four-minute mile

File:Landy and Bannister run side by side..tif

File:Carlos ga...jpg holder Hicham El Guerrouj (left) at the start of a race]]

On 30 October 1863, William Lang ran a downhill mile time trial in 4:02 in Newmarket, Suffolk, England.{{Cite news |date=1863-11-07 |title=PEDESTRIANISM.--Lang v. Time. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-yorkshire-herald-and-the-york-herald/139232129/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Yorkshire Herald and the York Herald |pages=12}}{{Cite news |date=1865-01-22 |title=Pedestrianism at Manchester. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-era-pedestrianism-at-manchester/139208682/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Era |pages=4}} Due to the downhill slope, the time would not have been valid for record-keeping but nonetheless would be the fastest mile ever run until 1943, and began speculation about when the first sub-four-minute mile would be performed.{{Cite news |date=1882-01-14 |title=PEDESTRIANISM. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-australian-town-and-country-journal/139206441/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Australian Town and Country Journal |pages=33}}{{Cite news |date=1946-04-06 |title=Sports Fallacies by Margery Miller |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-press-sports-fallacies-by-mar/139207475/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Herald-Press |pages=7}}

The four-minute barrier was first broken on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University's Iffley Road Track, by British athlete Roger Bannister,{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/6/newsid_2511000/2511575.stm|title=1954: Bannister breaks four-minute mile|publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 May 2014}} with the help of fellow runners Chris Chataway and Chris Brasher as pacemakers.{{cite web|title=How running has changed since the four-minute mile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27111860|work=A Point of View|publisher=BBC|access-date=5 May 2014|first=Mary|last=Beard|author-link=Mary Beard (classicist)|date=25 April 2014}}

On 21 June 1954, at an international meet at Turku, Finland, Australia's John Landy became the second man, after Bannister, to achieve a sub-four-minute mile. He achieved a world record time of 3:57.9, ratified by the IAAF as 3:58.0 owing to the rounding rules then in effect. He held this record for more than three years.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/25/sports/olympics/john-landy-dead.html |title=John Landy Dies at 91; Dueled Roger Bannister in 'Mile of the Century' |first1=Frank |last1=Litsky |first2=William |last2=McDonald |date=25 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |access-date=26 February 2022}}

Two months later, on 7 August, during the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games hosted in Vancouver, B.C., Landy and Bannister both ran the distance of one mile in under four minutes. The race's end is memorialised in a photo, and later a statue, of the two, with Landy looking over his left shoulder, just as Bannister is passing him on the right. Landy thus lost the race. The statue was placed in front of the Pacific National Exhibition entrance plaza.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/11651401/Sir-Roger-Bannister-the-day-I-reclaimed-the-four-minute-mile.html “Sir Roger Bannister: the day I reclaimed the four-minute mile”]. ‘'The Telegraph'’. Retrieved 4 March 2018 Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s.

New Zealand's John Walker, who with a 3:49.4 performance in August 1975 became the first man to run the mile under 3:50, ran 135 sub-four-minute miles during his career (during which he was the first person to run over 100 sub-four-minute miles), and American Steve Scott has run the most sub-four-minute miles, with 136. Algeria's Noureddine Morceli was the first under 3:45. Currently, the mile record is held by Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj, who ran a time of 3:43.13 in Rome in 1999.

