glass sea creatures

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In 1853, shortly after the death of his father and wife Caroline, the latter to a cholera epidemic, Leopold Blaschka – grief stricken and in need of a vacation – traveled to the United States. En route the ship was becalmed and lay still upon the sea for two weeks.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmog.org/article/blaschkas-glass-models-invertebrate-animals-1863-1890|title=All About Glass | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} During this period of forced idleness, Leopold studied and sketched the local marine invertebrate population, intrigued by the transparency of their bodies similar to the glass his family had long worked.{{cite web|url=http://www.urania-dresden.de/Blaschka_engl.html |title=Förderverein "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst Blaschka-Haus e. V". (The Promotional Association "Scientific Glass Art – Blaschka-Haus e. V.") |publisher=Urania-dresden.de |access-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011548/http://www.urania-dresden.de/Blaschka_engl.html |archive-date=2014-11-29 |url-status=dead }}
  Short title: "Blaschka – English version". Translation by Peter Silbernagl. Lead sentence: "In September 2000, an association was founded in Dresden-Hosterwitz with the aim to establish a museum-type memorial for the work of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and to treasure the memory of those two glass-artists."
  Earliest English-language title: The Association "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst – Blaschka-Haus e.V.". Johanna Dühning, Chairman of the Association; translation by Benjamin Pentzold ().

Leopold felt a sense of quiet, inspirational, wonder at these luminescent ocean dwellers, a sense which he recorded and translated by Henri Reiling: "It is a beautiful night in May. Hopeful, we look out over the darkness of the sea, which is as smooth as a mirror; there emerges all around in various places a flashlike bundle of light beams, as if it is surrounded by thousands of sparks, that form true bundles of fire and of other bright lighting spots, and the seemingly mirrored stars. There emerges close before us a small spot in a sharp greenish light, which becomes ever larger and larger and finally becomes a bright shining sunlike figure."

This sense of wonder would fuel his later work but, in the meantime and upon his return to Dresden, Leopold focused on his family business which was the production the glass eyes, costume ornaments, lab equipment, and other such fancy goods and specialty items that only a master Lampworker could accomplish;Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries plus the task of furthering the training of his son and apprentice (and eventual successor), Rudolf Blaschka. However, like anyone, he did have free time, and his hobby was to make glass models of plants – as opposed to invertebrates. This would, many years later, become a base for the fabled Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (otherwise known as the Glass Flowers), but, for the moment, such artistry was naught but an amusing and profitless pastime done between his various commissions. Yet, unsurprisingly given their stunning quality, this amusing hobby – itself born out of seeking consolation in nature upon his wife's death – attracted attention. Aristocratic attention, as it turned out, specifically the eyes of Prince Camille de Rohan who, being something of a naturalist himself, commissioned the Blaschkas to craft 100 glass orchids for his private collection."Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...}". Design Museum (designmuseum.org). Retrieved 2015-06-10. Naturally the Prince was more than a little impressed by the mastery Leopold's work, and "between 1860 and 1862, the prince exhibited about 100 models of orchids and other exotic plants, which he displayed on two artificial tree trunks in his palace in Prague," a fateful act which brought the skill of the Blaschkas to the attention of another man whom the Prince had actually once introduced to Leopold: a certain Ludwig Reichenbach.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/a-tale-of-two-glassworkers-and-their-marine-marvels/|title=A Tale of Two Glassworkers And Their Marine Marvels|first=Julie|last=Leibach|website=Sciencefriday.com|access-date=1 November 2021}}

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Director of the natural history museum in Dresden, Prof. Reichenbach was faced with an annoying yet seemingly unsolvable problem in regards to showing marine life. Land-based flora and fauna was not an issue, for it was a relatively simple matter to exhibit mounted and stuffed creatures such as gorillas and elephants, their lifelike poses attracting and exciting the museum's visitors. Invertebrates, however, by their very nature, posed a problem.{{Cite web |url=http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/intro.php |title=Blaschka Invertebrate Models |access-date=2016-11-01 |archive-date=2016-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216122337/http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/intro.php |url-status=dead }} In the 19th century the only practiced method of showcasing them was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmog.org/research/library/collections/digital/blaschka|title=The Blaschka Archive | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} This of course killed it but, more importantly, time and their lack of hard parts eventually rendered them into little more than colorless floating blobs of jelly. Neither pretty nor a terribly effective teaching tool, Prof. Reichenbach wanted something more, specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand the test of time. By coincidence, in 1863, he "saw an exhibition of highly detailed, realistic glass flowers created by a Bohemian lampworker named Leopold Blaschka."

