equilateral triangle

An equilateral triangle is a triangle that has three equal sides. It is a special case of an isosceles triangle in the modern definition, stating that an isosceles triangle is defined at least as having two equal sides.{{sfnp|Stahl|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jLk7lu3bA1wC&pg=PA37 37]}} Based on the modern definition, this leads to an equilateral triangle in which one of the three sides may be considered its base.{{sfnp|Lardner|1840|p=46}}

The follow-up definition above may result in more precise properties. For example, since the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is the sum of its two legs and base, the equilateral triangle is formulated as three times its side.{{sfnp|Harris|Stocker|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DnKLkOb_YfIC&pg=PA78 78]}}{{sfnp|Cerin|2004|loc=See Theorem 1}} The internal angles of an equilateral triangle are equal, 60°.{{sfnp|Owen|Felix|Deirdre|2010|p=36, 39}} Because of these properties, the equilateral triangles are regular polygons. The cevians of an equilateral triangle are all equal in length, resulting in the median and angle bisector being equal in length, considering those lines as their altitude depending on the base's choice.{{sfnp|Owen|Felix|Deirdre|2010|p=36, 39}} When the equilateral triangle is flipped across its altitude or rotated around its center for one-third of a full turn, its appearance is unchanged; it has the symmetry of a dihedral group $\backslash mathrm\{D\}\_3$ of order six.{{sfnp|Carstensen|Fine|Rosenberger|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X1SJ_ywbgy8C&pg=PA156 156]}} Other properties are discussed below.

File:Equilateral triangle with height square root of 3.svg of $1$ has a height of $\backslash sqrt\{3\}/2$, the sine of 60°.]]

The area of an equilateral triangle with edge length $a$ is

$$T\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash sqrt\{3\}\}\{4\}a^2.$$

The formula may be derived from the formula of an isosceles triangle by Pythagoras theorem: the altitude $h$ of a triangle is the square root of the difference of squares of a side and half of a base.{{sfnp|Harris|Stocker|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DnKLkOb_YfIC&pg=PA78 78]}} Since the base and the legs are equal, the height is:{{sfnp|McMullin|Parkinson|1936|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6RA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96 96]}}

$$h\; =\; \backslash sqrt\{a^2\; -\; \backslash frac\{a^2\}\{4\}\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash sqrt\{3\}\}\{2\}a.$$

In general, the area of a triangle is half the product of its base and height. The formula for the area of an equilateral triangle can be obtained by substituting the altitude formula.{{sfnp|McMullin|Parkinson|1936|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6RA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96 96]}} Another way to prove the area of an equilateral triangle is by using the trigonometric function. The area of a triangle is formulated as the half product of base and height and the sine of an angle. Because all of the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60°, the formula is as desired.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

A version of the isoperimetric inequality for triangles states that the triangle of greatest area among all those with a given perimeter is equilateral. That is, for perimeter $p$ and area $T$, the equality holds for the equilateral triangle:{{sfnp|Chakerian|1979}}

$$p^2\; =\; 12\backslash sqrt\{3\}T.$$

The radius of the circumscribed circle is:

$$R\; =\; \backslash frac\{a\}\{\backslash sqrt\{3\}\},$$

and the radius of the inscribed circle is half of the circumradius:

$$r\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash sqrt\{3\}\}\{6\}a.$$

A theorem of Euler states that the distance $t$ between circumcenter and incenter is formulated as $t^2\; =\; R(R\; -\; 2r)$. As a corollary of this, the equilateral triangle has the smallest ratio of the circumradius $R$ to the inradius $r$ of any triangle. That is:{{sfnp|Svrtan|Veljan|2012}}

$$R\; \backslash ge\; 2r.$$

Pompeiu's theorem states that, if $P$ is an arbitrary point in the plane of an equilateral triangle $ABC$ but not on its circumcircle, then there exists a triangle with sides of lengths $PA$, $PB$, and $PC$. That is, $PA$, $PB$, and $PC$ satisfy the triangle inequality that the sum of any two of them is greater than the third. If $P$ is on the circumcircle then the sum of the two smaller ones equals the longest and the triangle has degenerated into a line, this case is known as Van Schooten's theorem.{{sfnp|Alsina|Nelsen|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mIT5-BN_L0oC&pg=PA102 102–103]}}

A packing problem asks the objective of $n$ circles packing into the smallest possible equilateral triangle. The optimal solutions show that can be packed into the equilateral triangle, but the open conjectures expand to .{{sfnp|Melissen|Schuur|1995}}

File:Viviani_theorem_visual_proof.svg

Morley's trisector theorem states that, in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle.

Viviani's theorem states that, for any interior point $P$ in an equilateral triangle with distances $d$, $e$, and $f$ from the sides and altitude $h$, $$d+e+f\; =\; h,$$ independent of the location of $P$.{{sfnp|Posamentier|Salkind|1996}}

An equilateral triangle may have integer sides with three rational angles as measured in degrees,{{sfnp|Conway|Guy|1996|p=201, 228–229}} known for the only acute triangle that is similar to its orthic triangle (with vertices at the feet of the altitudes),{{sfnp|Bankoff|Garfunkel|1973|p=19}} and the only triangle whose Steiner inellipse is a circle (specifically, the incircle). The triangle of the largest area of all those inscribed in a given circle is equilateral, and the triangle of the smallest area of all those circumscribed around a given circle is also equilateral.{{sfnp|Dörrie|1965|p=379–380}} It is the only regular polygon aside from the square that can be inscribed inside any other regular polygon.

