false allegation of child sexual abuse

A false allegation of child sexual abuse is an accusation against one or more individuals claiming that they committed child sexual abuse when no abuse has been committed by the accused. Such accusations can be brought by the alleged victim, or by another person on the alleged victim’s behalf. Studies on the rate of recorded child abuse allegations in the 1990s suggested that the overall rate of false accusations at that time was approximately 10%.{{cite book|title=Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook |last= Hobbs |first= CJ |author2=Hanks HGI |author3=Wynne JM |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |year=1999|page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_j-n1tLGcC&pg=PA197 197] |isbn= 0-443-05896-2}}{{cite book|title=Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals |last= Schetky |first=DH |author2=Green AH |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1988 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyzGgZbllYC&pg=PA105 105] |isbn= 0-87630-495-1}}{{cite book|title=Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure |last= Bolen |first=RM |publisher=Springer |year= 2001 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1ytm7nvoC&pg=PA109 109] |isbn= 0-306-46576-0}}

Of the allegations determined to be false, only a small portion originated with the child, the studies showed; most false allegations originated with an adult bringing the accusations on behalf of a child, and of those, a large majority occurred in the context of divorce and child-custody battles.{{cite book|title=True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management |last=Ney |first=T |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BggJjhbBJzwC&pg=PA23 23–33] |isbn= 0-87630-758-6}}{{cite book|title=Assessing Child Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False Allegations |last= Robin |first=M |publisher= Haworth Press |year= 1991 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tqBVMUlMPLIC&pg=PA21 21–24] |isbn= 0-86656-931-6}}

Types

When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether an accusation is true or false, it is described as “unsubstantiated” or “unfounded.” Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories:

An allegation that is completely false in that the events that were alleged did not occur; for example, it could be done to retaliate against a teacher who denied them a grade for coursework, or an employer who withheld a pay raise or promotion. It could also be done for the purposes of extortion or blackmail.
An allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent. When a child makes this type of allegation, it is termed “perpetrator substitution.”
An allegation that is partially true and partially false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did not occur.

A false allegation can occur as the result of intentional lying on the part of the accuser;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mikkelsen EJ, Gutheil TG, Emens M |title=False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: contextual factors and clinical subtypes |journal=Am J Psychother |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=556–70 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1443285 |doi= 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556}} or unintentionally, due to a confabulation, either arising spontaneously due to mental illness, or resulting from deliberate or accidental suggestive questioning, coaching of the child, or faulty interviewing techniques.{{cite book |author1=Maggie Bruck |author2=Ceci, Stephen J |title=Jeopardy in the Courtroom |url=https://archive.org/details/jeopardyincourtr0000ceci |url-access=registration |publisher=Amer Psychological Assn |year=1995 |isbn=1-55798-282-1 }} In 1997, researchers Poole and Lindsay suggested applying separate labels to the two concepts, proposing the term “false allegations” be used specifically when the accuser is aware they are lying, and “false suspicions” for the wider range of false accusations in which suggestive questioning may have been involved.

False accusations can be prompted, aggravated, or perpetuated by law enforcement, child protection, or prosecution officials who become convinced of the guilt of the accused {{crossreference|(see also: {{slink|Day-care sex-abuse hysteria|Significant cases}})}}.

Disconfirming evidence can lead to cognitive dissonance on the part of these individuals, and lead them to deliberately or unconsciously attempt to resolve dissonance by ignoring, discounting, or even destroying the evidence. Once any steps are taken to justify the decision that the accused is guilty, it becomes very difficult for the official to accept disconfirming evidence, and this can continue during appeals, retrials, or any other effort to revisit a verdict.{{cite book |author= Aronson E |author-link= Elliot Aronson |author2= Tavris C |author2-link= Carol Tavris |title= Mistakes were made (but not by me): why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts |publisher=Harcourt |location=San Diego |year=2007 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XreRBrXxMC&pg=PA127 127–57] |isbn=978-0-15-603390-9 }}