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Enchanted by the botanical models, and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own showcasing issue, in 1863 Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model sea anemones.Museum of Natural History Berlin, Historical collection of pictures and writings – Katalog über Blaschka's Modelle, L. Blaschka, Dresden, 1885 These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in the field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art,"{{Cite web | url=https://museum.wales/articles/2007-05-15/Sea-creatures-of-the-deep---the-Blaschka-Glass-models/ |title = Sea creatures of the deep - the Blaschka Glass models|website=Museum.wales}} were a great improvement on previous methods of presenting such creatures: drawings, pressing, photographs and papier-mâché or wax models.Goodyear, Anne Collins, and Weitekamp, Margaret A. Analyzing Art and Aesthetics. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology; v. 9. 2013. and exactly what Prof. Reichenbach needed. Moreover they, at last, provided an outlet for the wonder Leopold had felt all those years ago when observing the phosphorescent ocean life.

The key fact, though, was that these glass marine models were, as would soon be acknowledged, "perfectly true to nature,"{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/blaschka|title=Exhibitions | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} and as such represented an extraordinary opportunity both for the scientific community and the Blaschkas themselves (to create sea anemone images faithful to nature, images from P.H. Gosse's [https://books.google.com/books?id=oDlJAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=actinologia+britannica&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmqd2a85aMAxWrj4kEHVmiEu8Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=actinologia%20britannica&f=false Actinologia Britannica], 1860, were utilised).Wertheimer, Douglas (2024), [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1495001167?oclcNum=1495001167 Philip Henry Gosse: A Biography], Glasgow: Brethren Archivists and Historians Network, pp.351. All but two of the 68 glass models in the first Blaschka sale catalog of 1870 were based on Gosse's book. Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors.{{cite web |url=http://designmuseum.org/design/leopold-rudolf-blaschka |title=Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...} |publisher=Design Museum (designmuseum.org) |access-date=2015-06-10}} Advice which would prove wise and fateful both economically and scientifically, for Leopold did as the Dresden natural history museum director suggested.

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Unlike the eventual Glass Flower, a private commission to a single University's museum, the Blaschka glass sea creatures were a global enterprise; and not just for museums and other such educational institutes, for "as popular interest in the history and sciences of the natural world burgeoned during the latter half of the 19th century, the sea became particularly alluring. The spread of home aquariums and the advent of deep-sea diving revealed a new frontier, filled with wondrous and unusual creatures."{{Cite web|url=https://news.wisc.edu/glass-menagerie-museum-unearths-exotic-stash-of-glass-sea-creatures/|title='Glass menagerie:' Museum unearths exotic stash of glass sea creatures|website=News.wisc.edu|access-date=1 November 2021}} In short, for the first time since Darwin, there was great universal interest in the natural world, and it became a sign of culture, of worldliness and sophistication, to exhibit examples of life in one's drawing rooms and parlors.{{Cite web|url=https://hmnh.harvard.edu/file/429666|title=Restoring Blaschka Sea Creatures in Glass | Harvard Museum of Natural History|website=Hmnh.harvard.edu|access-date=1 November 2021}} Hence private individuals were after these extraordinary models as well, and the Blaschkas, knowing this and knowing that Reichenbach was correct in that many museums would want them, made a mail-order business out of it. This business was hugely successful and they ended up making and selling 10,000 glass invertebrates dispersed in a diaspora of shipments all across the globe.{{Cite web | url=http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2016/10/exhibition-talk-film-explore-sea-glass | title=Exhibition, talk, film explore a sea of glass|website=News.cornell.edu}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2020/08/blaschka-3d-sea-creatures|title="Hands On" with Fragile Glass Sea Creatures|first=Matteo|last=Wong|date=12 August 2020|website=Harvardmagazine.com|access-date=1 November 2021}} Indeed, "the world had never seen anything quite like the beautiful, scientifically accurate Blaschka models"{{Cite web | url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-delicate-glass-sea-creatures-of-leopold-and-rudolf-blaschka |title = The Delicate Glass Sea Creatures of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka|date = September 2016}} and yet they were available via so common a means as mail-order per one's local card catalog; for example, Ward's Natural Science would sell a small glass octopus for approximately $2.50. Not glorious, perhaps, but highly effective, and museums and universities began purchasing them en masse to put on display much as Prof. Reichenbach had – for natural history museums directors the world over had the same marine invertebrate showcasing problem. In short, Blaschka invertebrate models mail-order enterprise succeeded for two reason: 1- there was a huge and global demand; 2- they were the only and best glass artists capable of crafting literally scientifically flawless models. Initially the designs for these were based on drawings in books, but Leopold was soon able to use his earlier drawings to produce highly detailed models of other species, and his reputation quickly spread.

