ichthyosporea
{{Short description|Clade of eukaryote organisms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Sphaeroforma arctica.jpg
| image_alt = "Sphaeroforma arctica"
| image_caption = Sphaeroforma arctica
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Ediacaran|recent}}
| taxon = Ichthyosporea
| authority = Cavalier-Smith, 1998Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (ed.) Evolutionary relationships among protozoa. Kluwer, London, pp. 375-407,
| display_parents = 5
| synonyms = Mesomycetozoa Mendoza et al., 2002
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision =
}}
The Ichthyosporea (or DRIP clade, or Mesomycetozoea) are a small group of Opisthokonta in Eukaryota (formerly protists), mostly parasites of fish and other animals.
Significance
They are not particularly distinctive morphologically, appearing in host tissues as enlarged spheres or ovals containing spores, and most were originally classified in various groups as fungi, protozoa, or colorless algae. However, they form a coherent group on molecular trees, closely related to both animals and fungi and so of interest to biologists studying their origins. In a 2008 study they emerge robustly as the sibling-group of the clade Filozoa, which includes the animals.{{cite journal | last1=Shalchian-Tabrizi | first1=Kamran | last2=Minge | first2=Marianne A.| last3=Espelund | first3=Mari| last4=Orr | first4=Russell| last5=Ruden | first5=Torgeir| last6=Jakobsen | first6=Kjetill S.| last7=Cavalier-Smith | first7=Thomas |author7-link=Thomas Cavalier-Smith | title=Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 | editor1-first=Rodolfo |issue=5 |pages=e2098 |date=7 May 2008 | editor1-last=Aramayo |pmid=18461162 |pmc=2346548 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 | last8=Aramayo | first8=Rodolfo| bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2098S| doi-access=free }}{{cite book |title=The Ancestor's Tale |isbn=978-0544859937 |last1=Dawkins |author-link=Richard Dawkins |first1=Richard |last2=Wong |first2=Yan |year=2016 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}
Huldtgren et al., following x-ray tomography of microfossils of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, has interpreted them as mesomycetozoan spore capsules.[http://discovermagazine.com/2012/dec/29-how-life-got-2028complicated#.UOHS1Hi347x Douglas Fox, "How life got complicated", Discover Magazine, December 2012].
Terminology
The name DRIP is an acronym for the first protozoa identified as members of the group,{{cite journal |vauthors=Ragan MA, Goggin CL, Cawthorn RJ, etal |title=A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=21 |pages=11907–12 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8876236 |pmc=38157 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907|bibcode=1996PNAS...9311907R |doi-access=free }} Cavalier-Smith later treated them as the class Ichthyosporea, since they were all parasites of fish.
- order Dermocystida
- "D": Dermocystidium. One species, Rhinosporidium seeberi, infects birds and mammals, including humans.
- "R": the "rosette agent", now known as Sphaerothecum destruens
- order Ichthyophonida
- "I": Ichthyophonus
- "P": Psorospermium
Since other new members have been added (e.g. the former fungal orders Eccrinales and Amoebidiales), Mendoza et al. suggested changing the name to Mesomycetozoea, which refers to their evolutionary position. On Eukaryota tree, in Opisthokont clade, Mesomycetozoea is in the middle ("Meso-") of the fungi ("-myceto-") and the animals ("-zoea").{{cite journal |vauthors=Herr RA, Ajello L, Taylor JW, Arseculeratne SN, Mendoza L |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi's 18S Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA Groups This Pathogen among Members of the Protoctistan Mesomycetozoa Clade |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2750–4 |date=September 1999 |doi=10.1128/JCM.37.9.2750-2754.1999 |pmid=10449446 |pmc=85368 |url=}} The name Mesomycetozoa (without a third e) is also used to refer to this group, but Mendoza et al. use it as an alternate name for basal Opisthokonts.{{cite journal |vauthors=Mendoza L, Taylor JW, Ajello L |title=The class mesomycetozoea: a heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=56 |pages=315–44 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12142489 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950 }}
Phylogeny
Image:Eukaryota tree.svg clade. "Metazoa" are animals, and Choanoflagellates are closely aligned. Fungi is at other end of Opisthokont clade, with Cristidiscoidea closely aligned. Ichthyosporea is in the middle ("Meso-") of the fungi ("-myceto-") and the animals ("-zoea").]]
{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=Ichthyosporea{{Cite journal|last1=Borteiro |first1=Claudio |last2=Baldo |first2=Diego |last3=Maronna |first3=Maximiliano Manuel |last4=Ubilla |title=Amphibian parasites of the Order Dermocystida (Ichthyosporea): current knowledge, taxonomic review and new records from Brazil |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4461 |issue=4 |pages=499–518 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4461.4.3 |year=2018|pmid=30314064 |s2cid=52977120 |hdl=11336/84098 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal|last1=Reynolds |first1=Nicole K. |last2=Smith |first2=Matthew E. |last3=Tretter |first3=Eric D. |last4=Gause |first4=Justin |last5=Heeney |first5=Dustin |last6=Cafaro |first6=Matías J. |last7=Smith |first7=James F. |last8=Novak |first8=Stephen J. |last9=Bourland |first9=William A. |last10=White |first10=Merlin M. |title=Resolving relationships at the animal-fungal divergence: A molecular phylogenetic study of the protist trichomycetes (Ichthyosporea, Eccrinida) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 109|issue= |pages=447–464 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.007 |year=2017|pmid=28219758 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017MolPE.109..447R }}
|1={{Clade
|label1=Dermocystida
|1=Dermocystidaceae
|label2=Ichthyophonida
|2={{Clade
|1=Creolimacidae
|2={{Clade
|1=Psorospermidae
|2={{Clade
|1=Piridae
|label2=Trichomycina
|2={{Clade
|1=Amoebidiidae
|2={{Clade
|1=Ichthyophonidae
|2={{Clade
|label2=Eccrinida
|2={{Clade
|1=Parataeniellaceae
|2=Eccrinaceae
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Taxonomy
- Class Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998{{cite journal |author=Cavalier-Smith |title=Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa |journal=European Journal of Protistology |volume=49 |issue= 2|pages=115–178 |date=May 2012 |doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001 |pmid=23085100}}{{cite journal|vauthors=Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Cannon PF, Kirk PM, David JC, Triebel D |date = November 2004 |title = An online database of names and descriptions as an alternative to registration |journal = Mycological Research |volume = 108| pages = 1236–1238|doi = 10.1017/S0953756204221554| issue = 11|url = http://edepot.wur.nl/21791 |url-access = subscription }}
- Order Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Family Rhinosporidiaceae Mendoza et al. 2001
- Order Ichthyophonida Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Suborder Sphaeroformina Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Family Creolimacidae Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Family Psorospermidae Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Family Piridae Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Suborder Trichomycina Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Genus †Paleocadus Poinar 2016
- Family Amoebidiidae Lichtenstein 1917 ex Kirk et al. 2001
- Family Ichthyophonidae Cavalier-Smith 2012
- Family Paramoebidiidae Reynolds et al. 2017
- Family Parataeniellaceae Manier & Lichtward 1968
- Family Eccrinaceae Leger & Duboscq 1929 [Palavasciaceae Manier & Lichtward 1968]
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite journal |title=Eccrinida |journal=Species Fungorum |year=2016 |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/fundic.asp?RecordID=Eccrinida&Type=O}}
{{Life on Earth}}
{{Eukaryota|state=collapsed}}
{{Mesomycetozoea|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q129081|from2=Q29405749}}