kannauj

{{see also|Kingdom of Kannauj}}

Archaeological discoveries show that Kannauj was inhabited by the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware cultures,Dilip K. Chakrabarti (2007), Archaeological geography of the Ganga plain: the upper Ganga (Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Doab), p.47 {{Circa|1200}}-600 BCE and {{Circa|700}}-200 BCE, respectively. During the Vedic period, it was the capital city of the Panchala Kingdom during the reign of king Vajrayudha.{{Cite book |first=Gurcharn|last=Singh Sandhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Ancient India|page=164|date=2000|publisher=Vision Books}} Under the names of Kuśasthala and Kanyakubja, it is mentioned as a well-known town in the Hindu Epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, and by the grammarian Patanjali ({{Circa|150 BCE}}).Rama S. Tripathi, History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest (Motilal Banarsidass, 1964), pp.2,15-16 The early Buddhist literature mentions Kannauj as Kannakujja, and refers to its location on the trade route from Mathura to Varanasi and Rajgir.Moti Chandra (1977), Trade Routes in Ancient India pp.16-18

Kannauj may have been known to the Greco-Roman civilization under the name of Kanagoja or Kanogiza, which appears in Geography by Ptolemy ({{Circa|140 CE}}). It was also visited by the Chinese Buddhist travellers Faxian and Xuanzang in the fifth and seventh centuries CE, respectively.Tripathi, History of Kanauj, pp. 17-19

File:Maukharis of Kanauj. Isanavarman. Circa AD 535-553.jpgs of Kannauj under Maharaja Isanavarman, circa 535-553 CE]]

File:Harshavardhana Circa AD 606-647.jpg of the Vardhana dynasty, circa 606–647 CE{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204|title=CNG: eAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Ganges Valley). Vardhanas of Thanesar and Kanauj. Harshavardhana. Circa AD 606-647. AR Drachm (13mm, 2.28 g, 1h).|website=www.cngcoins.com|access-date=3 January 2019|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502151716/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204|url-status=live}}]]

File:Govindchandra.jpg-style 'seated goddess' coin of Gahadavala dynasty of Kannauj (r. c. 1114-1155 CE). ]]During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, the Maukhari dynasty of Kannauj – who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority, broke away and established control over large areas of northern India.Tripathi, History of Kanauj, pp. 22-24

Under the Maukharis, Kannauj continued to grow in importance and prosperity. It became the greatest city of Northern India under Emperor Harsha (r. 606 to 647 CE) of the Vardhana dynasty, who made it his capital.Tripathi, History of Kanauj, p. 147James Heitzman, The City in South Asia (Routledge, 2008), p.36 Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India during the reign of Harsha, and described Kannauj as a large, prosperous city with many Buddhist monasteries.Heizman, The City in South Asia, pp.36-37 Harsha died with no heir, resulting in a power vacuum until Maharaja Yashovarman seized power as the ruler of Kannauj.

{{main|Tripartite Struggle}}

Kannauj became a focal point for three powerful dynasties, namely the Gurjara Pratiharas (r. 730-1036 CE), Palas (r. 750-1162 CE) and Rashtrakutas (r. 753-982 CE), between the 8th and 10th centuries. The conflict between the three dynasties has been referred to as the Tripartite struggle by many historians.{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9|page=9|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060314/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Ancient India|author=R.C. Majumdar|author-link=R.C. Majumdar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1994|pages=282–285|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA282}}

File:Indian Kanauj triangle map.svgs: the Rashtrakutas of Deccan, the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, and the Palas of Bengal.]]

There were initial struggles but ultimately the Gurjara Pratiharas succeeded in retaining the city. The Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled Avanti (based at Ujjain), which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala Empire to the East. The Tripartite struggle began with the defeat of Indrayudh at the hands of Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja (r. 780-800 CE). The Pala ruler Dharampala (~770-821 CE) was also keen to establish his authority at Kannauj, giving rise to a struggle between Vatsaraja and Dharmapala, in which Dharmapala was defeated.{{cite book|title=Compendium General Knowledge|author=Kumar Sundram|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XliTyOXI5kC&pg=PA195|page=195|isbn=978-81-7482-181-2|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060348/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XliTyOXI5kC&pg=PA195|url-status=live}} Taking advantage of the chaos, the Rastrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha (r. 780–793 CE) surged northwards, defeated Vatsaraja, and took Kannauj for himself, completing the furthest northern expansion by a South Indian ruler.{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA7|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060250/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}

