human blood group systems
{{Short description|Blood antigen set classification systems}}
{{For|an overview of the main blood types and their clinical significance|Blood type}}
The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them",{{cite web | author = ISBT | year = 2016 | url = https://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Terminology%20Home%20Page.htm | title = International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Committee on Terminology for Red Cell Surface Antigens, Terminology Home Page | access-date = 20 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182049/https://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Terminology%20Home%20Page.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | url-status = dead }} and include the common ABO and Rh (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; 48 human systems are identified {{As of|2025|05|31|lc=y}}.{{cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=Table of blood group systems |url=https://www.isbtweb.org/asset/3BBBD515%2D1BF4%2D4EF4%2D80E9858F10C2B1AB/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621193952/https://www.isbtweb.org/resource/tableofbloodgroupsystems.html |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=International Society of Blood Transfusion}}
Table of systems and classifications
Antibodies
Following is a comparison of clinically relevant characteristics of antibodies against the main human blood group systems:{{cite book | last=Mais | first=Daniel | title=Quick compendium of clinical pathology | publisher=American Society for Clinical Pathology Press | publication-place=United States | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-89189-615-9 | oclc=895712380 }}
Compatibility testing
{{Main|Blood compatibility testing}}
File:Serology interpretation of antibody panel for blood group antigens.jpg
Blood compatibility testing is performed before blood transfusion, including matching of the ABO blood group system and the Rh blood group system, as well as screening for recipient antibodies against other human blood group systems. Blood compatibility testing is also routinely performed on pregnant women and on the cord blood from newborn babies, because incompatibility puts the baby at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn.{{cite web|author=American Association for Clinical Chemistry|title=Blood Typing|date=15 November 2019|access-date=27 January 2020|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/blood-typing|work=Lab Tests Online|author-link=American Association for Clinical Chemistry}}{{Cite journal |title=ABO Grouping: Overview, Clinical Indications/Applications, Test Performance |author=Gonsorcik, V.K. |journal=Medscape |date=7 August 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020 |url= https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1731198-overview#a2}} It is also used before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as it may be responsible for some cases of acute graft-versus-host disease.{{cite journal|last1=Bacigalupo|first1=A.|last2=Van Lint|first2=M. T.|last3=M. Margiocco|first3=D. Occhini|last4=Ferrari|first4=G.|last5=Pittaluga|first5=P. A.|last6=Frassoni|first6=F.|last7=Peralvo|first7=J.|last8=Lercari|first8=G.|last9=Carubia|first9=F.|last10=Marmont|first10=A. M.|title=Abo Compatibility and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation|journal=Transplantation|volume=45|issue=6|year=1988|pages=1091–1093|issn=0041-1337|doi=10.1097/00007890-198806000-00018|pmid=3289150|s2cid=39707395|doi-access=free}}
Other human blood group systems than ABO and Rh have a relatively small risk of complications when blood is mixed.{{cite journal|last1=Goodell|first1=Pamela P.|last2=Uhl|first2=Lynne|last3=Mohammed|first3=Monique|last4=Powers|first4=Amy A.|title=Risk of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Following Emergency-Release RBC Transfusion|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=134|issue=2|year=2010|pages=202–206|issn=0002-9173|doi=10.1309/AJCP9OFJN7FLTXDB|pmid=20660321|doi-access=free}} Therefore, in emergencies such as major hemorrhage, the urgency of transfusion can exceed the need for compatibility testing against other blood group systems (and potentially Rh as well). Also, blood compatibility testing beyond ABO and Rh is generally limited to antibody detection (not necessarily including forward typing). Still, in Europe, females who require blood transfusions are often typed for the K and extended Rh antigens to prevent sensitization to these antigens, which could put them at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn during pregnancy.{{cite journal|last1=Westhoff|first1=Connie M.|title=Blood group genotyping|journal=Blood|volume=133|issue=17|year=2019|pages=1814–1820|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2018-11-833954|pmid=30808639|doi-access=free}}
When needing to give red blood cell transfusion to a patient, the presence of clinically significant antibodies produced by the patient can be detected by mixing patient serum with 2 to 4 "screening" or "control" red blood cells that together display essentially all relevant antigens. If any of these mixes display a reaction (evidence of patient antibodies binding to the screening red blood cells), a more extensive antibody panel is warranted (as imaged at right).{{cite web | url=https://www.bbguy.org/education/glossary/gla20/ | title=Glossary: Antibody Screen - Blood Bank Guy Glossary }}
See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}
Further reading
- {{cite book | author = Dean, Laura | year = 2005 | title = Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens | location = Bethesda, MD, USA | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2261/ | access-date = 19 February 2016 }}
- {{cite book | author = SIB-EBI-PIR | year = 2016 | title = Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledgebase | chapter = Blood group Antigen Proteins: List of Entries, 17 February version | location = Geneva, CHE | publisher = Swiss Institute of Bioinformatic (SIB), in cooperation with the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI, Hinxton, ENG), and the Protein Information Resource (PIR, Washington DC, USA) | chapter-url = https://www.uniprot.org/docs/bloodgrp.txt | access-date = 19 February 2016 }}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518210051/https://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Table%20of%20blood%20group%20antigens%20within%20systems.htm ISBT Table of blood group antigens within systems], updated August 2008.
- BGMUT [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/home Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database] at NCBI, NIH.
External links
- [https://clingen.igib.res.in/bgvar/ BGvar], a comprehensive online resource for blood group associated genetic variants.
- {{Cite journal|last1=Rophina|first1=Mercy|last2=Pandhare|first2=Kavita|last3=Jadhao|first3=Sudhir|last4=Nagaraj|first4=Shivashankar H.|last5=Scaria|first5=Vinod|date=2021-02-05|title=BGvar - a comprehensive resource for blood group immunogenetics|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429861v1|journal=bioRxiv|volume=32 |issue=3 |language=en|pages=229–236|doi=10.1101/2021.02.04.429861|pmid=34897852|s2cid=231885707|doi-access=free}} - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260296/ Human Blood Group System] NIH, National Library of Medicine.
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{{Transfusion medicine}}