energy law

{{main|Renewable energy law}}

{{see also|Biodiesel}}

File:Coal power plant Datteln 2 Crop1.png, coal may become less competitive as a fuel.]]

{{See also|International Atomic Energy Agency|Emissions trading|Nuclear Energy Agency}}

There is a growing academic interest in international energy law,Search Engine results for "international energy law" reveals over 15,000 titles, see [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22international+energy+law%22&aq=f&oq= Google search results]. Retrieved March 10, 2009. including continuing legal education seminars,{{cite web|url=http://www.rmmlf.org/confrnce/SCI09news.pdf |website =Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation |title=International Energy Law, Contracts, and Negotiations |format = brochure|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110850/http://www.rmmlf.org/confrnce/SCI09news.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2009 }}{{cite book|author=International Bar Association, Section on Energy and Natural Resources Law|title =International Energy Law: Houston, 1984 |publisher=M. Bender|date= 1984|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MHBXNwAACAAJ&q=%22international+energy+law%22}} Proceedings of a conference held in Houston, Tex. treatises,{{cite book|first1=Kurt R. |last1=Deketelaere|title = International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Energy Law|publisher = Kluwer Law International|date= 2002 |isbn = 978-90-411-1405-1}}Rex J. Zedalis, "International Energy Law" (Ashgate 2000) {{ISBN|978-0-7546-2164-5}} found at [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fu2wAAAACAAJ&q=%22international+energy+law%22 Google books]. Retrieved March 10, 2009. law reviews,International Energy Law and Taxation Review (Int Energ Law Taxat Rev)

Published by Sweet & Maxwell. {{ISSN|1472-4529}}. Found at [http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=1472-4529 Journal seek website]. Retrieved March 10, 2009. and graduate courses.Catherine Redgwell, Course Syllabus, "International energy law," Course Code: LAWSG086, Masters of Law (LLM) at UCL, found at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/prospective/llm/courses/index.shtml?llm_121 UCL website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321155538/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/prospective/llm/courses/index.shtml?llm_121 |date=2009-03-21 }}. Retrieved March 10, 2009. In the same line, there has been growing interest on energy-specific issues and their particular relation with international trade and connected organizations like the World Trade Organization.{{cite journal|last1=Farah|first1=Paolo Davide|last2=Cima|first2=Elena|title=Energy Trade and the WTO: Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel|journal=Journal of International Economic Law|date=September 2013|volume=16|issue=3|pages=707–740|ssrn=2330416|doi=10.1093/jiel/jgt024}}

There are also periodic international meetings such as the World Forum on Energy Regulation.

The Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa is an international nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting cooperation between the various countries on energy law, policy, and development.

Egypt's Energy in Egypt is regulated by The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Egypt, which is the government ministry in charge of managing and regulating the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Egypt. Its headquarters are in Cairo. The current minister as of 2020 is Mohamed Shaker.{{cite news|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/115224/news/breaking-new-government-swear-in|title=BREAKING: New government swears in|date=17 June 2014|access-date=22 June 2014|work=Cairo Post}} The ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree No. 147.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} The famous Aswan High Dam, which produces electricity, is government owned and regulated; its construction required the removal of Abu Simbel temples and the Temple of Dendur. Egypt has established a separate power authority to build and operate a nuclear power plant.

Ghana has a regulatory body over energy, the Energy Commission.

{{Main|Nigeria energy law}}

Nigeria's government owns the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. The Lagos Business School has a number of academic offerings related to the legal, economic, and business management of energy, particularly oil and petroleum, which is a major sector in Nigeria's economic sector. Nigeria heavily subsidies petrol, which mainly benefits rich people.{{Cite news|last1=Raval|first1=Anjli|last2=Cornish|first2=Chloe|last3=Munshi|first3=Neil|date=2021-05-26|title=Oil producers face costly transition as world looks to net-zero future|url=https://www.ft.com/content/27b4b7f1-9b08-4406-8119-03a73fb6ce19|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Financial Times|language=}} On 1 January 2012, the Nigerian government headed by president Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, tried to cease the subsidy on petrol and deregulate the oil prices by announcing the new price for petrol as US$0.88/litre from the old subsidised price of US$0.406/litre (LAGOS), which in areas distant from Lagos petrol was priced at US$1.25/litre. This led to the longest general strike (eight days), riots, Arab spring like protests and on 16 January 2012 the government capitulated by announcing a new price of US$0.60/litre with an envisaged price of US$2.0/litre in distant areas.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21699171-petrol-prices-are-now-bit-more-realistic-will-naira-be-next-fuel-and|title = A fuel and your money|newspaper = The Economist|date = 19 May 2016}} In May 2016 the Buhari administration increased fuel prices again to NGN 145 per litre ($0.43 at black market rates for the currency).{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16382286|title=Nigeria fury as fuel prices double after subsidy ends|work=BBC News|date=2 January 2012}} In September 2020, the government had announced an increase in the pump price of petrol to NGN 151.56 per litre from NGN 148.{{cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=See why some Buhari goment policy change dey make Nigerians remember Jonathan|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54010088|access-date=2021-12-19|website=BBC News Pidgin}}

Uganda has adopted a new nuclear power law, which it hopes "will boost technical cooperation between the country and the International Atomic Energy Agency," according to "a senior agency official" from that African country.[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/641046 Uganda's new atomic energy law, from New Vision (UK) website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605235615/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/641046 |date=June 5, 2009 }}. Retrieved August 12, 2008.

