epiousion

File:TissotLordsPrayer.JPG (late 19th century).]]

The word is visible in the Hanna Papyrus 1 (𝔓⁷⁵), the oldest surviving witness for certain New Testament passages.left-hand image, 9th line of {{cite web|url=https://www.vatlib.it/home.php?pag=BODMER_XIV_XV&ling=eng&BC=11|title=BAV - Vatican Library}}

{{transliteration|grc|Epiousion}} is the only adjective in the Lord's Prayer. It is masculine, accusative, singular, agreeing in gender, number, and case with the noun it qualifies, {{lang|grc|ἄρτον}}, {{transliteration|grc|arton}} ("bread"). In an interlinear gloss:{{Cite web |title=Novum Testamentum Graece |url=https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/novum-testamentum-graece-na-28/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/stelle/50/60001/69999/ch/225d2e2906ce400afce5ae098d78ad1b/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.academic-bible.com}}{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/matthew/6-11.htm|title=Matthew 6:11 Interlinear: 'Our appointed bread give us to-day.}}

{{interlinear|box=yes|lang1=grc|

|Τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον

|The bread {of us} the epiousion give us today

|"Give us today our epiousion bread"

}}

In the 20th century, another supposed instance appeared to come to light. In an Egyptian papyrus dated to the 5th century CE which contains a shopping list,F. Preisigke, Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten 1.5224:20Flinders Petrie Hawara p. 34 a word transcribed as {{transliteration|grc|epiousi}} was reported as being next to the names of several grocery items. This seemed to indicate that it was used in the sense of "enough for today", "enough for tomorrow", or "necessary". However, after the papyrus containing the shopping list, missing for many years, was rediscovered at the Yale Beinecke Library in 1998, a re-examination found the word {{transliteration|grc|elaiou}} (oil), not {{transliteration|grc|epiousi}} (the original transcriber, A. H. Sayce, was apparently known to be a poor transcriber). In addition, the document was reassessed to date from the first or second century CE, not the 5th century.[http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/b-greek/2005-June/034639.html Discussion on the B-Greek mailing list.] Tue Jun 7 15:43:35 EDT 2005 Therefore, the use of {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} seems indeed to occur nowhere else in ancient Greek literature besides Matthew, Luke, and Didache.

{{transliteration|grc|Epiousei}}, used in Acts 7:26 and elsewhere{{cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/greek/1966.htm|title = Strong's Greek: 1966. ἐπιοῦσα (Epiousa) -- following, next}} to refer to the {{em|next}} day, may be a cognate word.

There are several reasons that {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} presents an exceptional translation challenge. The word appears nowhere else in other Ancient Greek texts, and so may have been coined by the authors of the Gospel. Jesus probably did not originally compose the prayer in Greek, but in his native language, but the consensus view is that the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek. This implies the probability of language interpretation (i.e., spoken Aramaic to written Greek) at the outset of recording the Gospel. Thus, the meaning of any such word is often difficult to determine, because cross-references and comparisons with other usages are not possible, except by morphological analysis.

The most popular morphological analysis sees prefix {{transliteration|grc|epi-}} and a polysemantic word {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} even though that does not follow the standard Greek form of building compound words. Usually the iota at the end of {{transliteration|grc|epi}} would be dropped in a compound whose second word starts with a vowel (compare, e. g., eponym vs epigraph).{{cite book|author=David Edward Aune|title=Jesus, Gospel Tradition and Paul in the Context of Jewish and Greco-Roman Antiquity: Collected Essays II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT_nwOG-bwAC&pg=PA88|year=2013|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-152315-1 |page=88}} This is not an absolute rule, however: Jean Carmignac has collected 26 compound words that violate it.{{cite book|title=Theological Lexicon of the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HcjnwEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Hendrickson|isbn=978-1-56563-035-2}} Alternatively, the word may be analyzed as a feminine participle from two different verbs.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kIqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359 |title = Luke 9:21-18:34, Volume 35B|isbn = 9780310588566|last1 = Nolland|first1 = John|date = 2018-04-24| publisher=Zondervan Academic }}

To sum up, both modern and ancient scholars have proposed several different translations for {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}}. Even Jerome, the most important translator of the Bible to Latin, translated this same word in the same context in two different ways. Today there is no consensus on the exact meaning. What follows is a review of the alternative translations:

Daily has long been the most common English translation of {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}}. It is the term used in the Tyndale Bible, the King James Version, and in the most popular modern English versions.{{cite book|author=William Barclay|title=The Lord's Prayer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ3aVuXufIQC&pg=PA77|date=1 November 1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25815-3 |page=75}} This rests on the analysis of {{transliteration|grc|epi}} as for and {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} as being; the word would mean "for the [day] being" with day being implicit.