As Leopold wrote in an English-language trade catalog preserved at the Rakow Research Library at The Corning Museum of Glass: "[Models of invertebrate animals] have been purchased by... museums and scholastic establishments in all the quarters of the globe... in New Zealand... in Tokio [sic], Japan... for the Indian Museum in Calcutta... in the United States of America by Professor Ward's Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, New York; for the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts; for the Boston Society of Natural History; the University of Cornell; the Wellesley Female College... In Great Britain, Scotland and Ireland, copies have been conveyed to London, Edinburgh and Dublin... In Austria, orders have not only been made for the Imperial Royal Court collection, but also for the universities in Innsbruck, Graz, Czernovitz, and so forth. In Germany, purchases have been made for the universities of Berlin, Bonn, Koenigsberg, Jena, Leipzig, Rostock and many other museums."

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Leopold gradually extended his range of work by studying marine animals from the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Mediterranean, and later constructed an aquarium at his house, in order to keep live specimens from which to model.

Yet the fate of the marine invertebrate mail-order business was ultimately to be tied to those bought by Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. At some time after the museum's founding in 1859, a collection of 430 glass sea creatures were purchased by either Louis Agassiz, the first director, or his son and successor Alexander Agassiz. and was likely at least partially unpacked by Alexander Agassiz’s personal secretary Elizabeth Hodges Clark, one of the first and few women with any authority in the museum.Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries - https://hmsc.harvard.edu/online-exhibits/women-museum/finding-work This set was not the largest ever sold and the models were no different from any of the others made by the Blaschkas, but their effect was to be greater than all the rest combined.

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Paradoxically and in historically circular twist, the reason that the glass sea creatures sold to Harvard were to prove so crucial was because the University would soon, and did, open its new Botanical Museum in 1888. Given in effect a series of empty rooms and invited to make a museum for teaching botany, the first director, George Lincoln Goodale, faced a familiar problem. At that time, Harvard was the global center of botanical study and, as such, Prof. Goodale wanted the best for his students, but the only used method was showcasing pressed and carefully labeled botanical specimens – a methodology that offered a twofold problem: being pressed, the specimens were two-dimensional and tended to lose their color.{{Cite web | url=http://hmnh.harvard.edu/glass-flowers |title = Glass Flowers: The Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants|website=Hmnh.harvard.edu}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/goodale-george.pdf|title=Memoirs of the National Academy of Science|volume=XXI|quotation=George Lincoln Goodale|website=Nasonline.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} Hence they were hardly the ideal teaching tools. In fact, Goodale's problem was essentially the same as Reichenbach's had been, but applied to botany rather than marine biology for, in both cases, the practiced method of exhibition robbed the specimens of color and three-dimensional form.

