sad and {{nowrap|:((}} equals very sad. Weeping can be written as :'(. A blush can be expressed as :">. Others include wink ;), a grin :D, :P for tongue out, and smug {{nowrap|:->}}; they can be used to denote a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a second meaning in the sentence preceding it.Dresner & Herring (2010). ;P, such as when blowing a raspberry. An often used combination is also <3 for a heart and for a broken heart. :O is also sometimes used to depict shock. :/ is used to depict melancholy, disappointment or disapproval. :| may be used to depict a neutral face.

{{main|Kaomoji}}

In South Korea, emoticons use Korean Hangul letters, and the Western style is rarely used.{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Korean Emoticons: The Ultimate Guide|url=https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-emoticons/|access-date=2020-12-18|website=90 Day Korean®|language=en-US}} The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean jamo (letters) instead of other characters.

{{See also|Jiong}}

File:Dogeza horizontal.png bow.]]

o7, or O7, is an emoticon that depicts a person saluting, with the o being the head and the 7 being its arm.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

A portmanteau of emotion and sound, an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during the viewing of a message, typically an IM message or email message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional subtext.{{Cite journal |last=Tomić |first=Maja Katarina |last2=Martinez |first2=Marijana |last3=Vrbanec |first3=Tedo |date=2013 |title=Emoticons |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/229898 |journal=ยืนยันอีเมลแล้วที่ |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=41 |via=Google Scholar}} Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music players in an Adobe Flash-based widget.{{cite web

File:USpatent6987991 emoticon.jpg

{{Main|Emoticons (Unicode block)}}

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{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

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• {{cite news |title=A design for life |author-first=Jon |author-last=Savage |newspaper=The Guardian |department=Design |date=2009-02-21 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history |access-date=2024-03-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329231736/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history |archive-date=2024-03-29}}
• {{cite journal |title=Emoticons in mind: An event-related potential study |journal=Social Neuroscience |volume=9 |date=2014-01-06 |issue=2 |author-first1=Owen |author-last1=Churches |author-first2=Mike |author-last2=Nicholls |author-first3=Myra |author-last3=Thiessen |author-first4=Mark |author-last4=Kohler |author-first5=Hannah |author-last5=Keage |orig-date=2013-07-17, 2013-12-05 |doi=10.1080/17470919.2013.873737 |pages=196–202|pmid=24387045 }}

• {{Commons and category inline|Emoticon|Smilies}}