= Facilitated communication =

Facilitated communication (FC) is a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal. The facilitator guides the disabled person’s arm or hand, and attempts to help them type on a keyboard or other device.{{cite web|last1=Auerbach|first1=David|date=12 November 2015|title=Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/11/facilitated_communication_pseudoscience_harms_people_with_disabilities.html|access-date=30 November 2015|website=Slate}} Research proves that the facilitator is the sole source of the messages obtained through FC, rather than the disabled person.{{cite journal|last1=Green|first1=Gina|title=An ecobehavioral interpretation of the facilitated communication phenomenon|journal=Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities|date=Fall 1995|volume=21|issue=2|pages=1–8}}{{cite journal|last1=Riggott|first1=Julie|title=Pseudoscience in Autism Treatment: Are the News and Entertainment Media Helping or Hurting?|journal=Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice|date=Spring–Summer 2005|volume=4|issue=1|pages=58–60}}{{cite journal|last1=Shane|first1=Howard C.|last2=Kearns|first2=Kevin|title=An Examination of the Role of the Facilitator in "Facilitated Communication"|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology|date=September 1994|volume=3|pages=48–54|doi=10.1044/1058-0360.0303.48|issue=3}} However, the facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the ideomotor effect, which is the same effect that guides a Ouija board.{{cite web|last1=Lilienfeld|display-authors=etal|date=26 February 2015|title=Why debunked autism treatment fads persist|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150226154644.htm|access-date=10 November 2015|website=Science Daily|publisher=Emory University}}{{cite journal|last1=Ganz|first1=Jennifer B.|last2=Katsiyannis|first2=Antonis|last3=Morin|first3=Kristi L.|date=February 2017|title=Facilitated Communication: The Resurgence of a Disproven Treatment for Individuals With Autism|journal=Intervention in School and Clinic|volume=54|pages=52–56|doi=10.1177/1053451217692564|doi-access=free}} There have been a number of accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication, with many of the alleged victims being children.{{cite news|last1=Spake|first1=Amanda|date=31 May 1992|title=Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate|page=W22|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1008445.html|url-status=dead|access-date=March 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141032/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1008445.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}} As of 1995, there were sixty known cases, with an unknown numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility.{{cite book|last1=Margolin|first1=K.N.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/facilitatedcommu0000unse/page/227|title=Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon|date=1994|publisher=Singular Publishing|isbn=978-1-565-93341-5|editor1-last=Shane|editor1-first=Howard C.|location=San Diego, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/facilitatedcommu0000unse/page/227 227–257]|chapter=How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System}}{{cite journal|last1=Lilienfeld|first1=SO|date=March 2007|title=Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm.|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=2|issue=1|pages=53–70|doi=10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x|pmid=26151919|s2cid=26512757|citeseerx=10.1.1.531.9405}}

Prevalence

Denial of child sexual abuse by the accused, or by others, is common, and its reality is not easily accepted (though such a denial should never be interpreted as evidence of guilt).{{cite book | last = Summit | first = RC | year = 1998 | chapter = Hidden victims, hidden pain, societal avoidance of child sexual abuse | veditors = Wyatt GE, Powell GJ | title = Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse | isbn = 0-8039-3257-X | publisher = SAGE Publications | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/lastingeffectsof0000wyat }}{{cite journal |last= Bentovim |first= A |date= July 17, 1993 |title= Why do adults sexually abuse children? |journal= British Medical Journal |volume= 307 |issue= 6897 |pages= 144–45 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.307.6897.144 |pmid= 8343739 |pmc= 1678329 }} Reporting rates may also be substantially below actual rates of abuse, as many victims do not disclose their abuse,{{cite book | last = Finkelhor | author-link = David Finkelhor | first = D |author2=Araji S | title = A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse | publisher = SAGE Publications | year = 1986 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxpyL10fOoC&pg=PA18 18]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxpyL10fOoC&pg=PA280 280] |isbn = 0-8039-1935-2}}{{cite journal |last= Kendall-Tacket |first= K |author2=Meyer WL |author3=Finkelhor D |author3-link=David Finkelhor |year= 1993 |title= Impact of child sexual abuse: a review | journal= Psychological Bulletin |volume= 113 |issue= 1 |pages= 164–80 |doi= 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164 |pmid=8426874|citeseerx= 10.1.1.897.3994 }} which may result in an overrepresentation of false allegations due to the inaccurate estimation of actual cases of abuse.{{cite book | last = Adshead | first = G | chapter = Looking for clues - A review of the literature on false allegations of sexual abuse in childhood | pages = 57–65 | year = 1994 | editor = Sinason V |title= Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse | publisher= Routledge |location= New York |isbn= 0-415-10542-0}} Of the millions of reports of child sexual abuse each year to state protective agencies in the US (including both substantiated and unsubstantiated reports), there is no formal determination as to what portion of those represent false allegations.

