goatfish

Goatfish are characterized by two chin barbels (or goatee), which contain chemosensory organs and are used to probe the sand or holes in the reef for food. Their bodies are deep and elongated, with forked tails and widely separated dorsal fins.{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Johnson, G.D. |author2=Gill, A.C.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 186|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}} The first dorsal fin has six to eight spines; the second dorsal has one spine and 8–9 soft rays, shorter than anal fin. There are one or two spines in the anal fin with five to eight soft rays. They have 24 vertebrae.{{cite web|title=Family Details for Mullidae - Goatfishes|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=332|website=www.fishbase.org|access-date=5 April 2016}}

Many goatfish are brightly colored. The largest species, the dash-and-dot goatfish (Parupeneus barberinus), grows to {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length; most species are less than half this size.

Within the family are six genera and about 86 species.

These genera are classified as belonging to the Mullidae:{{Cof family|family=Mullidae|access-date = 3 April 2020}}

• Mulloidichthys Whitley, 1929
• Mullus Linnaeus, 1758
• Parupeneus Bleeker, 1863
• Pseudupeneus Bleeker, 1862
• Upeneichthys Bleeker, 1853
• Upeneus Cuvier, 1829

Goatfish are distributed worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters, in a range of habitats. Most species are associated with the bottom of the littoral, but some species of Upeneus can be deep; for example, the goatfish Upeneus davidaromi can be found at depths of {{convert|500|m|ft}}. Tropical goatfish live in association with coral reefs. Some species, such as the freckled goatfish (Upeneus tragula), enter estuaries and rivers, although not to any great extent.

Goatfish are benthic feeders, using a pair of long chemosensory barbels (whiskers) protruding from their chins to feel through the sediments in search of prey. They feed on worms, crustaceans, molluscs and other small invertebrates. Other fish shadow the active goatfish, waiting patiently for any overlooked prey. For example, in Indonesia large schools of the goldsaddle goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus) and moray eels hunt together. This behavior is known as shadow feeding or cooperative hunting.

By day, many goatfish will form large schools of inactive (nonfeeding) fish; these aggregates may contain both conspecifics and heterospecifics. For example, the yellowfin goatfish (Mulloidichthys vanicolensis) is often seen congregating with bluestripe snappers (Lutjanus kasmira).

All goatfish have the ability to change their coloration depending on their current activity. One notable example, the diurnal goldsaddle goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus) can change from a lemon-yellow to a pale cream whilst feeding.

Goatfish have the ability to rapidly change color, and many species adopt a pale coloration when resting on the sand to blend with the background and become less visible to predators. These changes in color are reversible phenotypic changes and happen within seconds, many times during the lifespan of an individual.

Two species, the mimic goatfish (Mulloidichthys mimicus) and Ayliffe's goatfish (Mulloidichthys ayliffe) have evolved to mimic the blue-striped snapper (Lutjanus kasmira), with which they often form schools. These are slow, genetic changes that have occurred during their evolution over many generations.

Goatfish are pelagic spawners; they release many buoyant eggs into the water, which become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching.

The larvae drift in oceanic waters or in the outer shelf for a period of 4–8 weeks until they metamorphose and develop barbels. Soon thereafter, most species take on a bottom-feeding lifestyle, although other species remain in the open water as juveniles or feed on plankton.Uiblein, F. (2007) Goatfishes (Mullidae) as indicators in tropical and

temperate coastal habitat monitoring and management, Marine Biology Research, 3:5,

275–288, DOI: 10.1080/17451000701687129

Juvenile goatfish often prefer soft bottoms, in seagrass beds to mangroves. They change habitat preference as they develop, coinciding with changes in feeding habits, social behavior, and the formation of association with other species. Most species reach reproductive maturity after 1–2 years.

Goatfish species are an important fishery in many areas of the world and some species are economically important.

In ancient Rome until the end of the second century BCE, two species of goatfish (Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus) were highly sought-after and expensive, not as a delicacy, but for aesthetic pleasure, since the fish assume a variety of colors and shades also during death. Therefore, it was paramount to serve the fish live and let them die before the eyes of the guests.Andrews, Alfred C. (1949). "The Roman Craze for Surmullets". The Classical Weekly 42 (12). Miami. 186–88.

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Image:Parupeneus_insularis.jpg|Parupeneus insularis

Image:Mulloidichthys flavolineatus .jpg|Mulloidichthys flavolineatus off the coast of Kona, Hawaii

Image:Yellow striped goatfish ( Parupeneus chrysopleuron ).jpg|A school of yellow-striped goatfish (Parupeneus chrysopleuron) and whitesaddle goatfish (Parupeneus ciliatus) searching food on the sandy bottom, northeast coast, Taiwan

Image:Whitesaddle goatfish 2.jpg|Whitesaddle goatfish (Parupeneus ciliatus) searching food by digging the sandy bottom of Long-Dong Bay, Taiwan

Image:Whitesaddle goatfish 1.jpg|Two whitesaddle goatfish (Parupeneus ciliatus) searching food by using a pair of long chemosensory barbels on the sandy bottom of Long-Dong Bay, Taiwan

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• {{FishBase family|family=Mullidae|year=2006|month=March}}

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Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque