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energy in Syria

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Energy in Syria is mostly based on oil and gas.{{Cite web|title=Syria - Countries & Regions|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/syria|access-date=2022-02-16|publisher=International Energy Agency |language=en-GB}} Some energy infrastructure was damaged by the Syrian civil war. There is high reliance on fossil fuels for energy in Syria,{{cite journal |last1=Hainoun |first1=A. |last2=Omar |first2=H. |last3=Almoustafa |first3=S. |last4=Seif-Eldin |first4=M. K. |last5=Meslmani |first5=Y. |date=2014 |title=Future development of Syrian power sector in view of GHG Mitigation Options. |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=38 |pages=1045–1055 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.090}} and electricity demand is projected to increase by 2030, especially for industry activity such as automation.{{cite journal |last1=Hainoun |first1=A. |last2=Seif-Eldin |first2=M. K. |last3=Almoustafa |first3=S. |date=2006 |title=Analysis of the Syrian long-term energy and electricity demand projection using the end-use methodology. |journal=Energy Policy |volume=34 |issue=14 |pages=1958–1970 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2004.12.024}} However, conflict in Syria has caused electricity generation to decrease by nearly 40% in recent years due to plant destruction and fuel shortages.Rosner, K. (2016). (tech.). Water and Electric Power in Iraq and Syria: Conflict and Fragility Implications for the Future. Robert Strauss Center. Electricity access in daily life for Syrians has also been altered due to conflict. Electricity to residents of Syria is largely provided by private diesel generators, which is costly and limited in hours of use.{{cite journal |last1=Omar |first1=F. A. |last2=Mahmoud |first2=I. |last3=Hussian |first3=A. |last4=Mohr |first4=L. |last5=Abdullah |first5=H. O. |last6=Farzat |first6=A. |date=2020 |title=The effect of the Syrian crisis on electricity supply and the household life in North-West Syria: a university-based study |journal=Education and Conflict Review |volume=3 |pages=77–86}} Conflict has increased household electricity expenditures while also decreasing household income. Some households have since turned to solar energy as a supplementary source of energy, though high costs limit widespread adoption.

Overview

In 2021, only oil accounted for 68.2% of Syria's total energy supply. Natural gas accounted for 30.9% and Water energy(hydro) accounted for 0.7%. From 2000 to 2021, 22 Metric tons of C02 has been emitted, which contributes to 0.07% of total energy emissions and a 41% decrease in CO2 emissions. Electricity consumption per capita has decreased by 43% between this period, with a 4.5% share of power generation on renewables in 2021 alone.

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! colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Energy in SyriaIEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040322/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf 2014 (2012R as in November 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405035039/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf |date=2015-04-05 }} + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902105825/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf |date=2014-09-02 }}, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309143010/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf |date=2013-03-09 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027013037/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=2010-10-11 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007042901/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf |date=2013-10-07 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012043312/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf |date=2009-10-12 }} IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15

style="background-color: #cfb;" |

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Capita

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Prim. energy

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Production

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Export

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Electricity

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | CO2-emission

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! style="background-color: #cfb;" |

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Million

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh

! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Mt

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| align="left" | 2004

align="right" | 18.58align="right" | 214align="right" | 343align="right" | 129align="right" | 24.5align="right" | 47.8
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| align="left" | 2007

align="right" | 19.89align="right" | 228align="right" | 283align="right" | 52align="right" | 29.5align="right" | 53.7
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| align="left" | 2008

align="right" | 21.23align="right" | 229align="right" | 273align="right" | 43align="right" | 31.3align="right" | 54.4
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| align="left" | 2009

align="right" | 21.09align="right" | 262align="right" | 274align="right" |33align="right" | 31.3align="right" | 59.8
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| align="left" | 2010

align="right" | 20.45align="right" | 253align="right" | 322align="right" | 51align="right" | 38.96align="right" |57.76
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| align="left" | 2012R

align="right" | 22.40align="right" |175align="right" | 157align="right" | 24.2align="right" | 26.2align="right" | 40.1
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| align="left" | 2013

align="right" | 22.85align="right" | 150align="right" | 88align="right" | 68.3align="right" | 21.8align="right" | 33.5
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| align="left" | Change 2004-10

align="right" | 10.1%align="right" | 17.8%align="right" | -6.3%align="right" | -60.5%align="right" | 59.2%align="right" | 20.9%
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| colspan="7" align="left" | Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Prim. energy includes energy losses

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

While the supply, production, and emission of coal remains insignificant, Natural gas has decreased by 42% in terms of production within 2000–2021.