File:GlassFlowers2HMNH.jpg collection]]

Moreover and also like Prof. Reichenbach, Prof. Goodale first learned of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas' skill per an exhibition – that being the glass marine invertebrates belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. And, like Reichenbach, upon seeing the Blaschkas' work Goodale was instantly sure that they held the answer to his showcasing problem. Thus, in yet another direct historical parallel, in 1886 the Blaschkas were approached by Goodale for the sole purpose of finding them, with a request to make a series of glass botanical models for Harvard. Naturally Leopold was initially unwilling as, again, his current business of selling glass marine invertebrates was booming; but, eventually, the famed glass artists agreed to send test-models to the U.S. and, although damaged in customs,{{Cite web | url=http://www.cmog.org/article/glass-flowers |title = All About Glass | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} the fragments convinced Goodale that Blaschka glass art was a more than worthy educational investment. Thus, with the generous sponsorship of Elizabeth C. Ware and her daughter Mary, the initial contract was signed and dictated that the Blaschkas need only work half-time on the models, thus allowing them to continue their production of the Glass sea creatures. However, in 1890, they and Goodale – acting on behalf of the Wares – signed an updated version that allowed Leopold and Rudolf to work on them (the Glass Flowers) full-time;Schultes, Richard Evans., William A. Davis, and Hillel Burger. The Glass Flowers at Harvard. New York: Dutton, 1982. Print.{{cite web|title=The Archives of Rudolph and Leopold Blaschka and the Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants|url=http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/glass.htm|website=Harvard University Herbaria|publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623071229/http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/glass.htm|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmog.org/article/blaschkas-glass-botanical-models-1886-1936|title=All About Glass | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} though some sources describe the agreement as a shift from a 3-year contract to a 10-year one.Rossi-Wilcox, Susan M., and David Whitehouse. Drawing upon Nature: Studies for the Blaschkas' Glass Models. Corning, NY: Corning Museum of Glass, 2007. Print. Regardless, the production and time of the Glass sea creatures was over, their fame as well as the attention of their makers shifting to the Glass Flowers – a project that, fifty years later, ended with the death of Rudolf Blaschka (Leopold having died thirty-nine years earlier).

Today, over a century after their making, the glass sea creatures live in the shadow of their younger botanical cousins, so much so that many of those well aware of the Glass Flowers have never even heard of them. The fact is that, "gradually, these glass animals began to disappear, their habitats shifting into dusty closets and museum storage. People began to forget that these incredible glass creations had existed in the first place." Recently, however, that has begun to change, the invertebrate models being remembered and rediscovered.

With a collection 700 models bought in 1888, the Corning Museum of Glass boasts the largest known collection of Blaschka sea creatures. Displayed (at least in part) in an exhibition named Fragile Legacy, "researchers at Cornell are using the collection as a time capsule for seeking out and documenting the creatures still living in our oceans today." Corning's exhibit also allows visitors to try crafting glass sea slugs{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmog.org/fragile-legacy|title=Fragile Legacy | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} as well as view subsequent works inspired by the Blaschkas.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmog.org/user/login?destination=set/inspired-blaschka|title=Login | Corning Museum of Glass|website=Cmog.org|access-date=1 November 2021}} The exhibit was open through January 8, 2017. The Corning Museum of Glass produced a film entitled Fragile Legacy{{Cite web|url=http://fragilelegacy.info/|title=Fragile Legacy|website=Fragilelegacy.info|access-date=1 November 2021}} exploring the related topics of the Glass sea creatures and the living ones they represent.

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Even those specimens purchased by Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) suffered a degree of neglect; they were not forgotten, but they were scattered much as the quote above describes, across several departments, and it was believed that the University only possessed 60-70 models (rather than the actual 430). Recently Harvard has restored and, to best of their abilities, repaired the Glass sea creatures with the hired and instrumental help of Preservation Specialist and Glass Worker Elizabeth R. Brill of Corning, New York, a marine biologist and daughter of a glass chemist.{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/07/undersea-life-clear-as-glass/|title=Undersea life, clear as glass|author=Alvin Powell|website=News.harvard.edu|date=3 July 2014|access-date=1 November 2021}} (Brill later [https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Creatures-Glass-Blaschka-Animals/dp/1785510436/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1483050809&sr=1-1 co-authored a book] about the Glass sea creatures.) Today they form the Harvard Museum of Natural History [https://hmnh.harvard.edu/sea-creatures-glass Sea Creatures in Glass] display which, when combined with the Glass Flowers, form the largest Blaschka collection on display in the world.