In 1964, America's Jim Ryun became the first high-school runner to break four minutes for the mile, running 3:59.0 as a junior and a then American record 3:55.3 as a senior in 1965.{{cite web|url=http://www.active.com/running/Articles/Ryun_s_mile_record_is_history__high_schooler_Alan_Webb_hits_3_53_43.htm |title=Ryun's mile record is history; high schooler Alan Webb hits 3:53.43 |publisher=Active.com |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=4 March 2012}} Tim Danielson (1966) and Marty Liquori (1967) also came in under four minutes, but Ryun's high-school record stood until Alan Webb ran 3:53.43 in 2001.{{cite web |url=http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/records/outdoor/men/hs_outdoor_records.html |title=High School Records – Boys |work=Track & Field News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815012409/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/records/outdoor/men/hs_outdoor_records.html |archive-date=15 August 2010 }} Ten years later, in 2011, Lukas Verzbicas became the fifth high-schooler under four minutes.{{cite magazine |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/more/06/11/verzbicas.mile/index.html?sct=hp_t2_a18&eref=sihp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104112222/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/more/06/11/verzbicas.mile/index.html?sct=hp_t2_a18&eref=sihp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Verzbicas breaks four-minute mile |author=Bill Carey |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=11 June 2011 |access-date=11 June 2011}} In 2015, Matthew Maton and Grant Fisher became the sixth and seventh high-schoolers to break four minutes, both running 3:59.38 about a month apart.{{Cite web |url=http://www.kval.com/sports/Future-Duck-Matthew-Maton-enters-record-books-with-under-4-minute-mile-303179181.html |title=Future Duck Matthew Maton enters record books with under 4 minute mile | Sports | Eugene News, Weather, Sports, Breaking News | KVAL CBS 13 |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525040443/http://www.kval.com/sports/Future-Duck-Matthew-Maton-enters-record-books-with-under-4-minute-mile-303179181.html |url-status=dead }} Webb was the first high schooler to run sub-4 indoors, running 3:59.86 in early 2001. On 6 February 2016, Andrew Hunter significantly improved upon Webb's mark, running 3:58.25 on the same New York Armory track{{cite web | url=http://www.flotrack.org/article/39483-drew-hunter-smashes-alan-webb-s-high-school-mile-record-in-3-58 | title=Drew Hunter Smashes Alan Webb's High School Mile Record in 3:58 | work=FloTrack | date=6 February 2016 | access-date=23 May 2016 | author=Dutch, Taylor}} and 3:57.81 two weeks later.{{cite web | url=http://www.letsrun.com/news/2016/02/drew-hunter-runs-357-81-new-high-school-indoor-mile-record/ | title=Drew Hunter Does It Again – Runs 3:57.81 for a New High School Indoor Mile Record | work=LetsRun.com | date=20 February 2016 | access-date=23 May 2016}} Hunter achieved the 4-minute mile mark outdoors later in the season at the Prefontaine Classic. At that same meet Michael Slagowski ran his second sub-4-minute of the season.{{cite web|url=http://www.flotrack.org/article/42224-kendra-harrison-breaks-100mh-american-record-full-prefontaine-recap|title=Kendra Harrison Breaks 100mH American Record, Full Prefontaine Recap|date=28 May 2016 |access-date=9 May 2017}} Reed Brown dipped under the barrier on 1 June 2017, running the 4th fastest high school mile time ever recorded in a race: 3:59.30.{{cite web | url=http://www.milesplit.com/articles/213636/ |title=Reed Brown breaks 4:00 | work=milesplit.com | date=1 June 2017 |access-date=2 June 2017}} In 2020, Leo Daschbach clocked 3:59.54 during the Quarantine Clasico, moving to ninth on the all time list.{{cite web |title=Leo Daschbach Breaks 4:00 in Mile; Supreme 56.81 Last Lap Allows Him To Become 11th US Boy To Do So |url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2020/05/leo-daschbach-breaks-400-in-mile-supreme-56-81-last-lap-allows-him-to-become-11th-us-boy-to-do-so/ |website=LetsRun |date=24 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020}}{{cite web |title=2020 The Quarantine Clasico |url=http://rt.trackscoreboard.com/#/results/meet/52320/event/1/Final |website=RT Live Results |publisher=RT |access-date=24 May 2020}}

Another illustration of the progression of performance in the men's mile is that, in 1994, forty years after Bannister's breaking of the barrier, the Irish runner Eamonn Coghlan became the first man over the age of 40 to run a sub-four-minute mile.{{cite news |title=Scott Sets New Goals As He Turns 40 |author=Dan Giesen |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=20 April 1996 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Scott-Sets-New-Goals-As-He-Turns-40-2985090.php}} Because Coghlan surpassed the mark indoors and before the IAAF validated indoor performances as being eligible for outdoor records, World Masters Athletics still had not recognised a sub-4-minute-mile performance as a record in the M40 division. Many elite athletes made the attempts to extend their careers beyond age 40 to challenge that mark. Over 18 years after Coghlan, that was finally achieved by UK's Anthony Whiteman, running 3:58.79 on 2 June 2012.{{cite web|url=http://tn.milesplit.com/meets/95620/results/204224 |title=Music City Distance Carnival – Complete Results – Tennessee Runner |publisher=Tn.milesplit.com |access-date=13 August 2012}}

In 1997, Daniel Komen of Kenya ran two miles in less than eight minutes, doubling up on Bannister's accomplishment.{{cite web |url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/wrec.htm |title=World Records and Best Performances: Men's Track & Field |work=Athletics Weekly |access-date=11 June 2011}} He did it again in February 1998, falling just 0.3 seconds behind his previous performance of 7:58.61. On 9 June 2023, Norwegian runner Jakob Ingebrigtsen bested that time, running 7:54.10 to become only the second individual to run two miles in less than eight minutes.