Given a point $P$ in the interior of an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the sum of its distances from the vertices to the sum of its distances from the sides is greater than or equal to 2, equality holding when $P$ is the centroid. In no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2.{{sfnp|Lee|2001}} This is the Erdős–Mordell inequality; a stronger variant of it is Barrow's inequality, which replaces the perpendicular distances to the sides with the distances from $P$ to the points where the angle bisectors of $\backslash angle\; APB$, $\backslash angle\; BPC$, and $\backslash angle\; CPA$ cross the sides ($A$, $B$, and $C$ being the vertices). There are numerous other triangle inequalities that hold equality if and only if the triangle is equilateral.

File:Equilateral triangle construction.svg

A regular polygon is constructible by compass and straightedge if and only if the odd prime factors of its number of sides are distinct Fermat primes.{{sfnp|Křížek|Luca|Somer|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgfSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}}

There are five known Fermat primes: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537.

The very first proposition in the Elements by Euclid starts by drawing a circle with a certain radius, placing the point of the compass on the circle, and drawing another circle with the same radius; the two circles intersect in two points. An equilateral triangle can be constructed by joining the two centers of the circles and one of the points of intersection.{{sfnp|Cromwell|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/polyhedra0000crom/page/62 62]}}

Equivalently, begin with any line segment as one side; place the point of the compass on one end of the line, then swing an arc from that point to the other point of the line segment; repeat with the other side of the line, which connects the point where the two arcs intersect with each end of the line segment in the aftermath.

If three equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of an arbitrary triangle, either all outward or inward, by Napoleon's theorem the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.

{{multiple image

| image1 = Tiling 3 simple.svg

| caption1 = The equilateral triangle tiling fills the plane

| image2 = Sierpinski triangle.svg

| caption2 = The Sierpiński triangle

| total_width = 400

}}

Notably, the equilateral triangle tiles the Euclidean plane with six triangles meeting at a vertex; the dual of this tessellation is the hexagonal tiling. Truncated hexagonal tiling, rhombitrihexagonal tiling, trihexagonal tiling, snub square tiling, and snub hexagonal tiling are all semi-regular tessellations constructed with equilateral triangles.{{sfnp|Grünbaum|Shepard|1977}} Other two-dimensional objects built from equilateral triangles include the Sierpiński triangle (a fractal shape constructed from an equilateral triangle by subdividing recursively into smaller equilateral triangles) and Reuleaux triangle (a curved triangle with constant width, constructed from an equilateral triangle by rounding each of its sides).{{sfnp|Alsina|Nelsen|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mIT5-BN_L0oC&pg=PA102 102–103]}}

File:Octahedron.jpg, as well as a member of the family of antiprisms.]]

Equilateral triangles may also form a polyhedron in three dimensions. A polyhedron whose faces are all equilateral triangles is called a deltahedron. There are eight strictly convex deltahedra: three of the five Platonic solids (regular tetrahedron, regular octahedron, and regular icosahedron) and five of the 92 Johnson solids (triangular bipyramid, pentagonal bipyramid, snub disphenoid, triaugmented triangular prism, and gyroelongated square bipyramid).{{sfnp|Trigg|1978}} More generally, all Johnson solids have equilateral triangles among their faces, though most also have other other regular polygons.{{sfnp|Berman|1971}}

The antiprisms are a family of polyhedra incorporating a band of alternating triangles. When the antiprism is uniform, its bases are regular and all triangular faces are equilateral.{{sfnp|Horiyama|Itoh|Katoh|Kobayashi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L9WSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 124]}}

As a generalization, the equilateral triangle belongs to the infinite family of $n$-simplexes, with $n\; =\; 2$.{{sfnp|Coxeter|1948|p=120–121}}

{{Clear}}

File:Give way outdoor.jpg

Equilateral triangles have frequently appeared in man-made constructions and in popular culture. In architecture, an example can be seen in the cross-section of the Gateway Arch and the surface of the Vegreville egg.{{sfnp|Pelkonen|Albrecht|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/eerosaarinenshap0000saar/page/160 160]}}{{sfnp|Alsina|Nelsen|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2F_0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}} It appears in the flag of Nicaragua and the flag of the Philippines.{{sfnp|White|Calderón|2008|p=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00stev/page/3 3]}}{{sfnp|Guillermo|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA161 161]}} It is a shape of a variety of road signs, including the yield sign.{{sfnp|Riley|Cochran|Ballard|1982}}

The equilateral triangle occurs in the study of stereochemistry. It can be described as the molecular geometry in which one atom in the center connects three other atoms in a plane, known as the trigonal planar molecular geometry.{{sfnp|Petrucci|Harwood|Herring|2002|p=413–414|loc=See Table 11.1}}

In the Thomson problem, concerning the minimum-energy configuration of $n$ charged particles on a sphere, and for the Tammes problem of constructing a spherical code maximizing the smallest distance among the points, the best solution known for $n=3$ places the points at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, inscribed in the sphere. This configuration is proven optimal for the Tammes problem, but a rigorous solution to this instance of the Thomson problem is unknown.{{sfnp|Whyte|1952}}

• Almost-equilateral Heronian triangle
• Malfatti circles
• Ternary plot
• Trilinear coordinates

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{{refend}}

• {{MathWorld|title=Equilateral Triangle|urlname=EquilateralTriangle}}

{{Center|{{Polytopes}} }}

{{Polygons}}

{{Commons category}}

Category:Types of triangles

Category:Constructible polygons