This version is based on the Latin rendering of {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} as {{lang|la|quotidianum}}, rather than the alternative Latin translation of {{lang|la|supersubstantialem}}. This {{lang|la|quotidianum}} interpretation is first recorded in the works of Tertullian,{{cite book|last=Brown |first=Colin |title=The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0UJmgEACAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|isbn=978-0-310-33230-5 |page=251}} and is the translation found in the Tridentine Mass.{{Cite book |title=Roman Catholic Daily Missal, 1962 |publisher=Angelus Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-892331-29-2 |location=Kansas City |pages=902}}

Some translators have proposed slight variations on daily as the most accurate. Richard Francis Weymouth, an English schoolmaster, translated it as "bread for today" in the Weymouth New Testament.{{cite web|url=http://www.biblestudytools.com/wnt/matthew/6.html|title=Matthew 6 - WNT - Bible Study Tools}} Edgar J. Goodspeed in An American Translation used "bread for the day." Another option is to view {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} as an allusion to Exodus 16:4 where God promises to provide a day's portion of manna every day. This verse could be an attempt to translate the Hebrew of "bread sufficient to the day" into Greek.{{cite book|author=Craig A. Evans|title=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbo3BB8l1hEC&pg=PA147|date=6 February 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81214-6 |page=147}}

The word {{transliteration|grc|epiousei}} ({{lang|grc|ἐπιούσῃ}}) is found in Acts 7:26, 16:11, 20:15, 21:18 and 23:11. This word is typically taken to mean "next" in the context of "the next day or night". It has been suggested that {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} is a masculinised version of {{transliteration|grc|epiousa}}.{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Ben |title=The Early Christians: Their World Mission & Self-Discovery |date=2009 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |location=Eugene, Oregon, USA |isbn=978-1606083703 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UflLAwAAQBAJ&q=epiousios+female+epiouse&pg=PA20 |pages=20–21}}

Today, most scholars reject the translation of {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} as meaning daily. The word daily only has a weak connection to any proposed etymologies for {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}}. Moreover, all other instances of "daily" in the English New Testament translate {{transliteration|grc|hemera}} ({{lang|grc|ἡμέρα}}, "day"), which does not appear in this usage.The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament, 1993, The United Bible Societies, (UBS4 Greek text), page x of IntroductionOccurrences of hemera include:{{ubl|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/matthew/20-2.htm|title=Matthew 20:2 Interlinear: and having agreed with the workmen for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard.}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/luke/9-23.htm|title=Luke 9:23 Interlinear: And he said unto all, 'If any one doth will to come after me, let him disown himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me;}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/acts/6-1.htm|title=Acts 6:1 Interlinear: And in these days, the disciples multiplying, there came a murmuring of the Hellenists at the Hebrews, because their widows were being overlooked in the daily ministration}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/acts/17-11.htm|title=Acts 17:11 Interlinear: and these were more noble than those in Thessalonica, they received the word with all readiness of mind, every day examining the Writings whether those things were so;}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/acts/17-17.htm|title=Acts 17:17 Interlinear: therefore, indeed, he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the worshipping persons, and in the market-place every day with those who met with him.}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/acts/19-9.htm|title=Acts 19:9 Interlinear: and when certain were hardened and were disbelieving, speaking evil of the way before the multitude, having departed from them, he did separate the disciples, every day reasoning in the school of a certain Tyrannus.}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/2_corinthians/11-28.htm|title=2 Corinthians 11:28 Interlinear: apart from the things without -- the crowding upon me that is daily -- the care of all the assemblies.}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/hebrews/3-13.htm|title=Hebrews 3:13 Interlinear: but exhort ye one another every day, while the To-day is called, that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of the sin}}|{{cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/hebrews/10-11.htm|title=Hebrews 10:11 Interlinear: and every priest, indeed, hath stood daily serving, and the same sacrifices many times offering, that are never able to take away sins.}}}} Because there are several other Greek words based on {{transliteration|grc|hemera}} that mean daily, no reason is apparent to use such an obscure word as {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}}. The daily translation also makes the term redundant, with "this day" already making clear the bread is for the current day.{{cite book|author=Nicholas Ayo|title=The Lord's Prayer: A Survey Theological and Literary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZSRBTn_XmIC&pg=PA59|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1453-9 |page=59}}