Ingebrigtsen is also the former record-holder for the youngest runner to run a four-minute mile, having run 3:58.07 at the Prefontaine Classic in May 2017, when he was 16 years and 250 days old.{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/olympics/2017/05/29/jakob-ingebrigtsen-youngest-sub-four-minute-mile-16-years-old|title=16-year-old Jakob Ingebrigtsen becomes youngest ever to break four minutes for mile|date=29 May 2017 |access-date=27 May 2018}} However, indoor world champion Yomif Kejelcha of Ethiopia, born 1 August 1997, ran 4:57.74 in an indoor 2000 m race on 28 February 2014, at age 16 years and 212 days.[https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/yomif-kejelcha-283623 Yomif Kejelcha] at IAAF{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/data/GetCompetitorResultsByYearHtml?resultsByYear=2014&resultsByYearOrderBy=date&aaId=014594967|title=2014 IAAF results for Yomif Kejelcha}} The run averages to a pace of 3:59.58 per mile for the 1.24-mile race.

On 19 March 2025, New Zealander Sam Ruthe, junior to both Kejelcha and Ingebrigtsen, became the youngest ever and first 15-year-old to break four minutes for the mile.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Teen record-breaker Sam Ruthe’s father hails 'shy' son’s composure under pressure |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/545401/teen-record-breaker-sam-ruthe-s-father-hails-shy-son-s-composure-under-pressure |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Sam Ruthe: New Zealander, 15, becomes youngest person to run sub-four-minute mile |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/articles/crewlj0e709o |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}} At a local meet at Mount Smart Stadium, Ruthe ran the mile in 3:58.35 at the age of 15 years and 341 days.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Kiwi teen first 15yo to run sub-four minute mile |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/sport/athletics/kiwi-teen-first-15yo-run-sub-four-minute-mile |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Otago Daily Times |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Athletics New Zealand Rankings and Records |url=https://www.anzrankings.org.nz/site/profiles_con/athlete/632970 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.anzrankings.org.nz}}

On 15 May 2025, former American middle-distance runner Nick Symmonds, who holds a 3:56.72 personal best, became the first sub four-minute miler to summit Mount Everest.{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=King of the Side Quests: Olympian Nick Symmonds Just Climbed Mount Everest |url=https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a64792990/nick-symmonds-climbs-mount-everest/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Runner's World |language=en-US}}

No woman has yet run a four-minute mile. The women's world record is currently at 4:07.64, set by Faith Kipyegon of Kenya at the Diamond League meeting in Monaco on 21 July 2023.{{cite news |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/monaco-diamond-league-2023-live-updates-results |title=Monaco Diamond League 2023: Live updates as Faith Kipyegon demolishes mile world record as Karsten Warholm scorches to 400m hurdles victory}} An earlier women's world record, 4:12.56 set by Svetlana Masterkova of Russia on 14 August 1996 at Zürich, stood for almost 23 years: Masterkova became the first woman to run the mile in less than 4 minutes and 15 seconds.

Kipyegon's run has led some to speculate that the first women's sub-four minute mile may come within the 21st century.{{cite web|url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/faith-kipyegon-obliterates-womens-mile-world-record-by-almost-five-seconds/|title= Faith Kipyegon obliterates women's mile world record by almost five seconds |website=Canadian Running|date= 21 July 2023 }} Some organizations such as the Fast Forest project have considered the 4:30-minute mile barrier to be a roughly equivalent benchmark for women, though there are fewer women's sub-4:30 runners than there are men's sub-4:00 runners.{{cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/running/news/sub-four-minute-mile-fast-forest-project/|title= The Four-Minute Mile Is Still Worth Celebrating|website=Outside Online|date= 11 February 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.atlantatrackclub.org/news/good-for-a-girl-by-lauren-fleshman|title=Good for a Girl by Lauren Fleshman – The Sub-4:30 Mile (Introduction)|website=Atlanta Track Club}}

In April 2025, it was announced that Kipyegon will attempt to become the first woman to run a sub-four-minute mile at a meeting in Paris on 26 June 2025.{{Cite web |last=Ingle |first=Sean |date=23 April 2025 |title=Faith Kipyegon’s audacious bid to be first woman to run sub four-minute mile |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/apr/23/faith-kipyegon-audacious-bid-first-woman-sub-four-minute-mile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423153851/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/apr/23/faith-kipyegon-audacious-bid-first-woman-sub-four-minute-mile |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=The Guardian}} She will be assisted by 'the next generation of super shoes' and male pacers to help break the barrier.

A number of people are claimed to have beaten the four-minute mile before Bannister.