File:Energy Australia Building.jpg]]

{{main|Energy policy of Australia|Australian mining law}}

{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Australia|Nuclear power in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}}

Energy is big business in Australia. Australian Energy Producers represents 98% of the oil and gas producers in Australia.{{cite web |work=APPEA website |title=About APPEA |url=http://www.appea.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=47&Itemid=256}}

{{See also|Electricity policy of Alberta|Electricity policy of Ontario}}

Canada has an extensive energy law, both through the federation and the provinces, especially Alberta.[http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwecan.htm Lexadin website]. Retrieved September 29, 2008.[http://cirl.ca/CELS Canada Energy Law Service website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123183916/http://cirl.ca/CELS |date=January 23, 2009 }}. Retrieved September 29, 2008.[http://www.albertacanada.com/intl-business/energy-sector-regulations.html Alberta Canada government energy regulation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103435/http://www.albertacanada.com/intl-business/energy-sector-regulations.html |date=2011-07-07 }}. Retrieved November 26, 2010. These include:

• Alternative Fuels Act ( 1995, c. 20 ) [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/A-10.7 Canada Department of Justice government website page on Alternative Fuels Act] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105200159/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/A-10.7 |date=January 5, 2011 }}. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
• Cooperative Energy Act ( 1980-81-82-83, c. 108 ){{cite web|url = https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-41.5/index.html |website = Canada Department of Justice |title = Cooperative Energy Act|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715212821/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-41.5/index.html |archive-date=July 15, 2006 }}
• Energy Administration Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-6 ){{cite web|url = https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-6/index.html |website = Canada Department of Justice |title = Energy Administration Act|url-status =live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914231736/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-6/index.html |archive-date=September 14, 2006 }}
• Energy Monitoring Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-8 ){{cite web|url = https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-8/index.html|website = Canada Department of Justice |title= Energy Monitoring Act|date = 31 December 2002 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909195817/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-8/index.html |archive-date=September 9, 2006 }}
• Nuclear Energy Act ( R.S., 1985, c. A-16 ) [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/A-16/index.html Canada Department of Justice government website page on Nuclear Energy Act] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025165435/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/A-16/index.html |date=October 25, 2006 }}. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
• Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act ( R.S., 1985, c. O-7 ){{cite web|url =https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-7/index.html |website = Canada Department of Justice |title = Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716202548/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/O-7/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2006 }}
• Canada Petroleum Resources Act ( 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) ) [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-8.5/index.html Canada Department of Justice government website page on Canada Petroleum Resources Act ( 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.) )] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925033631/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-8.5/index.html |date=September 25, 2006 }}. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
• National Energy Board Act ( R.S., 1985, c. N-7 ) [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-7/index.html Canada Department of Justice government website page on National Energy Board Act ( R.S., 1985, c. N-7 )] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223144927/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-7/index.html |date=December 23, 2006 }}. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
• Electricity and Gas Inspection Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-4 ) [http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/index.html Canada Department of Justice government website page on Electricity and Gas Inspection Act ( R.S., 1985, c. E-4 )] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209042236/http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/index.html |date=December 9, 2006 }}. Retrieved September 29, 2008.

There is some academic interest in the energy law of Canada, with looseleaf periodical services,Canadian Institute of Resources Law, "Canada Energy Law Service {{ISBN|978-0-88820-410-3}} (Carswell, starting in 1990). Found at [http://www.carswell.com/description.asp?docid=23 Carswell website], [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL11265818M Open Library website] and [http://cirl.ca/CELS Canadian Institute of Resources Law website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123183916/http://cirl.ca/CELS |date=January 23, 2009 }}. Retrieved March 10, 2009. monographs,David Osigbernhe Iyalomh, Thesis, "Environmental Regulation of the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Lessons from Alberta's Experience," (University of Alberta 1998), found at [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ29006.pdf national Library of Canada website]. (.pdf) Retrieved March 10, 2009. and consultation with lawyers specializing in that practice,[http://webcasts.acc.com/handouts/FMC_-_Canadas_Wind_Energy_Law_Firm.pdf Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110850/http://webcasts.acc.com/handouts/FMC_-_Canadas_Wind_Energy_Law_Firm.pdf |date=2009-03-20 }}. (.pdf) Retrieved March 10, 2009. available.

The Supreme Court of Canada has had issued some Canadian energy case law.See, e.g., ATCO Gas & Pipelines Ltd. v. Alberta (Energy & Utilities Board), 2006 SCC 4, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 140 (concerning jurisdiction and standard of judicial review) found at

[http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/17/index.do U Montreal website]. Retrieved March 10, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218203824/http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/17/index.do |date=February 18, 2009 }}

Canada's energy laws are so extensive and complicated in large part because of its government-owned energy resources:

{{blockquote|The oil sands are gold not only for the oil companies, but also for Alberta's provincial government, which owns the mineral rights to virtually all the land and has encouraged the industry for three-quarters of a century.|Robert Kunzig, National Geographic, March 2009, p. 49 (emphasis in original)Robert Kunzig, "The Canadian Oil Boom: Scraping Bottom: Once considered too expensive, as well as too damaging to the land, exploitation of Alberta's oil sands is now a gamble worth billns," National Geographic, March 2009, pp. 1, 34–59, quote at 49 (photographs by Peter Essick).}}

Canada and the Quebec province also own extensive hydroelectric dam facilities, which have generated not only power but controversy.Katrina Kieltyka, "Sierra Club fighting plan to buy Canadian power: Say hydroelectric dams would harm indigenous people," Legislative Gazette, March 16, 2009, p. 21, available at [http://www.legislativegazette.com/back_issues/09-3-16_for_web.pdf Legislative Gazette archives] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325113240/http://www.legislativegazette.com/back_issues/09-3-16_for_web.pdf |date=March 25, 2009 }} (.pdf file). Retrieved March 20, 2009.