For a several month period beginning in 2015 and ending in the early summer of 2016, the HMNH set up a "temporary display highlighting twenty-seven of the most popular plant models as well as some items from the Blaschka archives"Glass Flowers Renovation Project Frequently Asked Questions (Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries) while the main Glass Flowers exhibit was under renovation. This exhibit was unique because it was the first recorded time that the Glass Flowers have been jointly exhibited with the Glass sea creatures in a major and equal display. The renovation exhibit was dismantled when, on May 21, 2016, the main Glass Flowers exhibit reopened. The Glass sea creatures remained as a permanent exhibit in the same location until 2020, when they were relocated into a nearby room and exhibit of their own.

In 1885 Andrew Dixon White, first president of Cornell University, authorized purchase of 570 glass marine invertebrates,{{Cite web | url=http://fragilelegacy.info/ |title = Fragile Legacy|website=Fragilelegacy.info}} "some of which are on exhibit at Corson Mudd Hall and the Herbert F. Johnson Museum, making Cornell one of the few universities in the world where students and the public can view these wondrous creations."{{Cite web|url=http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/history.php|title=Cornell University: History of the Blaschka Collection|website=Blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu|access-date=1 November 2021}} However and like so many of their counterpart collections, they were neglected after a time and, in this case, remained forgotten under dust and grit until the latter half of the 20th century. Currently Cornell has restored approximately 170 of the models thus far and "restoration work will continue as funding allows."{{Cite web |url=http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/index.php |title=Blaschka Invertebrate Models |access-date=2016-11-01 |archive-date=2016-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103235603/http://blaschkagallery.mannlib.cornell.edu/index.php |url-status=dead }}

The Natural History Museum branch of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin was among the Blaschkas' "earliest customers and initially commissioned 85 glass models, paying the then significant sum of £15. It went on to purchase 530 models from the Blaschkas" – making it the largest collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models in Europe{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-glass-menagerie-1.1005588|title=The glass menagerie|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=1 November 2021}} Since then, the Dead Zoo, as Ireland's Natural History Museum is sometimes called,{{cite web|url=http://ireland.archiseek.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/southcity/merrion_square/naturalhistorymuseum.html |title=Natural History Museum, Merrion Square, Dublin |last=Clerkin |first=Paul |work=Architecture of Ireland |publisher=Archiseek |access-date=2009-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120035015/http://ireland.archiseek.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/southcity/merrion_square/naturalhistorymuseum.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 }}{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/05/27/d605272103134.htm|title=Notes on Dublin|last=Hoque|first=Abeer|date=2006-05-27|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2009-05-28}} "has undertaken research on the conservation of these delicate objects."{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum.ie/The-Collections/Natural-History/The-Collections/Blaschka-Glass-Models |title=Natural History Collections | Zoology | National Museum of Ireland |access-date=2017-01-04 |archive-date=2017-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175753/http://www.museum.ie/The-Collections/Natural-History/The-Collections/Blaschka-Glass-Models |url-status=dead }} Noteworthy in that, like Corning, they have forever taken excellent care of the Sea Creatures, the National Museum of Ireland is another center of learning regarding the Blaschkas; a fact proven in that, in 2006, they hosted (alongside University College Dublin) the Dublin Blaschka Congress, "conceived as a gathering to bring together the diverse scholarly disciplines that are uniquely, if eccentrically, joined in the study of scientific glass models."Sigwart, Julia D. "Crystal creatures: context for the Dublin Blaschka Congress." Historical Biology 20.1 (2008): 1-10. Crucially and naturally, the Congress dealt with the Glass Flowers no less than their older maritime cousins.Proceedings of the Dublin Blaschka Congress, special issue, Historical Biology 20 no. 1 (2008).