Some (notably Olympic medallist Peter Radford){{Cite news

| last =Radford

| first =Peter

| author-link =Peter Radford

| title =The Time a Land Forgot

| newspaper =The Guardian |location=London

| date =2004-05-02

| url =http://sport.guardian.co.uk/athletics/comment/0,10083,1207844,00.html }} contend the first successful four-minute mile was run by James Parrott on 9 May 1770.{{cite web

|title = The first four-minute mile

|publisher = East London History

|year = 2004

|url = http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/four%20minute%20mile.htm

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041013102100/http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/four%20minute%20mile.htm

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = 13 October 2004

|access-date = 2007-05-11

}} He ran the 1-mile, west-to-east, length of Old Street to finish somewhere within the grounds/building of Shoreditch Church. Timing methods at this time were—after the invention of the chronometer by John Harrison—accurate enough to measure the four minutes correctly, and sporting authorities of the time accepted the claim as genuine. Old Street has an {{approx.}} {{convert|11|ft|m|order=flip}} downward fall, with intermittent gentle undulations.Ordnance Survey: London (1915 – Numbered sheets) V.6, Revised: 1913, Published: 1916 Neal Bascomb notes in The Perfect Mile that "even nineteenth-century historians cast a skeptical eye on the account."{{cite book|last1=Bascomb|first1=Neal|title=The Perfect Mile: Three Athletes, One Goal, and Less Than Four Minutes to Achieve It|url=https://archive.org/details/perfectmilethree00basc|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co.|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-547-52506-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/perfectmilethree00basc/page/60 60]|edition=1st Mariner Books}}

On 10 October 1796, The Sporting Magazine reported that a young man called Weller, who was one of three brothers, "undertook for a wager of three guineas to run one mile on the Banbury Road, in four minutes, which he performed two seconds within the time."{{cite news|last=Fletcher|title=The 18th Century 4 Minute Mile|date=9 May 2014|publisher=BBC News Magazine|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27298505}} This is {{Inflation|GBP|3.15|1796|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=£}} yet about 5 months' worth of typical rural labourer pay at the time. By the late 1700s, a mile could be routinely measured to within a few inches;{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Radford|title=The Time a Land Forgot|date=2 May 2004|work=The Guardian |location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/may/02/athletics.comment1}} watches, thanks to John Harrison, could measure 4 minutes to within 0.0009 sec (i.e. gain or lose 10 seconds a month),{{cite web|url=http://blog.onlineclock.net/chronometer/|title=John Harrison and the invention of the chronometer}} and after about 1750 the mass production of highly accurate watches was well underway.{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwatch.com/watch-history/history-of-watches/|title=History of Watches|quote=Widespread population gained access to pocket watches only in the second half of the 18th century when popular lever escapement enabled clockmakers to produce cheap and very precise watches"}}

During his time as a Pawnee runner, Big Hawk Chief possibly became the first person documented to run a sub-four-minute mile. The details of the event, as chronicled by Army Officer, Captain Luther North, clocked the mile at 3 minutes and 58 seconds.{{cite book |last1=Sears |first1=Edward S |title=Running Through the Ages (2nd ed.) |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-7339-7 |pages=101–102|publisher=McFarland }}

It is also reputed that Glenn Cunningham achieved a four-minute mile in a workout in the 1920s. In addition to being unsubstantiated, a workout run would not count as a record.{{cite book|last=Kiell|first=Paul|pages=93–94|title=American Miler: The Life and Times of Glenn Cunningham|year=2006|publisher=Breakaway Books|isbn=1-891369-59-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmU3_Ql4OT8C&pg=PA93}}

File:Bannister and Landy.jpg in Vancouver immortalizing the moment in "The Miracle Mile" when Bannister (left) passed Landy]]

In 1955 Putnam & Co. Ltd. published Roger Bannister's account of the events in First Four Minutes.{{cite web | url=https://johnatkinsonbooks.co.uk/book/roger-bannister-first-four-minutes-first-uk-edition-1955-fine/ | title=Roger Bannister – First Four Minutes – First UK Edition 1955 }} This was later adapted as "The Four-Minute Mile" by Reader's Digest in 1958.

In the 17 November 1956 Season 2 Episode 26 Whole No. 65 of Science Fiction Theatre entitled "Three Minute Mile", a scientist (Marshall Thompson) attempts to create a super athlete (Martin Milner).

In the 1971 film The Omega Man, protagonist Robert Neville, as played by Charlton Heston, claims to have run a mile in 3 minutes and 50 seconds.