{{Main|Energy policy of China}}

{{See also|Renewable energy in China|Law of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Main|European Union energy policy}}

{{see also|Council of European Energy Regulators}}

European energy law has been focused on the legal mechanisms for managing short-term disruptions to the continent's energy supply, such as Germany's 1974 Law to Secure the Energy Supply.Terence Daintith and Leigh Hancher, Energy strategy in Europe: the legal framework, pp. 3, 16, 26, 37–9, 97–8, 102. (European University Institute, Series A, Volume 4) (Walter de Gruyter, 1986) {{ISBN|978-0-89925-173-8}}. Found at [https://books.google.com/books?id=OQGjcH3Gp5kC&dq=%22energy+supply%22&pg=PA38 Google Books]. Retrieved January 21, 2011. The European integrated hydrogen project was a European Union project to integrate United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) guidelines and create a basis of ECE regulation of hydrogen vehicles and the necessary infrastructure replacing national legislation and regulations. The aim of this project was enhancing of the safety of hydrogen vehicles and harmonizing their licensing and approval process.

{{cite book

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tMjlmSK_XoC&pg=PA113

|title=Can Cars Come Clean?: Strategies for Low-Emission Vehicles

|publisher=OECD

|year=2004

|page=113

|isbn= 978-92-64-10497-6

|access-date= 17 June 2016}}

Five nations have created the EurObserv'ER energy consortium. The EU has also created an Energy Community to extend their policies into Southeastern Europe. Austuraiu hosts the annual World Sustainable Energy Days.

The EU regulates motor vehicle emissions; see Directive 80/1269/EEC.

{{Main|German Renewable Energy Sources Act|Energy_in_Germany#Government_energy_policy|Energiewende}}

Germany's renewable energy law mandates the use of renewable energy through its taxes and tariffs. It promotes the development of renewable energy sources via a system of feed-in tariffs. It regulates the amount of energy generated by the producer and the type of renewable energy source. It also creates an incentive to encourage technological advancements and costs.[http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/eeg_en.pdf English translation of EEG legislation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110850/http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/eeg_en.pdf |date=March 20, 2009 }}. Retrieved August 2008. The results have been startling: on 6 June 2014, more than half of the nation's energy used on that date came from solar power.{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/06/23/1308923/-50-6-of-Germany-s-electricity-produced-by-solar-power-on-June-6-also-achieves-grid-parity |work=DailyKos|title=50% of Germany's electricity produced by solar in one hour on June 6, also achieves grid parity|author=HoundDog (pseudonym) |date=23 June 2014|access-date=24 June 2014}} Despite regulatory processes adding more renewable energy to its energy mix, Germany's electric grid has become more reliable, not less.{{cite web|work=Think Progress|url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/12/3470070/germany-reliable-grid-renewables/|title=Germany Added A Lot Of Wind And Solar Power, And Its Electric Grid Became More Reliable|last=Spross|first=Jeff|date=August 12, 2014|access-date=August 14, 2014}}

The German government has proposed abandoning "its planned phase-out of nuclear energy to help rein in surging electricity prices and protect the environment, according to proposals drawn up by an energy task force under Economy Minister Michael Glos."[https://archive.today/20120730180145/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEeSfgPAenzk&refer=germany Bloomberg News story about German proposal]. Retrieved August 12, 2008. The German Green Party has opposed nuclear energy, as well as the market power of German utilities, claiming the "energy shortfall" has been artificially created.Interview, "Green Party Energy Expert Höhn: 'The Nuclear Industry Has Invented the Energy Shortfall'" Spiegel, found at [http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,569929,00.html Spiegel Online]. Retrieved August 21, 2008.

There is significant academic interest in German energy law.See for example, [http://www.vetek.de/ vetek.de Homepage des Instituts für Energie- und Regulierungsrecht Berlin e.V.] (In German, English, Russian, and Spanish). Retrieved March 30, 2009. A chart summarizing German energy legislation is available.{{cite book

| title = Overview of legislation governing Germany's energy supply system: key strategies, acts, directives, and regulations / ordinances

| date = May 2016

| publisher = Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

| place = Berlin, Germany

| url = http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/gesetzeskarte,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf

| access-date = 24 June 2016

| archive-date = 6 October 2016

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040914/http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/gesetzeskarte,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf

| url-status = dead

}}

{{Main|Energy in Italy|Wind power in Italy|Nuclear power in Italy|Economy of Italy#Energy and natural resources}}

File:Centrale Eolica Frigento.jpgs in Campania]]

Italy has few natural resources. lacking substantial deposits of iron, coal, or oil. Proven natural gas reserves, mainly in the Po Valley and offshore Adriatic, constitute the country's most important mineral resource. More than 80% of the country's energy sources are imported. The energy sector is highly dependent on imports from abroad: in 2006 the country imported more than 86% of its total energy consumption.{{cite news |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DK-08-001/EN/KS-DK-08-001-EN.PDF |title=Energy, transport and environment indicators |author=Eurostat |access-date=10 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123071423/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DK-08-001/EN/KS-DK-08-001-EN.PDF |archive-date=November 23, 2009 |author-link=Eurostat }}{{cite news|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GH-09-001/EN/KS-GH-09-001-EN.PDF |title=Panorama of energy |author=Eurostat |access-date=2009-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603143806/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GH-09-001/EN/KS-GH-09-001-EN.PDF |archive-date=June 3, 2010 |author-link=Eurostat }}

In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, ranking as the world's fifth largest solar energy producer in 2009{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/REN21_GSR_2010_full.pdf |title=Renewables 2010 Global Status Report |author=REN21 |publisher=REN21 |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820221548/http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/REN21_GSR_2010_full.pdf |archive-date=August 20, 2010 |author-link=REN21 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.asp |title=Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv'ER |access-date=30 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726043955/http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.asp |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} and the sixth largest producer of wind power in 2008.[http://www.gwec.net/uploads/media/chartes08_EN_UPD_01.pdf Global installed wind power capacity (MW)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517090759/http://www.gwec.net/uploads/media/chartes08_EN_UPD_01.pdf |date=May 17, 2012 }} Global Wind Energy Council 6.2.2008