Findings of multiple studies performed between 1987 and 1995 suggested that the rate of false allegations ranged from a low of 6% to a high of 35% of reported child sexual abuse cases.{{cite book |title=Handbook of Psychology Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology |author=Irving B. Weiner |author-link=Irving B. Weiner |author2=Donald K. Freedheim |year= 2003 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=lBXf1slZBDwC&pg=PA438 438] | publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn= 0-471-17669-9}} Experts have argued that the reason for the wide range of differences in the rates resulted from varying criteria used in various studies. In particular, a lower rate was found in studies that considered false allegations to be based on intentional lying, whereas the higher rates were reported in studies that also added unintentional false allegations resulting from suggestive questioning. A 1992 meta-analysis suggested that false allegations represented between 2% and 10% of all allegations.

False reports are more common in custody disputes.{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1097/00004583-198726060-00016| pmid = 3429411| title = Problems in Validating Allegations of Sexual Abuse. Part 1| year = 1987| last1 = Benedek | first1 = E. P.| last2 = Schetky | first2 = D. H.| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry| volume = 26| issue = 6| pages = 912–15 | s2cid = 10744072| url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee04/11fd24056a320c1c31f6b6297cead648e3db.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191229013833/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee04/11fd24056a320c1c31f6b6297cead648e3db.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2019-12-29}}{{cite journal |last=Green |first=A. |year=1986 |title=True and false allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes. |url=https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0002-7138(10)60001-5/pdf |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=449–56 |doi=10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60001-5 |pmid=3745724 |access-date=2008-01-01}}{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1300/J024v15n02_11| title = Factors Contributing to False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse in Custody Disputes| year = 1991| last1 = Green | first1 = A.| journal = Child & Youth Services| volume = 15| issue = 2| pages = 177–89 }} Children appear to rarely make up false allegations of their own accord,{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/0145-2134(84)90029-2| title = Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth?| year = 1984| last1 = Faller | first1 = K. C.| journal = Child Abuse & Neglect| volume = 8| issue = 4| pages = 473–81 | pmid = 6542819| hdl = 2027.42/25009| url = https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25009/1/0000436.pdf| hdl-access = free}} but will make false allegations if coercively questioned by individuals who believe abuse has occurred, but refuse to accept children’s statements that they were not abused (as was common practice during the satanic ritual abuse moral panic). False allegations can also arise as a consequence of false memories, sometimes implanted by questionable therapeutic practices.{{cite journal | last1 = McElroy | first1 = S. | last2 = Keck | first2 = P. | year = 1995 | title = Recovered memory therapy – False Memory Syndrome and other complications | journal = Psychiatric Annals | volume = 25 | issue = 12| pages = 731–35 | doi=10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-09}}

=False retractions=

False retractions of accusations by children who have been abused are suggested to occur for one or more of several reasons, such as out of shame or embar{{shy}}rass{{shy}}ment, due to fear of being sent to a foster home, or of the reaction of adults leading them to feel their behavior was “wrong” or “bad”, due to a desire to protect the perpetrator (who may be a close family member), out of fear of destroying the family, due to coaching by an adult family member insisting that the child withdraw the accusation, and others.{{cite book|title=Child Sexual Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Manual for Diagnosis, Case Management and Treatment |url=https://archive.org/details/childsexualabuse00fall |url-access=registration |last= Faller |first=KC |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1989 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/childsexualabuse00fall/page/130 130–31]|isbn= 0-231-06471-3}}Schetky & Green, 1988, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyzGgZbllYC&pg=PA66 66]. False retractions are less common when the child receives timely and appropriate support following the statement of the allegation.

Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)

In 2000, according to support group Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers (FACT), there was a 90% conviction rate for alleged child sex abusers, as compared to just 9% for cases of adult rape.{{cite news|title=Abuse: Crusade or Witch-Hunt? |date=2000-12-07 |newspaper=BBC News |url=http://www.innocent.org.uk/misc/carers.html |access-date=2011-05-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905013149/http://www.innocent.org.uk/misc/carers.html |archive-date=2011-09-05 }}

In the UK, all the post-1970 court cases that are recognized as authorities on evidence of disposition “concern charges of sexual abuse of minors.”{{cite web|url=http://lawiki.org/index.php?title=Evidence_of_disposition |title=Evidence of disposition |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819212046/http://lawiki.org/index.php?title=Evidence_of_disposition |archive-date=2011-08-19 }} In 1991, the House of Lords judgment in Director of Public Prosecutions versus P (D.P.P v P [1991] 2 A.C. 447) significantly lowered the barrier to admission of similar fact evidence of disposition to commit a crime.{{Cite web |last=Exton |first=Julie |date=20 November 2003 |title=A matter of similar fact |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/a-matter-of-similar-fact/40773.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207035841/https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/a-matter-of-similar-fact/40773.article |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The Law Society Gazette}}{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=Adrian |date=February 2002 |title=MEMORANDUM 32 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmhaff/836/836m33.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207042258/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmhaff/836/836m33.htm |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=UK Parliament |series=Select Committee on Home Affairs Memoranda |via=Parliamentary business}}{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=Bad Character Evidence |url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/bad-character-evidence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207044156/https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/bad-character-evidence |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The Crown Prosecution Service}}