When the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha advanced back to the south, Dharampala was left in control of Kannauj for some time. The struggle between the two northern dynasties of Palas and Gurjara Pratiharas continued: the Pala's vassal Chakrayudha (Dharmapala's nominee for Ujjain) was defeated by the Pratihara Nagabhata II (r. 805–833 CE), and Kannauj was again occupied by the Gurjara Pratiharas. Dharmapala tried to take control of Kannauj but was defeated badly at Moongher by the Gurjara Pratiharas. However, Nagabhata II was in turn soon defeated by the Rashtrakuta Govinda III (r. 793–814 CE), who had initiated a second northern surge. An inscription states that Chakrayudha and Dharmapala invited Govinda III to war against the Gurjara Pratiharas, but Dharmapala and Chakrayudh both submitted to the Govinda III, in order to win his sympathy. After this defeat, Pratihara power degenerated for some time. After the death of Dharampala, Nagabhata II regained hold over Kannuaj and made it the capital of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire. During this period, the Rashtrakutas were facing some internal conflicts, and so they, as well as the Pala Empire, did not contest this. Thus Gurjara Pratiharas became the greatest power in Northern India after occupying Kannauj (9th century CE).

Famous Pir-e-Kamil, Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari was also born in Kannauj in 1493 in the reign of King Sikandar Lodi. He was a descendant of Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari and his father Syed Sadar-ud-din Shah Kabeer Naqvi Al Bukhari was a great saint and was also among the advisors of King Sikandar Lodhi. Shah Jewna migrated to Shah Jeewna (a town named after him) now in Pakistan. Shah Jewna’s colonized towns in Kannauj :- Siray-e-Miran, Bibiyan Jalalpur, Makhdumpur, Lal Pur (associated with the name of Saint Sayyed Jalaluddin Haider Surkh Posh Bukhari or Lal Bukhari). His descendants still present in various parts of India and Pakistan.{{Cite web|title=Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|access-date=2021-01-01|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109111019/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=2012-05-09|title=Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna (RA)|url=https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902113011/https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Indian Journal Of Archaeology|url=http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx|access-date=2021-01-01|website=ijarch.org|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118035325/http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|url=http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php|access-date=2021-01-01|website=nazariapak.info|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803082114/http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php|url-status=live}}

File:A panel depicting the Saptamatrikas , Kannauj,9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty.jpg

In Hindu epics, Kannauj or Kanyakubja was the capital of Amavasu the son of Pururavas and an ancestor of Rigvedic sage Vishwamitra.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad|pages=21, 22|date=1988|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}

In Classical India, it served as the center of imperial Indian dynasties. The earliest of these was the Maukhari dynasty, and later, Emperor Harsha of the Vardhana dynasty.Tripathi, History of Kanauj, p. 192 The city later came under the Gahadavala dynasty, and under the rule of Govindachandra, the city reached "unprecedented glory". Kannauj was also the main place of war in the Tripartite struggle between the Gurjara-Pratihara, the Palas and the Rashtrakutas.

File:Skanda, from Kannuaj.jpg

Kannauj was clearly the wealthiest city in early Medieval India at large{{Cite book |last=wink|first=Andre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, C.700-1800 CE|page=42|date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge university press|language=en}} and the country all around Kannauj was called Āryāvarta.{{Cite book |last=Hussain jafri|first=Saiyid Zaheer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C |title=Recording the Progress of Indian History|page=148|date=2016 |publisher=Primus Books|language=en}}

It seems likely that Kannauj and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries.{{Cite book |first=André|last=Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE|page=42|date=2020|publisher=E.J. Brill }}

File:019XZZ000004324U00012000(SVC2).jpg

In 1010 A.D. Mahmud of Ghazni saw Kannauj as a "City which raised its head to skies which in strength and structure might justly boast to have no equals".{{Cite book |first=Makkhan|last=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTluAAAAMAAJ |title=Settlement History and Rise of Civilization in Ganga-Yamuna Doab, from 1500 B.C. to 300 A.D.|page=18|date=1984|publisher=B R Publishing Corporation}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gJDAAAAYAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad. 39. Ballia|page=30|date=1988|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni captured Kanauj in 1018. Chandradeva founded the Gahadvala dynasty with its capital at Kannauj around 1090. His grandson Govindachandra "raised Kannauj to unprecedented glory." Muhammad Ghori advanced against the city, and in the Battle of Chandwar of 1193 killed Jayachandra.

