fleuron (typography)
{{Short description|Typographical ornament}}
A fleuron ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|ʊər|ɒ|n|,_|-|ə|n|,_|ˈ|f|l|ɜr|ɒ|n|,_|-|ə|n}}{{cite dictionary |url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fleuron |title= fleuron |dictionary = Collins English Dictionary}}), also known as printers' flower, is a typographic element, or glyph, used either as a punctuation mark or as an ornament for typographic compositions. Fleurons are stylized forms of flowers or leaves; the term derives from the {{langx|fro|floron}} ('flower').{{cite Dictionary.com|Fleuron}} Robert Bringhurst in The Elements of Typographic Style calls the forms "horticultural dingbats".Bringhurst, Robert, The Elements of Typographic Style, Second edition: Hartley and Marks Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN|0-88179-132-6}} A commonly encountered fleuron is the {{char|❦}}, the floral heart or {{lang|la|hedera}} (ivy leaf), also known as an aldus leaf after Italian Renaissance printer Aldus Manutius.
History
File:Ph.Kamiros 19.jpg on Rhodes, Greece]]
Flower decorations are among the oldest typographic ornaments. A fleuron can also be used to fill the white space that results from the indentation of the first line of a paragraph,{{cite web|url=http://retinart.net/typography/marksunknown/ |title=Typographic Marks Unknown – @retinart |publisher=Retinart.net |access-date=2013-12-24}} on a line by itself to divide paragraphs in a highly stylized way, to divide lists, or for pure ornamentation.{{cite web| url = http://thewordict.com/2013/05/10/punctuation-graveyard-the-hedera/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191558/http://thewordict.com/2013/05/10/punctuation-graveyard-the-hedera/ |date=May 10, 2013 |archive-date= October 29, 2013 | title = Punctuation graveyard: The Hedera | author = Lisa Ferlazzo | website=theworddict.com}} The fleuron (as a formal glyph) is a sixteenth century introduction.{{cite book |title=Vine Leaf Ornaments in Renaissance Typography: A Survey |last=Vervliet |first=Hendrik D.L. |publisher=Brill {{!}} Hes & De Graaf |date= 2012 |isbn=978-9061945611 |oclc=802183100}} cited in {{cite web |url=https://type.today/en/journal/etc |website=Type Today |title=Manual: *@©™®†‡§¶❦☜ |date=December 23, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |first= Anya |last=Danilova}}
Fleurons were crafted the same way as other typographic elements were: as individual metal sorts that could be fit into the printer's compositions alongside letters and numbers. This saved the printer time and effort in producing ornamentation. Because the sorts could be produced in multiples, printers could build up borders with repeating patterns of fleurons.
Fleurons in Unicode
{{special characters|Unicode|section}}
{{More|Dingbat}}
Thirty forms of fleuron have code points in Unicode. The Dingbats and Miscellaneous Symbols blocks have three fleurons that the standard calls "floral hearts" (also called "aldus leaf", "ivy leaf", "hedera" and "vine leaf");{{cite web |title= Dingbats |url=https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_2700.html |publisher = Unicode Consortium}} twenty-four fleurons (from the pre-Unicode Wingdings and Wingdings 2 fonts) in the Ornamental Dingbats block and three more fleurons used in archaic languages are also supported.
- {{unichar|2619|reversed rotated floral heart bullet}} (Miscellaneous Symbols)
- {{unichar|2766|floral heart}} (Dingbats)
- {{unichar|2767|rotated floral heart bullet}} (Dingbats)
- {{unichar|10877|Palmyrene left-pointing fleuron|nlink=Palmyrene alphabet}}
- {{unichar|10878|Palmyrene right-pointing fleuron|nlink=Palmyrene alphabet}}
- {{unichar|10AF1|Manichaean punctuation fleuron|nlink=Manichaean script}}
- {{unichar|1F650|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF}} (Ornamental Dingbats)
- {{unichar|1F651|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F652|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F653|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F654|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F655|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F656|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F657|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F658|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F659|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F65A|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F65B|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F65C|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F65D|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F65E|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F65F|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF}}
- {{unichar|1F660|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F661|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F662|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F663|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F664|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F665|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F666|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD}}
- {{unichar|1F667|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD}}
Unicode also considers the following seven glyphs as fleurons:
- {{unichar|273E}} (Dingbats)
- {{unichar|273F}} (Dingbats)
- {{unichar|2740}} (Dingbats)
- {{unichar|1F3F5}} (Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs)
- {{unichar|1F4AE}} (Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs)
- {{unichar|2741}} (Dingbats)
- {{unichar|1F3F6}} (Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs)
Gallery
{{gallery
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|File:Wife-of-Bath-ms.jpg|Decorated page from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Tale
|File:Wycliffe John Gospel.jpg| John Wycliffe's handwritten Bible, late 14th century
|Fleuron from Christophe Plantin type specimen, 1567.jpg|Fleuron by Robert Granjon, who pioneered the style, printed 1567
|File:Michael Praetorius Missodia Sionia (1611).jpg|The arabesque title page of a 1611 book.
|file:Arabesque border University of Amsterdam book.jpg|Detail of a printed arabesque border in a 1616 book.
|File:Specimens of printed borders.jpg|Specimens of printed floral borders from an 1897 type foundry specimen book.
|file:ATF 1923 Garamond specimen page 22b.jpg|Ornamented borders by Thomas Maitland Cleland, 1923.
|File:Aldus leaf.svg|Example fleuron glyphs from a digital font.
}}
See also
- {{anli|Asterism (typography)}}
- {{anli|Dingbat}}, a printers' ornament
- {{anli|Dinkus}}, mostly used as a sub-chapter section break. Although a group of asterisks is the most common style, fleurons are also seen fulfilling this role.
- The Fleuron, a British typography magazine from the early 20th century.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category multi|Fleurons|Aldus leaf}}
- [http://www.mwbixler.com/bordersornams.html Book cover printed using fleuron designs]
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