imperial overstretch

{{Short description|Phenomenon in international relations concerning the limits of hard power}}

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg, allowed the Reformation to escalate beyond its control, as illustrated in a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the {{lang|de|Papstspotbilder}} or {{lang|de|Papstspottbilder}} (English: 'mocking depictions of the Pope'),{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61|title=The Impact of the Reformation: Essays|first=Heiko Augustinus|last=Oberman|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=9780802807328|via=Google Books}} by Lucas Cranach, commissioned by Martin Luther.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4 |title=Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531–46 |first=Mark U. Jr. |last=Edwards |publisher=Fortress Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-4514-1398-4 }} Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.In Latin, the title reads {{lang|la|Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur}}. German peasants respond to a papal bull of Pope Paul III. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."{{langx|de|Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere}}.{{rp|199}}]]

Imperial overstretch, also known as imperial overreach, describes the situation in which an empire extends itself beyond its military-economic capabilities and often collapses as a result. The idea was popularised by Yale University historian Paul Kennedy in his 1987 book The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. The idea was expanded upon by Jack Snyder in his 1991 book Myths of Empire.{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDm8QqjilKYC |title=Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition |date=1991 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9764-3 |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Jack |date=2003 |title=Imperial Temptations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42895593 |journal=The National Interest |issue=71 |pages=29–40 |jstor=42895593 |issn=0884-9382}}

{{cn span|Arguably, this was true of the Roman Empire, which was strong and effective in the first and early second centuries CE, despite a few setbacks (Germany in 9 CE; Scotland in the 80s CE) but lost territories after that (e.g. Dacia and Mesopotamia) and could not keep the Saxons, Huns and other "barbarians" out in the 4th and 5th centuries. It was also true of the Napoleonic Empire, which made rapid gains by conquest in the first decade after Napoleon became emperor of France, but became over-extended militarily when it attempted to conquer Russia in 1812. Likewise the principle three Axis powers all overextended themselves during World War II: Nazi Germany, waging war since 1939 in Western and Eastern Europe, was encircled, invaded, and fell in 1945; Imperial Japan led a total war in China and the Pacific Ocean; and fascist Italy, opening in 1940 simultaneous fronts in Africa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean, suffered setbacks and fell in 1943.|date=October 2024}}

According to Jack Snyder, imperial overstretch happens when notions that security can best be achieved through imperial expansion guide policymakers. Snyder refers to these ideas as "myths of empire", as they tend to be counterproductive.

Paul Kennedy's view has been criticised from many directions, including by the postmodern historiographer Hayden White,{{cite journal |journal=Western Journal of Communication |volume=56 |date=Fall 1992 |pages=372–393 |title=The Rhetoric of American Decline: Paul Kennedy, Conservatives, and the Solvency Debate |first=Kenneth S. |last=Zagacki |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/10570319209374424 |url=http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kszagack/images/w-1992.pdf}} economic historian Niall Ferguson{{cite magazine |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030901fareviewessay82512/niall-ferguson/hegemony-or-empire.html |first=Niall |last=Ferguson |magazine=Foreign Affairs |title=Hegemony or Empire? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029024703/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030901fareviewessay82512/niall-ferguson/hegemony-or-empire.html |archive-date=2008-10-29 |date=September–October 2003}} and Marxist writers such as Perry Anderson{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} and Alex Callinicos.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}