In 1987, after the Chernobyl disaster, a large majority of Italians passed a referendum opting for phasing out nuclear power. The government responded by closing existing nuclear power plants and completely putting a halt to the national nuclear program. Italy also imports about 16% of its electricity need from France for 6.5 GWe, which makes it the world's biggest importer of electricity. Due to its reliance on expensive fossil fuels and imports, Italians pay approximately 45% more than the EU average for electricity."[http://www.uic.com.au/nip102.htm Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202144939/http://www.uic.com.au/nip102.htm |date=December 2, 2008 }}." Australian Uranium Association. April 2008

In 2004, a new Energy Law brought the possibility of joint ventures with foreign companies to build nuclear power plants and import electricity. In 2005, Italy's power company, ENEL made an agreement with Electricite de France for 200 MWe from a nuclear reactor in France and potentially an additional 1,000 MWe from new construction. As part of the agreement, ENEL received a 12.5% stake in the project and direct involvement in design, construction, and operation of the plants. In another move, ENEL also bought 66% of the Slovak Electric utility that operates six nuclear reactors. As part of this agreement, ENEL will pay the Slovak government EUR 1.6 billion to complete a nuclear power plant in Mochovce, which has a gross output of 942 MWe. With these agreements, Italy has managed to access nuclear power without placing reactors on Italian territory.

The nation of Lithuania has an energy law, Energetikos teisė.Energetikos teisė on Lithuanian Wikipedia, citing B.Pranevičienė, S.Milčiuvienė, "Kainų teisinio reguliavimo aktualijos Lietuvos elektros energijos rinkoje, Jurisprudencija: mokslo darbai." (Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas 2 (80) tomas, 2006), p. 60–73. Retrieved March 30, 2009.

In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy"{{cite web|url=http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/555-15|title=Про альтернативні джерела енергії - від 20.02.2003 № 555-IV (Сторінка 1 з 2)|website=zakon2.RADA.gov.ua|access-date=9 August 2017}} refers to alternative energy sources: solar, wind, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine and hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas and others. Ukrainian National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission{{cite web|url=http://www2.nerc.gov.ua/#|title=Ukrainian National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission|website=NERC.gov.ua|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809090426/http://www2.nerc.gov.ua/|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=dead}} and State Agency on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine{{cite web|url=http://saee.gov.ua/en|title=Welcome to Держенергоефективності України - Держенергоефективності України|website=SAEE.gov.ua|access-date=9 August 2017}} are the main renewable energy regulation authorities.{{Cite web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/renewable-energy-legal-support/|title=Renewable energy legal support in Ukraine|website=Capital Law Consulting}} Reforms have been made by Ukrainian government in alternative energy sphere. There is a need of energy savings services in Ukraine.{{Cite web|url=http://en.clc.co.ua/energy-savings-performance-contracting/|title=Energy savings performance contracting in Ukraine|last=Thor|first=Anatoliy}} Its potential reaches about 5 billion EUR only in state-owned buildings.

Ukraine has a separate regulatory agency to manage the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.

Albania has an established the Albanian Institute of Oil and Gas.[http://www.alboilinstitute.com/ Albanian Institute of Oil and Gas website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203013820/http://www.alboilinstitute.com/ |date=February 3, 2011 }}. Retrieved February 27, 2010.

There is significant geothermal power in Iceland; about 80% of the nation's energy needs are met by geothermal sources, all of which is owned by the government, or regulated by it.

{{main|Energy policy of India}}

{{further|U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement}}

{{see also|Oil Industry Safety Directorate|Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Kerala Electricity Regulatory Commission}}

{{see also|Electricity sector in India|Nuclear power in India|Solar power in India|Wind power in India|Renewable energy in India|Biofuel in India}}

{{see also|Petrol stations in India|Electric vehicle#India}}

{{Main|Iraq oil law (2007)}}

Technically, Iraq has no energy law, but proposed legislation has been pending for almost five years as of early 2012.

The Iraqi Oil Ministry awards contracts to only a few companies. As of July 2014, there are 23 established oil companies, but only 17 banking corporations in Iraq.

The Israel Energy Sources Law, 5750-1989 ("Energy Law"), defines what is considered as "energy" and "energy source" and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use.

Under the Energy Law, certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the Israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source. In addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use of such sources.

Furthermore, in Israel there are certain additional laws that deal with the use of energy sources, such as the Natural Gas Sector Law,[http://www.barlaw.co.il/updates/israeli-gas-%E2%80%9Ccartel%E2%80%99%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-battle-heats-adv-simon-jaffa The Israeli Gas "Cartel’’ – The Battle Heats Up/ Adv. Simon Jaffa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092735/http://www.barlaw.co.il/updates/israeli-gas-%E2%80%9Ccartel%E2%80%99%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-battle-heats-adv-simon-jaffa |date=April 2, 2015 }} 5762-2002 which provides the conditions for the development of the natural gas sphere in Israel, and the Electricity Sector Law, 5756–1996, which established the "Public Utility Authority – Electricity" which publishes directives and regulations for the use of renewable electricity sources, including solar energy and hydro-energy.

{{See also|Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation|Nuclear power in Japan|Energy in Japan}}

File:Fukushima I by Digital Globe crop.jpg, the world's worst nuclear accident since 1986, displaced 50,000 households after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea.{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-26/fukushima-retiree-to-lead-anti-nuclear-motion.html |title=Fukushima Retiree Leads Anti-Nuclear Shareholders at Tepco Annual Meeting |author=Tomoko Yamazaki and Shunichi Ozasa |date=June 27, 2011 |work=Bloomberg }} Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish.{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-japan-nuclear-idCATRE74610J20110507 |title=Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after PM call to close plant |author=Mari Saito |date=May 7, 2011 |work=Reuters }}]]

Prior to the earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it, Japan generated 30% of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40%.{{cite web|title=Nuclear Power in Japan|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf79.html|publisher=World Nuclear Association|date=February 2019|access-date=2013-03-14|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220004801/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf79.html|url-status=dead}}

Nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in Japan, but there had been concern about the ability of Japan's nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity. The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007.[http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf The European Parliament's Greens-EFA Group – The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625044818/http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf |date=June 25, 2008 }} p. 23.