In 1988, the ABC and the BBC co-produced The Four Minute Mile, a miniseries dramatization of the race to the four-minute mile, featuring Richard Huw as Bannister and Nique Needles as John Landy (who was simultaneously pursuing the milestone). It was written by David Williamson and directed by Jim Goddard.{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095171|title=The Four Minute Mile (TV Movie 1998) – iMDb|publisher=IMDb|access-date=5 May 2019}}

In 2004, Neal Bascomb wrote a book entitled The Perfect Mile about Roger Bannister, John Landy, and Wes Santee, portraying their individual attempts to break the four-minute mile and the context of the sport of mile racing. A second film version (entitled Four Minutes) was made in 2005, starring Jamie Maclachlan as Bannister.{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1151765_four_minutes|title=Four Minutes (2005)|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=5 May 2019}}

Also in 2004, a 50 pence coin was minted in the United Kingdom to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Bannister running the four-minute mile.{{Cite web |title=2004 Roger Bannister 50p Coin – Mintage: 9,032,500 – Scarcity Index: 3 |url=https://www.changechecker.org/coin/8/50p-Roger-Bannister.aspx |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=changechecker.org}} There were 9,032,500 minted in 2004. The coin was re-struck in 2019 as part of the '50 years of the 50p coin' set released by the Royal Mint, only for collector sets.{{Cite web |title=50 Years of the 50p coin {{!}} The Royal Mint |url=https://www.royalmint.com/our-coins/events/50-years-of-the-50p/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=royalmint.com}}

In 2005, ESPN released a television adaptation of the event called "Four Minutes" featuring Jamie Maclachlan as Roger Bannister and Christopher Plummer as his wheelchair-using coach, Archie Mason.

In June 2011, the watch used to time the original event was donated by Jeffrey Archer to a charity auction for Oxford University Athletics Club; it sold for £97,250.{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8602868/Margaret-Thatchers-handbag-sells-for-25000.html|title=Margaret Thatcher's handbag sells for £25,000|first=Belinda|last=White|publisher=Fashion.telegraph.co.uk|access-date=4 March 2012|date=28 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116044953/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8602868/Margaret-Thatchers-handbag-sells-for-25000.html|archive-date=16 November 2011}}

In July 2016, the BBC broadcast the documentary Bannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Story with firsthand interviews from Bannister and various other figures on the first sub-4-minute mile.{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2016/07/28/bannister-everest-on-the-track-a-reminder-of-what-clean-running/|title=Bannister: Everest on the Track: a reminder of what clean running looks like: review|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=28 July 2016|access-date=29 July 2016|last1=Rees|first1=Jasper}}{{cite magazine|last1=Chavez|first1=Chris|title=Q&A with Tom Ratcliffe, director of Bannister: Everest on the Track|url=https://www.si.com/more-sports/2016/04/11/roger-bannister-documentary-film-everest-track-interview-phil-knight|access-date=14 December 2016|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=11 April 2016}}

• Mile run
• Mile run world record progression
• Dream Mile
• 10-second barrier
• The two-hour marathon, a similar barrier that was broken in 2019 by Eliud Kipchoge as part of the Ineos 1:59 Challenge

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book|last=Bannister|first=Roger|title=The First Four Minutes|year=1955|publisher=Putnam}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bascomb|first=Neil|title=The Perfect Mile|year=2004|publisher=Willow|isbn=978-0-00-717373-0}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bryant|first=John|title=3:59.4 The Quest To Break The Four Minute Mile|year=2004|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=978-0-09-180033-8}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Cordner|last2=Quercetani|first2=Roberto|title=The Milers|year=1985|publisher=Tafnews Press|isbn=0-911521-15-1}}
• {{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Bob|title=3:59.4 The Quest for the Four-Minute Mile|year=2004|publisher=Parrs Wood Press|isbn=978-1-903158-49-4}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Four-minute mile.ogg|date=2006-01-02}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515003930/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/The_Four-minute_Mile/ Roger Bannister and the Four-Minute Mile] Original reports from The Times
• [https://www.forbes.com/2005/11/18/bannister-four-minute-mile_cx_de_lr_1118bannister.html Forbes magazine declared four-minute mile as "greatest athletic achievement"]
• {{IMDb title|qid=Q3985583|title=The Four Minute Mile}}
• {{IMDb title|qid=Q3079987|title=Four Minutes}}
• [http://www.franzthemovie.com/ Official website for documentary – Franz Stampfl: The Man Behind the Miracle Mile – a film about the coach behind Bannister's successful mile record attempt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419100400/http://franzthemovie.com/ |date=19 April 2021 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Four-minute mile}}

Category:Mile (athletics)

Category:Sport in Oxford

Category:1954 in athletics (track and field)

Category:20th century in Oxford