Alberuni has referred to "Kannoj" as the key geographical point to explain marching distances to other Indian cities.(India, Vol 1, from p 199 onwards, Translated by Dr Edward C. Sachau, London 1910). The "glory of Imperial Kannauj" ended with Iltutmish's conquest.Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, {{ISBN|9789380607344}}{{rp|21,32–33}}

Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540.

File:Ruins at Cannouge - British Library X432 3(7).jpg from 1802]]

During early English rule in India, the city was spelled Cannodge by them.{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/mrsmeerhassanali/letter_19.html |title=Observations on the Mussalmauns of India |author=Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali |chapter=Letter Nineteen |year=1832 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421155244/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/mrsmeerhassanali/letter_19.html |url-status=live }} The Nawab Hakim Mehndi Ali Khan has been constantly associated with the development of city of Kannauj by the travellers and writers of the period. A ghat (Mehndighat), a Sarai (for the free stay of travellers and merchants) and various metalled roads were built by the Nawab which also bear his name.

Different spellings that are used to refer to Kannauj, apart from the official Kannauj, are: Cannodge, Kannauj, Kannoj, Kinnouge, Qannauj and Qannawj. The British who visited Kannauj in the later part of 19th century mostly referred to it as Kanauj (notice the single "n"). George Forster spells it Kinnouge. Alexander Cunnigham wrote its spelling as Kanoj.

File:Annapurna Temple, Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, 2018.jpg

Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and perfumes. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional Kannauj Perfume, a government protected entity.

Kannauj itself has more than 200 perfume distilleries and is a market center for perfume, tobacco and rose water. It has given its name to a distinct dialect of the Hindustani known as Kannauji, which has two different codes or registers.

Changes in when flower crops bloom due to climate change are affecting the industry of perfumes made from natural sources, like attar from roses. The unpredictable bloom times make it difficult to deliver the blooms and raises a concern that perfumes from these natural sources will be replaced by chemicals.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct6r60 |title=Losing Attar |work=BBC: The Documentary |first=Jigyasa |last=Mishra |date=20 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 }}

{{As of|2001}} India census,{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}} Kannauj had a population of 71,530. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kannauj has an average literacy rate of 58%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 52%. In Kannauj, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Government Medical College, Kannauj is a government medical college located in Tirwa of Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to King George's Medical University, Lucknow.

Government Engineering College, Kannauj is a government engineering college located at Kannauj. It is a constituent college of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University) in Lucknow. The college is situated at Aher, Tirwa.

The city is served by two major railway station Kannauj railway station and Kannauj City railway station. The nearest airport is Kanpur Airport situated about 2 hours drive from the town.

It is situated on GT road (Delhi to Kanpur). It has road transportation Kannauj Depo. under the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transportation Corporation (UPSRTC).

• Āma, King of Kannauj
• Malini Awasthi, folk singer
• Mihira Bhoja, King of North India
• Shah Jewna, Missionary or Pir
• Siddiq Hasan Khan, Nawab of Bhopal
• Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji, Sufi
• Samyukta, Princess of Kannauj
• Yashovarman, King of Kannauj

• Kannauji language
• Kannauj Perfume
• Bishungarh, Uttar Pradesh

{{Reflist}}

• Majumdar, R. C., In Pusalker, A. D., In Majumdar, A. K., & Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1993). [https://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04: The Age Of Imperial Kanauj].
• Kishori Lal, Munshi, [https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/guldasta-e-qannauj-munshi-kishori-lal-ebooks Guldasta e Qannauj] (1871)

{{Wikiquote}}

• [http://kannauj.nic.in/ District Kannauj Website]
• {{cite news | url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/pictures-fading-fragrance-kannauj-indias-perfume-capital-974565 | title= In pictures: Fading fragrance of Kannauj, India's perfume capital | first=Divya | last=Dugar | publisher=CNN | date=7 August 2012 | access-date=1 January 2021 }}
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA78 History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest By Rama Shankar Tripathi]

{{Kannauj district}}

{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}

{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:History of Uttar Pradesh

Category:Former capital cities in India

Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty

Category:Pratihara Empire

Category:Ancient Indian cities

Category:Medieval Indian cities