fissure vent

In Iceland, volcanic vents, which can be long fissures, often open parallel to the rift zones where the Eurasian and the North American lithospheric plates are diverging, a system which is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.{{cite journal |url=http://jardvis.hi.is/sites/jardvis.hi.is/files/Pdf_skjol/Jokull58_pdf/jokull58-einarsson.pdf |first1=Páll |last1=Einarsson |title=Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland |journal=Jökull |volume=58 |issue=12 |year=2008 |pages=35–58 |doi=10.33799/jokull2008.58.035 |s2cid=55021384 |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118113203/http://jardvis.hi.is/sites/jardvis.hi.is/files/Pdf_skjol/Jokull58_pdf/jokull58-einarsson.pdf |url-status=dead }} Renewed eruptions generally occur from new parallel fractures offset by a few hundred to thousands of metres from the earlier fissures. This distribution of vents and sometimes voluminous eruptions of fluid basaltic lava usually builds up a thick lava plateau, rather than a single volcanic edifice. But there are also the central volcanoes, composite volcanoes, often with calderas, which have been formed during thousands of years, and eruptions with one or more magma reservoirs underneath controlling their respective fissure system.{{cite journal |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers2/Thordarson%20and%20Hoskuldsson%202008%20Postglacial%20volcanism.pdf |first1=Thorvaldur |last1=Thordarson |first2=Ármann |last2=Höskuldsson |title=Postglacial volcanism in Iceland |journal=Jökull |volume=58 |issue=198 |year=2008 |pages=e228 |doi=10.33799/jokull2008.58.197 |s2cid=53446884 }}

The Laki fissures, part of the Grímsvötn volcanic system, produced one of the biggest effusive eruptions on earth in historical times, in the form of a flood basalt of 12–14 km³ of lava in 1783.{{Cite web |url=http://earthice.hi.is/grimsvotn_volcano |title=Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Grímsvötn. Received 9/24, 2014. |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2018-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514052657/http://earthice.hi.is/grimsvotn_volcano |url-status=dead }} During the Eldgjá eruption A.D. 934–40, another very big effusive fissure eruption in the volcanic system of Katla in South Iceland, ~{{convert|18|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of lava were released.[http://earthice.hi.is/katla_volcano Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Katla. Received 9/24, 2014.] In September 2014, a fissure eruption was ongoing on the site of the 18th century lava field Holuhraun. The eruption is part of an eruption series in the Bárðarbunga volcanic system.{{Cite web |url=http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 |title=Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Bardarbunga 2014 |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415105100/http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 |url-status=dead }}

The radial fissure vents of Hawaiian volcanoes also produce "curtains of fire" as lava fountains erupting along a portion of a fissure. These vents build up low ramparts of basaltic spatter on both sides of the fissure.{{Cite journal |last=Rader |first=Erika |last2=Geist |first2=Dennis |date=2015-10-01 |title=Eruption conditions of spatter deposits |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027315002899 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=304 |pages=287–293 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.011 |issn=0377-0273|doi-access=free }} More isolated lava fountains along the fissure produce crater rows of small spatter and cinder cones. The fragments that form a spatter cone are hot and plastic enough to weld together, while the fragments that form a cinder cone remain separate because of their lower temperature.

{{incomplete list|date=March 2019}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Fissure vents}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111019131319/http://www.volcanodb.com/volcanoes/Fissure-Vent/ Detailed list and KML files for Fissure Vents]
• [http://www.volcanolive.com/fissurevent.html Volcanolive.com Page on Fissure Vents]

{{Volcanoes}}

Category:Lists of coordinates