feudal fragmentation

This phenomenon has occurred in the history of several countries and regions:

• In the history of Poland:
• The regionalization{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: The origins to 1795|url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=30 March 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12817-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53 53]}} or fragmentation of Poland ({{langx|pl|rozbicie dzielnicowe}}) refers to the period following the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth (1138) that led to the split of the Kingdom of Poland into several mostly independent provinces, unified only by Ladislaus the Short approximately two centuries later, in the early 14th century{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=Europe: a history|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 January 1998|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-097468-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm/page/429 429]}}
• The fragmentation of the Duchy of Silesia into numerous smaller duchies under the Piast dynasty.
• In the history of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, the period of fragmentation ({{langx|ru|феодальная раздробленность}}) that started from around the 12th century during the decline of Kievan Rus'. In Russia, it lasted up until the reign of Ivan IV of Russia;{{cite book|author=Maureen Perrie|title=The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxuunLzN0YC&pg=PA100|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-65684-6|page=100|quote=Bakhrushin, in turn, defended the post-Pokrovskii depiction of Ivan IV as ‘a great statesman who smashes the remains of feudal fragmentation and lays the basis for the further development of the absolutist state’}}{{cite book|author1=George Ginsburgs|author2=Roger Stenson Clark|author3=Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge|author4=Stanisław Pomorski|title=International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zJrKRkSiEMC&pg=PA163|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1654-3|page=163|quote=2. The period of feudal fragmentation (feodal'naia nazdroblenost{{'}}) or of the appanage principalities... with its nadir the fall of Kiev in 1240... 3. The formation of a centralized Russian state}} the last appanage Russian prince was Vladimir of Staritsa{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}
• In the history of Bulgaria, the late 14th century fragmentation of the Second Bulgarian Empire{{cite book |author1=Evgeni Tanchev |author2=Martin Belov |author3=Cristian Ionescu |author4=C. A. J. M. Kortmann |author5=J. W. A. Fleuren |author6=Wim Voermans |title=Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXk5r1WtZcC&pg=SA1-PA5 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=978-90-13-05635-8 |page=1}}{{cite book|author=Selçuk Akşin Somel|title=Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4332-5|page=32}}
• In the history of Hungary, the interregnum (1301–1323), Oligarchs
• In the history of Serbia, the fall of the Serbian Empire (1371–95)
• In the history of Georgia, the collapse of the Georgian realm (starting in the 13th century)
• In the history of Germany, the period described as the {{lang|de|Kleinstaaterei}} lasted from the 13th century (the demise of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire) to 1871 (the unification of the German states into the German Empire).{{cite book|author=Reinhard Bendix|title=Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAb4kAtzMYC&pg=PA141|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04090-8|page=141}}{{cite book|author1=Mikuláš Teich|author-link1=Mikuláš Teich|author-link2=Roy Porter|author2=Roy Porter|title=The National question in Europe in historical context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu2SnETtV3kC&pg=PA153|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36713-4|page=153}}{{cite book|author1=Keith Jenkins|author2=Sue Morgan|author3=Alun Munslow|title=Manifestos for history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX0FR_HPj6oC&pg=PA188|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-37776-8|page=188}} Many of the smaller states were eliminated during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars but several remained in their aftermath. Even within the German Empire many small states remained: the Ernestine duchies remained divided until the formation of the State of Thuringia in 1920 and others remained until their abolishment under Nazi rule or by the occupying powers after WWII.
• After the extinction of the Duchy of Burgundy, some of its territory was absorbed by France's Louis XI, while its territory in the Low Countries (the Burgundian Netherlands) became the Habsburg Netherlands (also called the Seventeen Provinces), which itself splintered into the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Republic{{cite book|author=R. C. van Caenegem|author-link=R. C. van Caenegem|title=Legal history: a European perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkWr0wgL_M0C&pg=PA149|year=1991|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-85285-049-4|page=149}}
• In the history of France, the period after the fall of the Carolingian dynasty and death of Charlemagne to its unification by Louis XI{{cite book|author=Peter J. Hugill|title=World trade since 1431: geography, technology, and capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtradesince10000hugi|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1995|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5126-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldtradesince10000hugi/page/48 48]}}{{cite book|author=Stefan Rossbach|title=Gnostic wars: the Cold War in the context of a history of Western spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-cKnYXw--kC&pg=PA81|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-1024-2|page=81}}{{cite book|author1=Nicholas Lampert|author2=Gábor Tamás Rittersporn|title=Stalinism: its nature and aftermath : essays in honour of Moshe Lewin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz1vJ_-yV8UC&pg=PA86|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-876-0|page=86}} (see also Crown lands of France)
• In the history of Italy, the period from the invasion of Italy by the Lombards (which occurred shortly after Italy was united under the Byzantine Empire as a result of the Gothic War) until Italian unification{{cite book|author1=Donald Kagan|author2=Steven Ozment|author3=Frank M. Turner|author4=A. Daniel Frankforter|title=The Western Heritage: To 1715 : Brief Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/westernheritage7edkaga|url-access=registration|accessdate=24 May 2011|date=13 June 2001|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-041576-9|page=143}}

According to Samir Amin, feudal fragmentation has been mostly a European phenomenon and did not occur in the history of China or Islamic Middle Eastern states.Samir Amin, The Ancient World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System, in {{cite book|author1=André Gunder Frank|author2=Barry K. Gills|title=The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVAWQ1D8UJUC&pg=PA252|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-15089-7|page=252}}{{cite book|author=Samir Amin|title=Global History: A View from the South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWhI5ffIS4oC&pg=PA18|date=January 2011|publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka|isbn=978-1-906387-96-9|page=18}} At the same time, the term feudal fragmentation has been used in the context of history of China (the Warring States period){{cite book|author=Thomas M. Magstadt|title=Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwG3haSo_cC&pg=PA277|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-91528-7|page=277}} and history of Japan (the Sengoku period).{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Kopstein|title=Comparative politics: interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3PVi6II54C&pg=PA182|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63356-7|page=182}}{{cite book|author=Paul N. Siegel|title=The Meek and the Militant: Religion and Power Across the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYDYhl3ddo0C&pg=PA210|year=2005|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1-931859-24-0|page=210}}Jansen, Marius B. Jansen. (1995). {{Google books|lwPxgoaNVWEC|The Emergence of Meiji Japan,p. 124|page=124}}; retrieved 6 July 2011

• Anatolian beyliks, after the decline of Sultanate of Rum
• Balkanization
• Division of the Mongol Empire
• Decentralization
• {{ill|Frankish Divisions|lt=Division|de|Fränkische Reichsteilung}} of the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne's successors 843-880 (Treaties of Verdun, Prüm, Meerssen and Ribemont)
• Gavelkind
• Petty kingdom
• Sub-Roman Britain
• Wales in the Early Middle Ages
• the Heptarchy, a period of the history of England characterised by petty kingdoms until their unification into the Kingdom of England in the tenth century
• Rump state
• Taifa periods, after the decline of the Caliphate of Córdoba (1031) and the Almoravid dynasty (1140s)

{{Reflist}}

• Jansen, Marius B. (1995). The Emergence of Meiji Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521482387}}; {{ISBN|9780521484053}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60261738 OCLC 60261738]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feudal Fragmentation}}

Category:Feudalism