In the Vulgate Jerome translated {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} in Matthew 6:11 as supersubstantial (Latin: {{lang|la|supersubstantialem}}), coining a new word not before seen in Latin. This came from the analysis of the prefix {{transliteration|grc|epi-}} as super and {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} in the sense of substance. The Catholic Church believes that this, or superessential, is the most literal English translation via Latin, which lacks a grammatical form for being, the literal translation of the Greek {{transliteration|grc|ousia}}, and so substance or essence are used instead.

This interpretation was supported by early writers such as Augustine, Cyril of Jerusalem, Cyprian of Carthage and John Cassian.Pitre 2015, p. 159

This translation is used by some modern Bibles. In the Douay-Rheims Bible English translation of the Vulgate (Matthew 6:11) reads "give us this day our supersubstantial bread".{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:11}} The translation of supersubstantial breadE.g., in Richard Challoner's 1750 revision of the Douay Bible: "Give us this day our supersubstantial bread". Quoted in Blackford Condit's [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IHBbAAAAMAAJ/page/n329 The History of the English Bible], A.S. Barnes & Co.: New York, 1882. p. 323. has also been associated with the Eucharist, as early as in the time of the Church Fathers{{cite book |last=Ratzinger |first=Joseph |author-link=Pope Benedict XVI |title=Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration|publisher=Doubleday| year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58617-198-8|title-link=Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration |page=154 }} and later also by the Council of Trent (1551).[http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct13.html Trent, Session 13, Chapter VIII]

In 1979, the {{lang|la|Nova Vulgata}}, also called the Neo-Vulgate, became the official Latin edition of the Bible published by the Holy See for use in the contemporary Roman rite. It is not an edition of the historical Vulgate, but a revision of the text intended to accord with modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts and produce a style closer to classical Latin. The {{lang|la|Nova Vulgata}} retains the same correspondence-of-meaning for {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} in the Lord's Prayer contained in the Gospel according to Matthew[https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-matthaeum_lt.html Matthew] and Luke[https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-lucam_lt.html Luke] as in the Vulgate, i.e., {{lang|la|supersubstantialem}} and {{lang|la|quotidianum}}.

According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, there are several meanings to {{transliteration|grc|epiousios}}, and that {{transliteration|grc|epi-ousios}} is most literally translated as super-essential:

"Daily" ({{transliteration|grc|epiousios}}) occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. Taken in a temporal sense, this word is a pedagogical repetition of "this day," to confirm us in trust "without reservation." Taken in the qualitative sense, it signifies what is necessary for life, and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence. Taken literally ({{transliteration|grc|epi-ousios}}: "super-essential"), it refers directly to the Bread of Life, the Body of Christ, the "medicine of immortality," without which we have no life within us. Finally in this connection, its heavenly meaning is evident: "this day" is the Day of the Lord, the day of the feast of the kingdom, anticipated in the Eucharist that is already the foretaste of the kingdom to come. For this reason it is fitting for the Eucharistic liturgy to be celebrated each day.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, "supersubstantial" is thought to be a more accurate translation. Here is how Father Thomas Hopko of Saint Vladimir's Seminary in New York explains it:

{{transliteration|grc|epiousios}} [...] [is] an absolutely unique word. Etymologically [...], {{transliteration|grc|epi-}} means "on top of" and {{transliteration|grc|-ousios}} means "substance" or "being". So it means suprasubstantial bread. Suprasubstantial bread: more-than-necessary bread. In the first Latin translation of the Lord's Prayer, done by Jerome it was [...], {{lang|la|panem supersubstantialem}}. Somewhere along the way it became "{{lang|la|cotidianum}}, daily". Luther translated "daily" from the beginning: {{lang|de|tägliches Brot}}.

