felinae
{{Short description|Subfamily of Felidae}}
{{Distinguish|Felidae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Felinae{{MSW3 Wozencraft |pages=532–545 |id=14000004 |heading=Felinae}}
|fossil_range = Miocene–Holocene, {{Fossilrange|9|0}}
|image = Felinae diversity.jpg
|image_caption = Clockwise, an ocelot, a European wildcat, a cougar and a cheetah
|taxon = Felinae
|authority = Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
|type_genus = Felis
|type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
|range_map = Felinae_range.png
|range_map_caption = Native ranges of Felinae
| subdivision_ranks =Genera
| subdivision = See §Taxonomy
}}
The Felinae is a subfamily of the Felidae, also called small cats, which are distinguished by a bony hyoid, because of which they can purr but not roar.{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O’Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=11−63 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}
Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini, and excluding the extinct sabre-toothed Machairodontinae.{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |date=2010 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |pages=59–82 |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142}}{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |chapter=Subfamily Felinae − Cats |editor1-last=Kingdon |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Happold |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Butynski |editor3-first=T. |editor4-last=Hoffmann |editor4-first=M. |editor5-last=Happold |editor5-first=M. |editor6-last=Kalina |editor6-first=J. |title=Mammals of Africa |year=2013 |volume=5 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-4081-2251-8 |pages=144–210 |chapter-url={{Google Books|id=B_07noCPc4kC|page=RA4-PA148|plainurl=yes}}}}
Characteristics
The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1917 |title=The classification of the existing Felidae |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=Series 8 |volume=XX |issue=119 |pages=329–350 |doi=10.1080/00222931709487018 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8201917lond#page/338/mode/2up}}
They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than {{convert|6|mm|abbr=on}}.{{cite journal |last1=Hast |first1=M. H. |year=1989 |title=The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=163 |pages=117–121 |pmc=1256521 |pmid=2606766 }}{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |year=2002 |title=Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=245−271 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x}}
The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1917 |title=VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=19 |issue=109 |pages=113−136 |url=https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/page/112|doi=10.1080/00222931709486916 }}
Taxonomy
The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=G. |year=1817 |title=Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda |journal=Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou |volume=5 |pages=357−446 |url=https://archive.org/details/miresdelasociimp05mosk7/page/n383}}
In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.
The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |issue=5757|bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 }}{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Davis |first2=B. W. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1−11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114|pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742 }}
Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:
= Extinct taxa =
=Phylogeny=
The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5}}{{MSW3 Carnivora}}
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%;background-color:#eeeeFF;border:1px solid; |sublabel1={{small|sensu lato}} |label1=Felinae|1={{clade
|label1=Felinae|sublabel1={{small|sensu stricto}}
|1={{clade
|style2=background-color:#ffbbdd;
|2={{clade
|caption=Bay cat lineage |captionstyle=color:#882277;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 2px 1px;
|label1=Catopuma
|1={{clade
|1=Catopuma badia (Bay cat) 50px File:EN_IUCN_3_1.svg
|2=Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat) 50px
}}
|label2=Pardofelis
|2=Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat) 50px
}}
|1={{clade
|style2=background-color:#ffdddd;
|2={{clade
|caption=Caracal lineage |captionstyle=color:#aa3322;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 1px 1px;
|label1=Caracal
|1={{clade
|1=Caracal caracal (Caracal) 50px
|2=Caracal aurata (African golden cat) File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
}}
|label2=Leptailurus
|2=Leptailurus serval (Serval) 50px
}}
|1={{clade
|label2=Leopardus
|style2=background-color:#ffdd66;
|2={{clade
|caption=Ocelot lineage |captionstyle=color:#dd4400;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 1px 1px;
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)
|2=Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat) File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
}}
|1=Leopardus guigna (Kodkod) File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
}}
|1=Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla) File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)
|2=Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat) File:EN_IUCN_3_1.svg
}} }}
|1={{clade
|1=Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot) 50px
|2=Leopardus wiedii (Margay)
}}
}}
|1={{clade
|label2=Lynx
|style2=background-color:#FFFFaa;
|2={{clade
|caption=Lynx lineage |captionstyle=color:darkorange;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 1px 1px;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx) 50px
|2=Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx) File:EN_IUCN_3_1.svg
}}
|2=Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)
}}
|2=Lynx rufus (Bobcat)
}}
|2=†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)
|3=†Lynx rexroadensis
|4=†Lynx thomasi
}}
|1={{clade
|style2=background-color:#ccFFcc;
|2={{clade
|caption=Puma lineage |captionstyle=color:darkgreen;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 1px 1px;
|2={{clade
|label1=Acinonyx
|1={{clade
|1=Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) 50px File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
|2=†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)
|3=†Acinonyx aicha
|4=†Acinonyx intermedius
}}
|label2=†Sivapanthera
|2={{clade
|1=†Sivapanthera brachygnathus
|2=†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus
|3=†Sivapanthera potens
|4=†Sivapanthera linxiaensis
|5=†Sivapanthera padhriensis
|6=†Sivapanthera arvernensis
}} }}
|1={{clade
|label2=Herpailurus
|2=Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi) 50px
|1={{clade
|label2=†Miracinonyx
|2={{clade
|1=†Miracinonyx inexpectatus
|2=†Miracinonyx trumani
}}
|label1=Puma
|1={{clade
|2=†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma) 50px
|3=†Puma pumoides
|1=Puma concolor (Cougar) 50px
}}
}}
}}
}}
|1={{clade
|style2=background-color:#eeFFFF;
|2={{clade
|caption=Leopard cat lineage |captionstyle=color:darkcyan;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 2px 1px;
|label1=Prionailurus
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|2=Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)
|3=Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)
|1=Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat) 50px
}}
|2=Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat) File:EN_IUCN_3_1.svg
}}
|2=Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)
}}
|label2=Otocolobus
|2=Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)
}}
|style1=background-color:#ddddFF;
|1={{Clade
|caption=Domestic cat lineage |captionstyle=color:blue;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding:1px 10px 2px 1px;
|label2=†Pristifelis
|2=†Pristifelis attica
|label1=Felis
|1={{clade
|2=Felis chaus (Jungle cat) 50px
|1={{clade
|2=Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat) File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
|1={{clade
|2=Felis margarita (Sand cat)
|1={{clade
|2=†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)
|1={{clade
|2=Felis silvestris (European wildcat) 50px
|1={{clade
|2=Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat) File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg
|1={{clade
|2=Felis lybica (African wildcat) 50px
|1=Felis catus (domestic cat)50px
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label3=†Pratifelis
|label4=†Leptofelis
|4=†Leptofelis vallesiensis
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Pantherinae File:General_zoology,_or_Systematic_natural_history_(Plate_82)_(6302814666).jpg
|label2=†Miopanthera
|2={{clade
|0=†Miopanthera lorteti
|1=†Miopanthera pamiri
}}
}}
}}
}}
See also
- {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Cats}}
- List of felids
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q42602}}
{{Authority control}}