Electricity

{{Excerpt|Electricity in Syria}}

Oil and gas

{{See also|Petroleum industry in Syria}}

In 2010 oil accounted for about a quarter of Syria's income, estimated as $3.2bn for 2010, and almost all oil exports were to the EU. Production was {{convert|400000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} in 2009 and exports about {{convert|150000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, mainly Germany, Italy and France. According to BBC oil reserves were 2.5bn barrels in 2010.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14759416 EU steps up Syria sanctions with ban on oil imports] 2 September 2011 BBC During the civil war before the fall of Assad the country depended on oil imports from Iran.{{Cite web |title=How has the fall of Assad impacted Syria's energy sector? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-has-fall-assad-impacted-syrias-energy-sector-2024-12-09/}} As of end-2024 some of the country's largest oilfields are in territory controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces. 2024 oil production is estimated at 30 thousand barrels a day.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Turkey aims to increase Syria oil and natural gas production |url=https://www.worldoil.com/news/2024/12/27/turkey-aims-to-increase-syria-oil-and-natural-gas-production/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.worldoil.com |language=en}}

Natural gas production is estimated to have fallen from 8.7 billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2011 to 3 bcm in 2023. The Syrian Petroleum Company (SPC) is a state-owned oil company established in 1974.

File:Oil_refinery_in_Homs,_2010.jpg]]

Syria's petroleum industry has been subject to a sharp decline. In September 2014, ISIS was producing more oil than the government at {{convert|80000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}} compared to the government's {{convert|17000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}} with the Syrian Oil Ministry stating that by the end of 2014, oil production had plunged further to {{convert|9329|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}; ISIS has since captured a further oil field, leading to a projected oil production of {{convert|6829|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}.{{cite news |date=30 May 2015 |title=Syria regime revenues shrink as losses mount |url=https://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Regional/2015/May-30/299784-syria-regime-revenues-shrink-as-losses-mount.ashx |access-date=31 May 2015 |work=The Daily Star |agency=Agence France-Presse}} In the third year of the Syrian civil war, the deputy economy minister Salman Hayan stated that Syria's two main oil refineries were operating at less than 10% capacity.{{cite news |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=27 January 2015 |title=Syria raises fuel prices to snuff out black market, soothe unrest |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-fuel-idUSKBN0L029R20150127 |access-date=28 January 2015 |work=Reuters}}

Historically, the country produced heavy-grade oil from fields located in the northeast since the late 1960s. In the early 1980s, light-grade, low-sulphur oil was discovered near Deir ez-Zor in eastern Syria. Syria's rate of oil production has decreased dramatically from a peak close to {{convert|600000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} (bpd) in 1995 down to less than {{convert|182500|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}} in 2012.{{cite web |title=Syria's oil production on Index Mundi |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=sy&v=88 |access-date=15 October 2016}} Since 2012 the production has decreased even more, reaching {{convert|32000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} (bpd) in 2014. Official figures quantity the production in 2015 at {{convert|27000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, but those figures have to be taken with precaution because it is difficult to estimate the oil that is currently produced in the rebel held areas.

Prior to the uprising, more than 90% of Syrian oil exports were to EU countries, with the remainder going to Turkey.{{cite web |date=20 June 2012 |title=The Syrian Economy: Hanging by a Thread |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/20/syrian-economy-hanging-by-thread/dwq7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513183233/http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/20/syrian-economy-hanging-by-thread/dwq7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}} Oil and gas revenues constituted in 2012 around 20% of total GDP and 25% of total government revenue.{{Commons category|Energy in Syria}}

References

{{Middle East topic|Energy in}}

{{Middle East topic|Energy policy on}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syria, Energy In}}