But in all languages that traditionally Eastern Christians use—Greek, Slavonic, and all the Arabic languages: Aramaic, Arabic—it doesn't say that; it just says a word that's similar to that [...] How do they translate it [into those languages]? [...] they claim that the best translation would be: "Give us today the bread of tomorrow". Give us today the bread of the coming age, the bread that when you eat it, you can never die. What is the food of the coming age? It's God himself, God's word, God's Son, God's lamb, God's bread, which we already have here on earth, on earth, before the second coming. So what we're really saying is, "Feed us today with the bread of the coming age", because we are taught by Jesus not to seek the bread that perishes, but the bread that, you eat it, you can never die.Ancient Faith Radio, [https://www.ancientfaith.com/specials/hopko_lectures/the_lords_prayer March 16, 2008]

This translation has often been connected to the eucharist. The bread necessary for existence is the communion bread of the Last Supper. That the gospel writers needed to create a new word indicates to Eugene LaVerdiere, an American Catholic priest and biblical scholar of the post-Vatican II era, that they are describing something new. Eating the communion bread at the Last Supper created the need for a new word for this new concept.{{cite book|author=Eugene LaVerdiere|title=The Eucharist in the New Testament and the Early Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1BjjBe4dL4C&pg=PA9|year=1996|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-6152-9 |page=9}}

Supersubstantial was the dominant Latin translation of {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} from Matthew for many centuries after Jerome, and influenced church ritual. It was the basis for the argument advanced by theologians such as Cyprian that communion must be eaten daily. That only bread is mentioned led to the practice of giving the laity only the bread and not the wine of the Eucharist. This verse was cited in arguments against the Utraquists. The translation was reconsidered with the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther originally kept supersubstantial but switched to daily by 1528.

Those rejecting this translation include some Roman Catholic Biblical scholars, such as Raymond E. Brown,Raymond E. Brown. "The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer." Theological Studies 1961 Jean Carmignac,{{cite book|author=Jean Carmignac|title=Recherches sur le "Notre Père."|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6gAAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Letouzey & Ané}} and Nicholas Ayo.

There is no known source word from Aramaic or Hebrew, the native languages of Jesus, that translates into the Greek word {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}}. In fact, there is no word in either of these languages that easily translates as supersubstantial, a unique translation for a unique Greek word.

M. Eugene Boring, a Protestant theologian at Texas Christian University, claims that the connection with the Eucharist is ahistoric because he thinks that the ritual only developed some time after the Gospel was written and that the author of Matthew does not seem to have any knowledge of or interest in the Eucharist.Boring, Eugene "Gospel of Matthew." The New Interpreter's Bible, volume 8 Abingdon, 1995 Craig Blomberg, also a Protestant New Testament scholar, agrees that these "concepts had yet to be introduced when Jesus gave his original prayer and therefore could not have been part of his original meaning."{{cite book|author=Craig L. Blomberg|title=Neither Poverty nor Riches: A Biblical Theology of Possessions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L61jCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|date=5 March 2015|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-9933-3 |page=131}}

Another interpretation is to link {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} to the Greek word {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} meaning both the verb to be and the noun substance. Origen was the first writer to comment on the unusual word. A native Greek speaker writing a century and half after the Gospels were composed, he did not recognize the word and thought it was an original neologism. Origen thought "bread necessary for existence" was the most likely meaning, connecting it to the to be translation of {{transliteration|grc|ousia}}.

George Ricker Berry translated the word as simply "necessary" in 1897.Berry, George Ricker. The Interlinear Literal Translation of the Greek New Testament. 1966 (1897). Zondervan Publications. p. 13, 189. Philosopher Raïssa Maritain, wife of philosopher Jacques Maritain, writes that during her era of the 1940s this translation was found to be the most acceptable by modern scholars. Her own conclusion was stated as being in agreement with Theodore of Mopsuestia, that being the "bread we need." This was seen as vague enough to cover what was viewed as the three possible etymological meanings: (1) literal – the "bread of tomorrow or the bread of the present day," (2) analogical – the "bread we need in order to subsist," and (3) spiritual/mystical – the bread "which is above our substance" (i.e., supersubstantial).{{cite web|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~maritain/jmc/etext/notlp05.htm|title=Notes on the Lord's Prayer}}

Joseph Fitzmyer translates the verse as "give us this day our bread for subsistence." He connects this to the Aramaic targum translations of Proverbs 30:8.{{cite book |last=Fitzmyer |first=Joseph |author-mask=3 |title=The Gospel According to Luke 1-9 |series=Anchor Yale Bible |volume=28 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-3850-0515-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt28afitz/page/900 900] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt28afitz/page/900 }}

Like daily, this translation also has the problem that there are well known Greek words that could have been used instead.Luz, Ulrich. Matthew 1-7 A Continental Commentary. 1992. pg. 381