The 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared. 140,000 residents were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing.{{cite news|last=Weisenthal|first=Joe|title=Japan Declares Nuclear Emergency, As Cooling System Fails At Power Plant|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/fukushima-nuclear-plant-2011-3|access-date=11 March 2011|newspaper=Business Insider|date=11 March 2011}} On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years.{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13306358 |work =BBC News|title =Chubu Electric set to close nuclear plant|date =9 May 2011}}{{cite web|url = http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/306399 |website =Digital Journal|first=Lynn|last=Hermann|date=6 May 2011|title =Japan Prime Minister orders shutdown of Hamaoka nuclear plant}}{{cite news|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-07/chubu-electric-s-board-meets-on-possible-shutdown-of-nuclear-power-plant.html |work= Bloomberg|first1=Yuji|last1 =Okada|first2= Takashi|last2= Hirokawa |title = Chubu Electric's Board Meets on Possible Nuclear Plant Closure|url-access=subscription |date = 7 May 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/japan-nuke-plant-suspends-work/story-fn6s850w-1226056070930 |title=Japan nuke plant suspends work |date=May 14, 2011 |work=Herald Sun |access-date=March 14, 2013 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318085404/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/japan-nuke-plant-suspends-work/story-fn6s850w-1226056070930 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/4/43.abstract |title=Nuclear power and the public |author=M. V. Ramana |date=July 2011 |volume=67 |issue=4 |work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |page=44 |access-date=2013-03-14 |archive-date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201222218/http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/4/43.abstract |url-status=dead }}

Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, "more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are anti-nuclear and distrust government information on radiation".{{cite web |url= http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0620/Beginning-of-the-end-for-nuclear-power-in-Japan |title=Beginning of the end for nuclear power in Japan? |author=Gavin Blair |date=June 20, 2011 |work=CSMonitor }}{{cite web |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/4/43.abstract |title=Nuclear power and the public |author=M. V. Ramana |date=July 2011 |volume=67 |issue=4 |work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |page=43 |access-date=2013-03-14 |archive-date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201222218/http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/4/43.abstract |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-09-19/japan-anti-nuclear-protest/50461872/1 |title=Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo |date = 19 September 2011|work=USA Today |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002014514/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-09-19/japan-anti-nuclear-protest/50461872/1|archivedate = 2 October 2011}}

As of October 2011, there have been electricity shortages, but Japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/business/energy-environment/after-fukushima-does-nuclear-power-have-a-future.html |title=After Fukushima, Does Nuclear Power Have a Future?|author=Stephanie Cooke |date=October 10, 2011 |work=New York Times |author-link=Stephanie Cooke}}{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns-us-japan-nuclear-protest-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 |title=Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after quake |author=Antoni Slodkowski |date=June 15, 2011 |work=Reuters }}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/world/asia/14japan.html?_r=1&hp |title=Japan Premier Wants Shift Away From Nuclear Power |author=Hiroko Tabuchi |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=July 13, 2011 |work=New York Times }} An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, says "public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power.{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-28/nuclear-promotion-dropped-in-japan-energy-policy-after-fukushima.html |title=Nuclear Promotion Dropped in Japan Energy Policy After Fukushima |author=Tsuyoshi Inajima and Yuji Okada |date=Oct 28, 2011 |work=Bloomberg }}

Many of Japan's nuclear plants have been closed, or their operation has been suspended for safety inspections. The last of Japan's 54 reactors (Tomari-3) went offline for maintenance on May 5, 2012.,{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/05/japan-shuts-down-last-nuclear-reactor |title=Japan shuts down last working nuclear reactor |author=David Batty |date= May 5, 2012 |work=The Guardian }} leaving Japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power for the first time since 1970. Despite protests, on 1 July 2012 unit 3 of the Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted.{{Cite news|last=Gerhardt|first=Tina|date=22 July 2012|title=After Fukushima, Nuclear Power on Collision Course with Japanese Public|url=http://www.alternet.org/story/156431/after_fukushima,_nuclear_power_on_collision_course_with_japanese_public|work=Alternet|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014062123/http://www.alternet.org/story/156431/after_fukushima,_nuclear_power_on_collision_course_with_japanese_public|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} As of September 2012, Ōi units 3 and 4 are Japan's only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of Osaka have requested they be shut down.{{Cite web |url=http://japandailypress.com/osaka-governments-call-for-shutdown-of-oi-nuclear-plant-0411117 |title=Osaka governments call for shutdown of Oi nuclear plant |access-date=2013-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302122656/http://japandailypress.com/osaka-governments-call-for-shutdown-of-oi-nuclear-plant-0411117 |archive-date=2013-03-02 |url-status=dead }}

The United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan is a bilateral agreement aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of nuclear energy technology, which was signed on April 18, 2007.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715032241/http://energy.gov/news/4991.htm United States and Japan Sign Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan], United States Department of Energy, published 2007-04-25, accessed 2007-05-02 It is believed that the agreement is the first that the US has signed to develop nuclear power technologies with another country,[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/nn20070425a2.html Japan & US ink pact on nuclear power reactors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123026/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/nn20070425a2.html |date=September 29, 2007 }}, Japan Times Online, published 2007-05-25, accessed 2007-05-02 although Japan has agreements with Australia, Canada, China, France, and the United Kingdom.[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2007/2007-01-10-01.asp US & Japan Sign Nuclear Power Cooperation Plan], Environment News Service, published 2007-01-10, accessed 2007-05-02 Under the plan, the United States and Japan would each conduct research into fast reactor technology, fuel cycle technology, advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors, safeguards and physical protection; and nuclear waste management, which it to be coordinated by a joint steering committee.[https://www.energy.gov/media/USJapanFactSheet.pdf Fact Sheet: United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521144837/http://www.energy.gov/media/USJapanFactSheet.pdf |date=May 21, 2011 }}, United States Department of Energy, published 2007-04-25, accessed 2007-05-02 The treaty's progress has been in limbo since the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.