This, combined with the police practice of “trawling” for child abuse victims using door-to-door interviews and the potential for monetary compensation, has created opportunities and incentive for false allegations to occur:{{cite news|title=Abuse witch-hunt traps innocent in a net of lies|newspaper=The Observer|author=David Rose|author2=Gary Horne|date=November 26, 2000|access-date=2011-05-24|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2000/nov/26/socialcare.childrensservices}}

Normally, an allegation of a criminal offense has to stand or fall on its own merits; if a witness accusing someone of sexual abuse was sufficiently credible, or could adduce supporting evidence, then an abuser would be convicted. Until 1991, multiple allegations against the same person could only be held to be mutually corroborating if there were “striking similarities” between the alleged crimes, indicating a criminal’s “signature,” a distinct modus operandi. But the judgment removed this protection. In effect, the courts have accepted the idea of “corroboration by volume.”

In 2002, the Home Affairs Select Committee (Fourth report, 2001/2), which dealt with police trawling practices and referred to the “enormous difficulties” faced by those accused of child sexual abuse, recommended that the requirement for similar fact evidence to be linked by “striking similarities” be restored in cases involving allegations of historical child abuse. However, this recommendation contradicted the Government White Paper Justice for All (2002), which proposed lowering the threshold for the admission of similar fact evidence still further.{{cite web|url=http://www.richardwebster.net/similarfactevidence.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020908142417/http://www.richardwebster.net/similarfactevidence.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 8, 2002|title=Similar Fact Evidence|author=Richard Webster|author-link=Richard Webster (British author)|year=2002|access-date=2011-05-24}}

Effect on the child and the accused

Allegations of sexual abuse can be inherently traumatic to the child when false.{{cite book|title=Complex Issues in Child Custody Evaluations |last= Stahl |first=PM |publisher=SAGE Publications |year= 1999 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz7nVD1WcFwC&pg=PA47 47] |isbn= 0-7619-1909-0 |quote=Allegations of sexual abuse are always serious and can be traumatic, even when they are false. The lasting effects that such accusations have on families and children can be devastating. There is an increased risk that a child will be alienated from the other parent.}} People falsely charged with sexual abuse often face numerous problems of their own. The nature of the crime leveled at them often evokes an overwhelming sense of betrayal. In highly publicized cases, the general public has a strong tendency to summarily assume the accused is guilty, leading to very serious social stigma. The accused, even if acquitted, risks being fired from their job, losing their friends and other relationships, having their property vandalized or even confiscated (via civil forfeiture), and being harassed by those believing them to be guilty despite no evidence proving their guilt.

Support groups

In 2001, there were 18 support and lobby groups extant in the UK “set up to redress the injustice suffered by those who, they claim, have been wrongly convicted in abuse cases.” Groups currently active in the UK include: False Allegations Against Carers and Teachers (FACT), False Allegations Support Organization (FASO), People Against False Allegations of Abuse (PAFAA with SOFAP), and SAFARI.

Media

Take Me to the River (2015) ― An American drama film about a teenager who plans to come out to his family at a reunion, but runs into trouble when he is falsely accused of sexually abusing his younger female cousin.{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3142366/?ref_=nv_wl_img_2 |title=' 'Take Me to the River" ', information |access-date=2015-12-17 |work=IMDb}}
The Hunt ({{langx|da|Jagten}}) ― A 2012 Danish drama film by Thomas Vinterberg about a man (Mads Mikkelsen) who becomes the target of mass hysteria after being wrongly accused of sexually assaulting a child.{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/9711873/The-Hunt-review.html |title=The Hunt, review |access-date=2012-11-30 |work=The Telegraph|date=29 November 2012 }}
Capturing the Friedmans (Dir. Andrew Jarecki) ―A 2003 HBO documentary about Arnold and Jesse Friedman,{{cite web |title=Jesse Friedman's Website |url=https://www.freejesse.net |website=freejesse.net |access-date=22 January 2022}} who both pleaded guilty to child abuse, but claimed the charges were false and the guilty pleas coerced.
A Map of the World (1994) ― A novel that was turned into a film (1999), about a school nurse falsely accused of molesting a student.
Serious Charge (1959) ― A film starring Anthony Quayle as an English vicar who was falsely accused of sexually assaulting a teenage boy. The youth’s story is supported by a woman whose affections the vicar had spurned.