The "for the future" translation is today held by the majority of scholars.Pitre 2015, p. 175 Early supporters of this translation include Cyril of Alexandria and Peter of Laodicea by way of linking {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} with the verb {{transliteration|grc|epienai}}, "of tomorrow."{{cite web|last=Maritain|first=Raïssa|title=Notes on the Lord's Prayer - Chapter III The Last Four Petitions|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~maritain/jmc/etext/notlp05.htm#n10|access-date=2020-09-27|website=University of Notre Dame}}{{cite book|author=Douglas E. Oakman|title=Jesus and the Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdNLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-59752-275-5 |page=217}} According to Jewish theologian Herbert Basser, this translation was also considered (but eventually rejected) as a possibility by Jerome, who noted it as an aside in his commentary to Matthew that the Gospel of the Hebrews used {{transliteration|he|ma[h]ar}} ("for tomorrow") in this verse.{{cite book|author1=Herbert Basser|author2=Marsha B. Cohen|title=The Gospel of Matthew and Judaic Traditions: A Relevance-based Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185|date=13 March 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29178-2 |page=185}}

Raymond E. Brown claims it is also indicated by early Bohairic and Sahidic sources.{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|date=May 1, 1961|title=The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer|url=http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/22/22.2/22.2.1.pdf|journal=Theological Studies|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=175–208|doi=10.1177/004056396102200201|s2cid=170976178|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081846/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/22/22.2/22.2.1.pdf|url-status=dead}} Referencing {{transliteration|grc|epiousei}} in Acts 7:26, the Lutheran theologian Albert Schweitzer, reintroduced this translation in modern times. A "for the future" reading leads to a cluster of related translations, including: "bread for tomorrow," "bread for the future," and "bread for the coming day."

Beyond the literal meaning, this translation can also be read in an eschatological context: "the petition for an anticipation of the world to come."{{cite web|url=https://adoremus.org/2007/07/15/The-Meaning-of-quotOur-Daily-Breadquot/|title=The Meaning of "Our Daily Bread"|date=15 July 2007|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228081547/https://adoremus.org/2007/07/15/The-Meaning-of-quotOur-Daily-Breadquot/|url-status=dead}} Others see tomorrow being referenced to the end times and the bread that of the messianic feast.{{cite book|author1=horst Balz|author2=Gerhard M. Schneider|title=Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Os_sLgui9-IC&pg=PA32|date=20 January 2004|publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8028-2808-8 |page=32}} Raymond Brown argues that all the other phrases of the Lord's Prayer are eschatological, so it would be incongruous for this phrase to be speaking prosaically about bread for eating. Eduard Schweizer, a Swiss protestant New Testament scholar and theologian, disagrees. Humble bread was not traditionally presented as part of the messianic feast and the prosaic need for bread to survive would have been a universal sentiment of Jesus' followers.{{cite book|author=Eduard Schweizer|title=The Good News According to Matthew|url=https://archive.org/details/goodnewsaccordin00schw_3|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-8042-0251-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/goodnewsaccordin00schw_3/page/154 154]}}

The Catholic theologian Brant Pitre acknowledges the "for the future'" interpretation is held by a majority of scholars, but criticizes it for lacking support among ancient Christian interpreters. Pitre also cites that an adjectival form for "tomorrow" exists in ancient Greek, {{lang|grc|αὔριον}} in Matthew 6:34, and could have been used instead of the one-time-use {{lang|grc|ἐπιούσιον}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/1/6K.HTM|title=The New American Bible - IntraText Concordances: "tomorrow"}}

Another potential issue with a "for the future" translation is it seems to contradict Matthew 6:31, where only a few verses later Jesus tells his followers not to worry about food, that God will take care of such needs. W.D. Davies, a Welsh Congregationalist scholar, and Dale Allison, an American New Testament scholar, however, do not see a contradiction: Matthew 6:34 tells one not to be anxious about such needs: that a pious person asks God in prayer for these needs to be filled, may rather be why there is no need to worry.

Kenneth E. Bailey, a professor of theology and linguistics, proposed "give us today the bread that doesn't run out" as the correct translation.

