four hu

{{Short description|Mandarin Chinese phonetic concept}}

{{IPA notice}}

The four hu ({{zh|c=四呼|p=sì hū}}) are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are{{cite book

| title = Chinese | first = Jerry | last = Norman | author-link=Jerry Norman (sinologist)

| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press

| year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3 | page = 142

}}{{cite book

| title = Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology

| first = Edwin G. | last = Pulleyblank | author-link = Edwin G. Pulleyblank

| location = Vancouver | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | year = 1984

| isbn = 978-0-7748-0192-8

| page = 47

}}

• kāikǒu ({{lang|zh|開口}}, "open mouth"), finals without a medial
• qíchǐ ({{lang|zh|齊齒}}, "even teeth"), finals beginning with [i]
• hékǒu ({{lang|zh|合口}}, "closed mouth"), finals beginning with [u]
• cuōkǒu ({{lang|zh|撮口}}, "round mouth"), finals beginning with [y]

The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.Norman (1988), p. 32.

The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories.{{cite journal

| title = Traditional Chinese phonology

| first = Edwin G. | last = Pulleyblank

| journal = Asia Major | series = Third series | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | year = 1999 | pages = 101–137

| jstor = 41645549

| url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1519tDrPeQP.pdf

}} pp 128–129.

This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:{{efn|IPA of vowels from {{Harvcoltxt|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Duanmu|2007|pp=55–58}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Lin|2007|pp=65}}}}

class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center" |+Four hu table !colspan=3|Kāikǒu!! rowspan="14" | !!colspan=3|Qíchǐ!! rowspan="14" | !!colspan=3|Hékǒu!! rowspan="14" | !!colspan=3|Cuōkǒu
IPA	Bopomofo	Pinyin !IPA	Bopomofo	Pinyin !IPA	Bopomofo	Pinyin !IPA	Bopomofo	Pinyin
{{IPA|a}}	ㄚ	a	{{IPA|ia}}	ㄧㄚ	ia	{{IPA|ua}}	ㄨㄚ	ua
{{IPA|ɤ}}	ㄜ	e	{{IPA|ie}}	ㄧㄝ	ie	{{IPA|uo}}	ㄨㄛ	uo{{efn|uo is spelled as o after b, p, m and f.}}	{{IPA|ye}}	ㄩㄝ	üe{{efn|name="ü"}}
{{IPA|ɨ}}	ㄭ|
i	{{IPA|i}}	ㄧ	i	|{{IPA|u}}	ㄨ	u	{{IPA|y}}	ㄩ	ü{{efn|name="ü"|ü is spelled as u after j, q, x and y.}}
{{IPA|ai}}	ㄞ	ai				{{IPA|uai}}	ㄨㄞ	uai
{{IPA|ei}}	ㄟ	ei				{{IPA|uei}}	ㄨㄟ	wei/-ui
{{IPA|au}}	ㄠ	ao	{{IPA|iau}}	ㄧㄠ	iao
{{IPA|ou}}	ㄡ	ou	{{IPA|iou}}	ㄧㄡ	you/-iu
{{IPA|an}}	ㄢ	an	{{IPA|iɛn}}	ㄧㄢ	ian	{{IPA|uan}}	ㄨㄢ	uan	{{IPA|yɛn}}	ㄩㄢ	üan{{efn|name="ü"}}
{{IPA|ən}}	ㄣ	en	{{IPA|in}}	ㄧㄣ	in	{{IPA|uən}}	ㄨㄣ	wen/-un	{{IPA|yn}}	ㄩㄣ	ün{{efn|name="ü"}}
{{IPA|aŋ}}	ㄤ	ang	{{IPA|iaŋ}}	ㄧㄤ	iang	{{IPA|uaŋ}}	ㄨㄤ	uang
{{IPA|əŋ}}	ㄥ	eng	{{IPA|iŋ}}	ㄧㄥ	ing	{{IPA|uəŋ}}, {{IPA|ʊŋ}}	ㄨㄥ	weng/-ong	{{IPA|iʊŋ}}	ㄩㄥ	iong
{{IPA|aɚ}}	ㄦ	er