The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) is a government-owned company involved in fossil-fuel energy exploration, amongst other activities. In 2013, its corporate workers first extracted Methane clathrate from seabed deposits.{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-methane-hydrates-japan-idUSBRE92B07620130312 | title=Japan achieves first gas extraction from offshore methane hydrate| newspaper=Reuters| date=2013-03-12}}{{cite web|author=HIROKO TABUCHIMARCH 12, 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/business/global/japan-says-it-is-first-to-tap-methane-hydrate-deposit.html |title=An Energy Coup for Japan: 'Flammable Ice' - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2013-03-12 |access-date=2018-07-11}}

{{main|Energy policy of Malaysia}}

{{See also|Energy Commission (Malaysia)|Sabah Electricity|Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation|Biofuel policy of Malaysia|Tenaga Nasional Berhad}}

Malaysia heavily regulates its energy sector.

From 1982 to 1992, the Government of Sabah owned Sabah Gas Industries for the downstream operations of Sabah natural gas resources, based in Labuan, Malaysia,

{{cite news

|url = http://insightsabah.gov.my/article/read/1717

|title = Sputtering on gas

|work = Insight Sabah

|first = Sebastian

|last = Lee

|date = 2012-02-28

|access-date = 2012-07-28

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120705235134/http://insightsabah.gov.my/article/read/1717

|archive-date = July 5, 2012

}}

{{cite news

| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ichUAAAAIBAJ&pg=5922,2321327&dq=sabah-gas-industries&hl=en

| title = Sabah Gas Obtains $230m loan facility

| newspaper = New Straits Times

| date = 1990-12-08

| access-date = 2012-07-28}}

{{cite news

| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4MZUAAAAIBAJ&pg=5461,2953777&dq=sabah-gas-industries&hl=en

| title = Agreement to sell Sabah Gas Industries

| newspaper = New Straits Times

| date = 1990-01-28

| access-date = 2012-07-28}}

which was put up for privatization.

{{cite news

| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=usZUAAAAIBAJ&pg=6870,3828591&dq=sabah-gas-industries&hl=en

| title = Sabah Gas Industries to be privatized soon

| newspaper = New Straits Times

| author = S. Durga Varma

| date = 1988-12-15

| access-date = 2012-07-28}}

Its methanol plant was sold to Petronas and operates today as Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd.

{{cite news

|url = http://www.starproperty.my/PropertyScene/PropertyNews/2536/0/0

|title = Explosion at gas plant in Labuan

|newspaper = Star Property

|date = 2010-02-23

|access-date = 2012-07-28

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111104021108/http://www.starproperty.my/PropertyScene/PropertyNews/2536/0/0

|archive-date = November 4, 2011

}}

{{cite news

|url = http://www.malaysia-today.net/archives/archives-2008/14920-newsfocus-clearing-the-air-over-sabah-gas-

|title = Clearing the air over Sabah Gas

|newspaper = Malaysia Today

|date = 2008-11-16

|access-date = 2012-07-28

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130222043040/http://www.malaysia-today.net/archives/archives-2008/14920-newsfocus-clearing-the-air-over-sabah-gas-

|archive-date = 2013-02-22

}}

The power station was sold to Sabah Electricity.

{{see also|PEMEX}}

Mexico had numerous laws that subsidize oil, until c. 2017. PEMEX, a government company in charge of selling oil in Mexico is subsidized by the Mexican government. This serves to quell inflationary pressures in Mexico. Mexico buys much of its gasoline and diesel from the United States and resells it at US$98 per barrel. Many residents of US border communities cross the border to buy fuel in Mexico,{{cite web|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20081127-9999-1b27gas.html|title = The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News}} thereby enjoying a cheaper fuel subsidy at the expense of Mexican taxpayers. This has caused frequent supply shortages at a number of filling stations along the border for Mexican drivers, especially truck and bus drivers who use diesel.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB121426584632198453-_wjnmFYCNcbM6jFvYcx2zPf03Xs_20080723.html|title=Fill 'er Up: Gas Is Cheap in Tijuana, So Californians Buy Big Fuel Tanks|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Joel|last1=Millman|first2=Ana|last2=Campoy|date=24 June 2008|page=A1}}

In 2017, Mexico ended its oil industry subsidies, leading to increased prices and widespread protests throughout the country.{{cite magazine|last1=Okeowo|first1=Alexis|title=The Gas-Price Protests Gripping Mexico|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-gas-price-protests-gripping-mexico|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=14 February 2018|date=24 January 2017|language=en}}

{{see|Power Secretary of Pakistan|Petroleum Secretary of Pakistan}}

{{Main|Philippine energy law}}

Philippines law has provisions concerning energy, fossil fuels, and renewable energy.[http://www.abernales.com/enerlaw.htm Art Abernales' website Energy law page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515141841/http://www.abernales.com/enerlaw.htm |date=2010-05-15 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. Energy law in the Philippines is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in Asia, and has over 80 million residents.