The Syriac versions of the Bible were some of the first translations of the Gospels from the Greek into another language. Syriac is also close to Jesus' own Aramaic, and the translators close in time and language to Jesus should thus have had considerable insight into his original meanings. In Syriac {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} is translated as {{transliteration|syc|ameno}}, meaning lasting, perpetual, constant, trustworthy, never-ceasing, never-ending, or always.{{cite book|author=Kenneth E. Bailey|title=Jesus Through Middle Eastern Eyes: Cultural Studies in the Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjQAAebtAmEC&pg=PA120|date=20 August 2009|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-7585-6 |page=120}}

Lutheran scholar Douglas E. Oakman suggests "give us today bread in abundance" as another translation. He notes that in the contemporary literature {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} can mean substance, but it also has a concrete meaning of a large, substantial, estate. Thus as a cognate of the word {{transliteration|grc|periousios}}, {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} could refer to plentiful or abundant bread.{{cite book|author=Douglas E. Oakman|title=Jesus, Debt, and the Lord's Prayer: First-Century Debt and Jesus' Intentions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|date=30 April 2015|publisher=James Clarke & Co|isbn=978-0-227-17529-3 |page=64}}

Oakman also notes contemporary sources that translate {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} as the royal or imperial estate and proposes that the verse could originally have meant "give us the royal bread ration for today."

Davies and Allison state that the verse has also been translated as "give us this day the bread that belongs to it," though they concede that this expression is little recognized by modern scholars.

The Old Church Slavonic canon translates epiousion variously as well. For example, Codex Marianus translates it as {{slavonic|насѫщьнъі}} ({{transliteration|cu|nasǫštĭnŭì}}, which appears to be a calque of {{transliteration|grc|epiousion}} using the {{transliteration|grc|ousia}} etymology with debatable semantics{{cite web|title=Книга Новое в русской этимологии I - Читать онлайн - Online библиотека padaread.com|url=http://padaread.com/?book=38501&pg=144|access-date=2020-09-27|website=padaread.com}}) in Luke 11:3 but {{slavonic|наставъшааго дьне}} ({{transliteration|cu|nastavŭšaago dĭne}}, 'for the coming day') in Matthew 6:11. Sava's book agrees in the latter case, but has {{slavonic|дьневьнъі}} ({{transliteration|cu|dĭnevĭnŭì}}, 'daily') in the former, while Codex Zographensis has {{slavonic|надьневьнъі}} ({{transliteration|cu|nadĭnevĭnŭì}}) and {{slavonic|настоѩшт…}} ({{transliteration|cu|nastojęšt}}) respectively.R. Cejtlin et al. - Staroslavjanskij slovar' (1994), pp. [http://promacedonia.org/cejtlin/gal/cejtlin_355.html 355]–[http://promacedonia.org/cejtlin/gal/cejtlin_356.html 356]

The New Church Slavonic version has the calque {{slavonic|насꙋщный}} ({{transliteration|cu|nasūštnȳĭ}}) in both cases now,{{cite book|url=http://www.my-bible.info/biblio/bib_tsek/ev_matf.html#g6 |title=Евангелие от Матфея на церковнославянском языке читать онлайн |publisher=My-bible.info |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}{{cite book|url=http://www.my-bible.info/biblio/bib_tsek/ev_luka.html#g11 |title=Евангелие от Луки на церковнославянском языке читать онлайн |publisher=My-bible.info |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}} following 16th-century Ostrog Bible,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ostrog_Bible36Lyki.djvu&page=18 {{circular reference|date=August 2022}}https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ostrog_Bible34Matfeya.djvu&page=7 {{circular reference|date=August 2022}} and the dictionaries translate the New Church Slavonic word as 'necessary for existence'{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXNpAAAAcAAJ&q=%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&pg=PA374 |title = Церковный словар|year = 1773|last1 = Aleksejev|first1 = Petr Aleksejevič}}https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AПолный_церковнославянский_словарь_(Протоиерей_Г.Дьяченко).djvu&page=336 {{circular reference|date=August 2022}} (note that the sense of the word likely changed in course of the time), from which derives Russian {{lang|ru|насущный}}.

• Language of the New Testament
• Filioque

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|2}}

• M. Nijman and K. A. Worp. "ΕΠΙΟΥΣΙΟΣ in a documentary papyrus?". Novum Testamentum XLI (1999) 3 (July), p. 231-234.
• B.M. Metzger, "How Many Times Does ΕΠΙΟΥΣΙΟΣ Occur outside The Lord's Prayer?" ExpTimes 69 (1957–58) 52–54.

{{Catholic Mass}}

Category:New Testament Greek words and phrases

Category:Lord's Prayer

Category:Sayings of Jesus

Category:Words and phrases with no direct English translation

Category:Adjectives