In 2007 the University of Wisconsin–Madison Zoological Museum accidentally uncovered their hitherto forgotten 50-model collection in a "series of keyholes under the exhibit cases along a first-floor corridor Curator Paula Holahan made the discovery, stating "It's not uncommon to find things packed away in any museum that is over 100 years old." The specimens, currently too brittle to be publicly displayed, remain in storage until conservation measures are funded and completed. These funds are not materializing, although the museum hopes to one willing to sponsor the restoration before the effects of age become irreversible.

A number of glass models, including shells and sea slugs were displayed in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and were among the 2,947 series purchased by the museum from Ward's Natural Science Establishment.{{cite web |title=Components of FMNH's Mollusk Collection |date=8 February 2011 |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/components-fmnhs-mollusk-collection |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |access-date=30 October 2021}} Many are on display in the What is an Animal? permanent exhibit.{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Sheila |title=Travel Back to the World's Fair in Our Collection |date=31 August 2018 |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/travel-back-worlds-fair-our-collection |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |access-date=30 October 2021}}

The Natural History Museum, London holds 182 of the models.{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=C. Giles |last2=Lowe |first2=Miranda |title=The Natural History Museum Blaschka collections |journal=Historical Biology |date=February 2008 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.1080/08912960701677531 |s2cid=85173379 }}

There is a large display of marine invertebrates and also two models of single cell animals living in fresh water.

The Museum of Science (MoS) has a small display of marine invertebrates towards the end of their Natural Mysteries exhibit.

The D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee in Scotland showcases the Blaschka models of marine invertebrates which its founder, Scottish biologist and mathematician D'Arcy Thompson acquired in 1888 to use as teaching aids.{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFpTSgJKtDg|title=Blaschka glass models in the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum, University of Dundee|accessdate=1 November 2021|publisher=YouTube}} In his 1917 book On Growth and Form, Thompson compares the forms of various marine invertebrates to the shapes made by glass-blowers, suggesting a link to these models.

The University of Vienna has a collection of 145 glass marine invertebrates, "the second largest collection of Blaschka models in the German-speaking part of Europe after the Kremsmünster Abbey. The collection was used in teaching until the 1930s and was rediscovered only in the 1980s."Naturhistorisches Museum Wien - https://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/en/monthly_program/blaschka_glass_models In 2016 the collection was loaned to and put on display at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.

The Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa hosts one of the few glass marine invertebrates model in Italy. "Consisting of 51 marine invertebrates reproduction created for didactical purposes and probably belonging to the first phase of Blaschka’s production (1822 – 1895)."Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa: Blaschka collection - https://www.msn.unipi.it/en/blaschka-collection/

Many of the Glass sea creatures are yet to be located; Leopold's record books tell where many of the shipments went,{{Cite web | url=https://dm.cmog.org/blaschka/blaschka_web.html |title = Blaschkas Around the World|website=Dm.cmog.org}} yet the condition and current whereabouts of the majority of these collections remains unknown. The original six glass sea anemones purchased by Reichenbach in 1863 as well as the rest of that first collection were destroyed in the bombing of Dresden in World War II.

• Lampworking
• Glassblowing

{{Reflist}}

• [http://hmnh.harvard.edu/sea-creatures-glass Sea Creatures in Glass (Harvard)]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHOx5H5vNx4 The Story of Rudolf and Leopold Blaschka]
• [https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/blaschka Fragile Legacy: The Marine Invertebrate Glass Models of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka (Corning)]
• [http://www.museum.ie/The-Collections/Natural-History/The-Collections/Blaschka-Glass-Models Blaschka glass (National Museum of Ireland)]
• [http://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/a-tale-of-two-glassworkers-and-their-marine-marvels/ A Tale of Two Glassworkers and Their Marine Marvels]
• [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/collections/blaschka Out of The Teeming Sea: The Cornell Collection Of Blaschka Invertebrate Models]
• [https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-delicate-glass-sea-creatures-of-leopold-and-rudolf-blaschka The Delicate Glass Sea Creatures of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka]

Category:Glass works of art

Category:Corning, New York

Category:Scale modeling

Category:Harvard University

Category:Cornell University

Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison

Category:Natural history museums in the Republic of Ireland

Category:History of glass