federalism in Sri Lanka

Federalism has long been advocated as a means of resolving the ethnic issues and unbalanced development in Sri Lanka.

As the unitary state has resulted in uneven development across Sri Lanka, the Western Province dominates over the other eight provinces. Despite declining regional disparity, the Western Province continues to contribute the most to the gross domestic product (GDP), contributing 42%, while the second highest, the Southern Province, only represents 10.8% of the GDP. The Uva and Northern provinces represent the least with 5% and 3.6% respectively. Other provinces also have trouble attracting capital. This has resulted in calls for the abolishing of the unitary system and powers being devolved.{{cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=150703 |work=The Island |title=Achieving Balanced Regional Development through Devolution |access-date=2016-09-17}}{{cite web|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15B/Oct29_1446140235CH.php |title=Sri Lanka : Western Province major contributor to Sri Lanka's economic growth despite decline in regional disparity |first=Gamini |last=Gunaratna |website=www.colombopage.com |access-date=2016-09-17}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/latest_news/press_20151028eb.pdf |title=Provincial Gross Domestic Product – 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215013611/http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/latest_news/press_20151028eb.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-15 |url-status=dead}}

Further federalism has also been proposed as a solution the ethnic issues. The Tamil minority is underrepresented despite being the majority in the Northern Province. This also led to a civil war between the government and Tamil Nationalist militants.{{cite web|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2003/07/09/fea01.html |title=Online edition of Daily News - Features |website=archives.dailynews.lk |access-date=2016-09-17}} After the end of the war the Northern Province has shared the troubles of finding funds to rebuild damaged infrastructure. Provincial governments have been unable to finance the reconstruction of destroyed factories and damaged infrastructure to create employment. Federalism has been proposed as a method for sharing power.{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2015/08/23/we-are-looking-at-a-federal-system-within-a-united-sri-lanka-e-saravanabavan/ |title=We Are Looking At A Federal System Within A United Sri Lanka |first=E. |last=Saravanabavan |work=The Sunday Leader |access-date=2016-09-17}}

Several heads of states such as S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, J. R. Jayewardene, and Chandrika Kumaratunga have also accepted federalism as a solution to the island's issues, but did not implement a federal system.{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4686 |title=Can We Drop the 'Federalism vs. Unitary' Debate and on What Grounds? |work=Asian Tribune |access-date=2016-09-17}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/115874/CBK-calls-for-a-federal-semi-secular-constitution |title=CBK calls for a federal semi-secular constitution |website=www.dailymirror.lk |access-date=2016-09-17}} A watered down version was passed by the Sri Lankan Parliament as the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, which albeit enables a form of federalism.{{Cite web |date=2009-08-17 |title=The Constitution of Sri Lanka: Amendments [First Amendment to Sixteenth Amendment] |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/AMENDMENTS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817113810/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/AMENDMENTS.html |archive-date=2009-08-17 |access-date=2024-11-05 }}

Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka

The Thirteenth Amendment (13A) was passed in 1987 as an addition to the Constitution of Sri Lanka following the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord. This amendment was introduced to address the Sri Lankan Civil War and the ethnic tensions between Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sinhalese population.{{Cite journal |last=Eisenlohr |first=Patrick |date=2006 |title=Neil DeVotta, Blowback: Linguistic nationalism, institutional decay, and ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/abs/neil-devotta-blowback-linguistic-nationalism-institutional-decay-and-ethnic-conflict-in-sri-lanka/5F562667DF0FE91D35550B77C242D570 |journal=Language in Society |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=747–750 |doi=10.1017/S0047404506260342 |issn=1469-8013}} Its aim is to introduce devolved governance by establishing Provincial Councils and to recognize both Sinhalese and Tamil as national languages while retaining English as the link language. Alongside this amendment, Parliament also passed the Provincial Councils Act (No. 42 of 1987) to formally establish the Provincial Councils.{{Cite web |title=Acts |url=https://mpclg.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=179&lang=en |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=mpclg.gov.lk}}

Subjects such as education, health, agriculture, housing, land, and police were mandated to be devolved to the provincial administrations.

However, the amendment remains largely symbolic, as full implementation is still pending. Provisions related to police and land powers have never been implemented, and with regard to financial powers, the President retains authority to restrict or override provincial decisions, significantly limiting the autonomy of local bodies.{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=2020-09-05 |title=The Hindu Explains {{!}} What is the 13th Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution, and why is it contentious? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-hindu-explains-what-is-the-13th-amendment-to-the-sri-lankan-constitution-and-why-is-it-contentious/article32531844.ece |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}

In February 2016, the Chief Minister of Sri Lanka's Northern Province, C.V. Wigneswaran, sought India's direct intervention to ensure the complete implementation of the amendment.{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=CM of Lanka's Northern Province seeks India's intervention to set up federal {{!}}govt |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/cm-of-lanka-s-northern-province-seeks-india-s-intervention-to-set-up-federal-govt-116022900767_1.html |access-date=2016-06-13}}

= Opposition to the Thirteenth Amendment =

From its inception, the Thirteenth Amendment faced significant opposition from certain political parties and groups in Sri Lanka, including the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) and factions within the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP). These groups argued that the amendment threatened Sri Lanka’s unitary state structure and could encourage separatist sentiments.{{Cite web |last=Pathirana |first=Saroj |title=Could Marxist Anura Dissanayake become Sri Lanka's next president? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/9/13/could-marxist-anura-dissanayake-become-sri-lankas-next-president |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=SLPP calls for focus away from 13A, urges economy/democracy |url=https://www.themorning.lk/articles/vucuBviwWaWYW3klsEt0 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Latest in the News Sphere {{!}} The Morning}}

The JVP, in particular, has been vocal against any form of devolution that they believe compromises the country’s unity. They view the Provincial Council system as a step toward federalism, which they argue could lead to regional divisions and instability. The SLFP, historically a champion of Sinhalese nationalism, has also expressed concerns over the amendment, though its stance has varied over the years, especially depending on political alliances and leadership.{{Cite news |last=Shaunik |first=Nayantara |date=July 2013 |title=SRI LANKA THE 13TH AMENDMENT |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/167641/SR143-Debate1307-IReS-SL-13Amendment.pdf |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies}}

This opposition has contributed to the reluctance of successive governments to fully implement the amendment, particularly in devolving police and land powers. As a result, the amendment remains a contentious issue, with some viewing it as essential for ethnic reconciliation and others as a threat to national sovereignty.{{Citation |last=Edrisinha |first=Rohan |title=Debating Federalism in Sri Lanka and Nepal |date=2015 |work=Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia |pages=291–319 |editor-last=Khosla |editor-first=Madhav |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/unstable-constitutionalism/debating-federalism-in-sri-lanka-and-nepal/F0FAA29C82D2E95736BFCFBA4F27D41F |access-date=2024-11-05 |series=Comparative Constitutional Law and Policy |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06895-7 |editor2-last=Tushnet |editor2-first=Mark}}{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=The 13th Amendment of Sri Lanka and India-Sri Lanka Relations |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/december/07/The-13-th-Amendment-of-Sri-Lanka-and-India-Sri-Lanka-Relations |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.vifindia.org |language=en}}

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704180930/http://www.lines-magazine.org/textfeb04/KumarDavid.htm Federalism: Sri Lanka’s answer to ethnic war]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20081029010535/http://www.ices.lk/about/federalism.shtml Federalism is a Solution to Resolve Ethnic Conflict]

Sri Lanka

Category:Political terminology in Sri Lanka