The earliest Philippine energy law dates from 1903, during the American Commonwealth, Act No. 667, concerning franchises for utilities,[http://www.abernales.com/667.htm Art Abernales' website Act 667 page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526093009/http://www.abernales.com/667.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. and Act No. 1022, which allowed such to have mortgages.[http://www.abernales.com/1022.htm Art Abernales' website Act 1022 page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526112527/http://www.abernales.com/1022.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. A uniform law in 1929 allowed for new utilities.[http://www.abernales.com/3636.htm Act No. 3636] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526093004/http://www.abernales.com/3636.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, as amended by [http://www.abernales.com/ca132.htm Commonwealth Act 132 of 1936] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526111840/http://www.abernales.com/ca132.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009.

The first coal mining law, known as the Coal Land Act, dates to 1917.[http://www.abernales.com/2719.htm Art Abernales' website Act No. 2719 page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103748/http://www.abernales.com/2719.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, as amended by [http://www.abernales.com/3516.htm Act No. 3516] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526111014/http://www.abernales.com/3516.htm |date=2010-05-26 }} and [http://www.abernales.com/740.htm Republic Act 740] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104627/http://www.abernales.com/740.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. Oil exploration was allowed in a 1920 law.[http://www.abernales.com/2932.htm Act No. 2932] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104605/http://www.abernales.com/2932.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. The Mining Act (1936) [http://www.abernales.com/ca137.htm Commonwealth Act No. 137] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103449/http://www.abernales.com/ca137.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. has been amended several times by acts and decrees.See [http://www.abernales.com/225.htm Republic Act No. 225] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104935/http://www.abernales.com/225.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/746.htm Republic Act No. 746] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110632/http://www.abernales.com/746.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/4388.htm Republic Act No. 4388] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110114/http://www.abernales.com/4388.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/pd99-a.htm Presidential Decree No. 99-a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526094331/http://www.abernales.com/pd99-a.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/pd295.htm Presidential Decree No. 295] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526112454/http://www.abernales.com/pd295.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/pd463.htm Presidential Decree No. 463] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526094310/http://www.abernales.com/pd463.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/pd1385.htm Presidential Decree No. 1383] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110446/http://www.abernales.com/pd1385.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, and [http://www.abernales.com/pd1677.htm Presidential Decree No. 1677] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526102930/http://www.abernales.com/pd1677.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Some of the decrees by Ferdinand Marcos allowed "exploitation" of resources to unsustainable levels, strip mining and/or deforestation. Accessed November 16, 2009.

The first hydroelectric power law dates from 1933,[http://www.abernales.com/4062.htm Act No. 4062] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103804/http://www.abernales.com/4062.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. and have been updated since, including one that created the National Power Corporation,[http://www.abernales.com/ca120.htm Commonwealth Act No. 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526112650/http://www.abernales.com/ca120.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. and has been amended several times through 1967.See [http://www.abernales.com/358.htm Republic Act No. 358] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526110109/http://www.abernales.com/358.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/1397.htm Republic Act No. 1397] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526104132/http://www.abernales.com/1397.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/2058.htm Republic Act No. 2058] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526111004/http://www.abernales.com/2058.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/2641.htm Republic Act No. 2641] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527161656/http://www.abernales.com/2641.htm |date=2010-05-27 }}, [http://www.abernales.com/3043.htm Republic Act No. 3043] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526102354/http://www.abernales.com/3043.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}, and [http://www.abernales.com/4897.htm Republic Act No. 4897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526103300/http://www.abernales.com/4897.htm |date=2010-05-26 }}. Accessed November 16, 2009. The Renewable Energy Law (2009) encourages the development and use of non-traditional energy sources.Asia Pacific Tax Notes, p. 52, found at [http://www.pwccn.com/webmedia/doc/633784182636518249_aotn22_may2009_ph.pdf PriceWaterhouseCoopers China website]{{Dead link|date=May 2011}}. Accessed November 16, 2009.

{{Main|Energy policy of Russia}}

{{Main|Saudi Arabia energy law}}

Saudi Arabia has some laws concerning energy, especially oil and gas law. Saudi Arabia is the largest oil producer in the world and therefore its energy law has great influence over the world's overall energy supply.

Under the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, all its oil and gas wealth belongs to the government: "All Allah's bestowed wealth, be it under the ground, on the surface or in national territorial waters, in the land or maritime domains under the state's control, are the property of the state as defined by law. The law defines means of exploiting, protecting, and developing such wealth in the interests of the state, its security, and economy."Basic Law of Saudi Arabia Article 14, found at Basic Law of Saudi Arabia at Wikisource. Retrieved October 26, 2009. Energy taxes are also specifically allowed; Article 20 of the basic law states, "Taxes and fees are to be imposed on a basis of justice and only when the need for them arises. Imposition, amendment, revocation, and exemption are only permitted by law."Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, Article 20, found at Basic Law of Saudi Arabia at Wikisource. Retrieved October 26, 2009.

Two ministries of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia share the responsibility of the energy sector: the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Water and Electricity.{{cite web|url=http://www.saudinf.com/main/c6x.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000526193829/http://www.saudinf.com/main/c6x.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 26, 2000|title=Ministry of Water and Electricity - SAMIRAD (Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource)|website=www.saudinf.com|access-date=9 August 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html |title=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |access-date=October 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015183758/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html |archive-date=October 15, 2009 }} The country's laws have also established other agencies that have some legal powers, but are not strictly regulatory. These include Saudi Aramco, originally a joint venture between the Kingdom and the California-Arabian Standard Oil, but now wholly owned by the Kingdom, and Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies (SCECOs). {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

{{see also |Energy Carta|Energy Market Authority|Energy Studies Institute|Energy in Singapore}}

{{see|Korea Coal Corporation}}

{{Main|Sri Lanka Electricity Act 2024}}

{{see also|Energy sector in Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka’s energy law has undergone significant reforms to enhance efficiency, attract investment, and promote renewable energy. With a growing population and increasing energy demand, these reforms are critical for sustainable development.

