institutional discrimination
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Institutional discrimination is discriminatory treatment of an individual or group of individuals by institutions, through unequal consideration of members of subordinate groups.
Societal discrimination is discrimination by society. These unfair and indirect methods of discrimination are often embedded in an institution's policies, procedures, laws, and objectives. The discrimination can be on grounds of gender, caste, race, ethnicity, religion, disability, or socio-economic status.Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2010). Social Psychology (7th edition). New York: Pearson. State religions are a form of societal discrimination.{{cite journal | last=Fox | first=Jonathan | title=The correlates of religion and state: an introduction | journal=Religion, State and Society | volume=47 | issue=1 | date=2019 | issn=0963-7494 | doi=10.1080/09637494.2018.1529269 | pages=2–9}}
Institutional racism
{{Main|Institutional racism|Societal racism}}
Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of institutional discrimination applied to race and considered a form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within an institution.{{cite web | title=Beyond Bakke: The Constitution and Redressing the Social History of Racism | journal=Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. | date=8 March 2021 | url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hcrcl14&div=11&id=&page= | access-date=25 August 2024}} It can lead to such issues as discrimination in criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education, among other issues.{{cite news |last1=Harmon |first1=Amy |last2=Mandavilli |first2=Apoorva |last3=Maheshwari |first3=Sapna |last4=Kantor |first4=Jodi |title=From Cosmetics to NASCAR, Calls for Racial Justice Are Spreading |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/13/us/george-floyd-racism-america.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 June 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130081703/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/13/us/george-floyd-racism-america.html |archive-date= Nov 30, 2023 }}
The term "institutional racism" was first coined in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.{{cite book |last1=Bhavnani |first1=Reena |last2=Mirza |first2=Heidi Safia |last3=Meetoo |first3=Veena |title=Tackling the Roots of Racism: Lessons for Success |date=2005 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-86134-774-9 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVbRVVHoKkQC&pg=PA28 }} Carmichael and Hamilton wrote that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]".{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Stokely |authorlink1=Stokely Carmichael |last2=Hamilton |first2=Charles V. |authorlink2=Charles V. Hamilton |title=Black Power: Politics of Liberation |date=1967 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=978-0679743132 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4 4] |edition=November 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4}}
In the United States
{{Main|Institutionalized discrimination in the United States|Educational segregation in the United States}}
Members of minority groups such as populations of African descent in the U.S. are at a much higher risk of encountering these types of sociostructural disadvantage. Among the severe and long-lasting detrimental effects of institutionalized discrimination on affected populations are increased suicide rates, suppressed attainment of wealth and decreased access to health care.{{cite web|url=http://iasp.brandeis.edu/pdfs/Author/shapiro-thomas-m/racialwealthgapbrief.pdf|date=2013-02-25|title=The Roots of the Widening Racial Wealth Gap: Explaining the Black-White Economic Divide|author1=Thomas Shapiro|author2=Tatjana Meschede|author3=Sam Osoro|publisher=Institute on Assets and Social Policy|location=Waltham, US|accessdate=2020-05-23|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024105941/http://iasp.brandeis.edu/pdfs/Author/shapiro-thomas-m/racialwealthgapbrief.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-03-10-health-disparities_N.htm?csp=34 |first1=Kevin |last1=Freking |title=Minorities cite health care disparities |website=USA TODAY |accessdate=2020-05-23 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926154647/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-03-10-health-disparities_N.htm?csp=34 |url-status=live }}
See also
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- Achievement gap
- Affirmative action
- Environmental racism
- Gentrification
- Harassment
- Institutional abuse
- Redlining
- Residential segregation
- Sentencing disparity
- Structural discrimination
- Structural violence
- Exclusionary zoning
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References
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