The earliest laws governing energy in Sri Lanka include the Ceylon Electricity Board Act, No. 17 of 1969, which established the state-owned Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) to manage electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. This act was a cornerstone in centralising the country’s electricity sector but faced criticism for inefficiencies and financial challenges.

Significant updates came with the Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 20 of 2009, which aimed to introduce more competition and regulatory oversight. However, it was the Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 36 of 2024, that marked a major overhaul of the sector. This act established the National Electricity Advisory Council and designated the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) as the main regulator. The 2024 Act promotes market competition, facilitates private sector investment, and encourages the use of renewable energy sources. {{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/acts/gbills/english/6242.pdf |title=Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 36 of 2024 |website=Parliament of Sri Lanka |date=27 June 2024}}

{{main|Energy in Turkey#Policy and regulation}} {{see also|Wind power in Turkey}}

Turkey's old Petroleum Law was in effect for 70 years until 2013, when it enacted a new Petroleum Law, number 6491. Amongst other provisions, it extends the permissible years for drilling permits, reduces a fee, and eliminates a state monopoly.{{cite web|url=http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=253268|work=Mondaq|title=Turkey: The New Petroleum Law |last1=Ersoy|first1=Kerem|last2=Akal|first2=Oğuz|date=23 July 2013|access-date=23 July 2013}}

{{Main|Energy policy of the United Kingdom}}

{{See also|Biodiesel in the United Kingdom|Energy in the United Kingdom|Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom|Renewable energy in Scotland|British Energy|Oil Depletion Analysis Centre}}

The United Kingdom started the process of leaving the European community as of January 2020.

{{See also|United States energy law|Oil and gas law in the United States|Energy policy of the United States}}

This section concerns the law of the United States, as well as the states that are the most populous or largest producers of energy.

In the United States, energy is regulated extensively through the United States Department of Energy, as well as state regulatory agencies.

Every state, the Federal government, and the District of Columbia collect some motor vehicle excise taxes.[http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/motor_fl.html Motor Fuel Excise Tax Rates as of January 1, 2008 from the Federation of Tax Administrators website]. Retrieved February 24, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223072815/http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/motor_fl.html |date=February 23, 2009 }} Specifically, these are excise taxes on gasoline, diesel fuel, and gasohol. While many states in the western U.S. rely to a great deal on severance taxes (taxes on mineral extraction), most states get a relatively small amount of their revenue from such sources.[http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/07taxdis.html 2007 State Tax Collection by Source from the Federation of Tax Administrators website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221235533/http://taxadmin.org/fta/rate/07taxdis.html |date=2009-02-21 }}. Retrieved February 24, 2009.

{{Portal|Energy|Environment}}

• Effects of 2000s energy crisis

• Energy form
• Energy conservation
• Energy economics
• Energy markets and energy derivatives
• Hydraulic fracturing
• Induced seismicity
• List of energy topics
• World energy resources and consumption
• World oil market chronology from 2003

• Atomic Energy Basic Law
• Correlative rights doctrine
• Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
• Easement
• Electric bicycle laws
• Energy policy of the European Union
• Energy Charter Treaty
• Energy Star
• Energy security
• Feed-in Tariff
• Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing
• List of energy regulatory bodies
• List of environmental lawsuits
• Nuclear energy policy
• Petrobangla – Bangladesh state energy corporation

• Alliance to Save Energy
• Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy
• Professional Petroleum Data Management Association
• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
• RETScreen
• The Energy and Resources Institute
• Université Laval
• University of Wyoming

{{Renewable energy sources}}

• Alternative propulsion
• Clean Energy Trends
• Clean Tech Nation
• Concentrated solar power
• Efficient energy use
• Electric vehicle
• Geothermal power
• Global warming
• Green banking
• Hydro One
• Intermittent power source
• International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels
• List of renewable energy topics by country
• Ocean energy
• Passive solar building design
• Photovoltaic power station
• Plug-in hybrid
• Renewable energy commercialization
• Renewable heat
• Solar power
• Sustainable design
• The Clean Tech Revolution
• V2G

• Ashden Awards
• ISO 14001
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

{{reflist|30em}}

• Klause Bosselmann, The Principle of Sustainability (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) {{ISBN|978-0-7546-7355-2}}.
• G. T. Goodman, W. D. Rowe, Energy Risk Management (New York: Academic Press 1979) {{ISBN|978-0-122896804}}. Found at [http://www.biblio.com/9780122896804 Biblio]

• [http://www.eia.gov/ U.S. Energy Information Administration website]
• [http://www.cailaw.org/iel/about.html The Institute for Energy Law website]
• [http://www.abanet.org/environ/ Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources of the American Bar Association website]
• [http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/energy Energy law at Cornell Law School website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121128033541/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Academics/Degrees/Master_of_Laws_(LLM)/LLM_in_Energy_Law.htm LLM in Energy Law at Vermont Law School]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007071939/http://www.eba-net.org/journal.php Energy Law Journal]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514071037/http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of World Energy Law & Business], the peer-reviewed, official journal of the Association of International Petroleum Negotiators, published by Oxford University Press
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081001182903/http://www.energylawnet.com/ Energy Law Net, an interactive website for energy lawyers]
• [http://energy.pace.edu Pace University Energy & Climate Center website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621102902/http://www.findlaw.com/01topics/42energy/index.html United States energy law, from FindLaw.com website]
• [http://corporate.findlaw.com/industry/energy/index.html Energy industry listings for United States, from FindLaw.com website]
• [http://energy.einnews.com/ Energy Industry Today website]

{{Sustainability}}

{{Peak oil}}

{{Renewable energy by country}}

{{Bioenergy}}

{{Natural resources}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Energy Law}}

Law

Category:Environmental law