knightia

{{Automatic Taxobox

| name = Knightia

| image = Knightia eocaena Green River Formation, Wyoming 2.jpg

| image_caption = Knightia eocaena specimen

| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Eocene}}

| taxon = Knightia (fish)

| authority = Jordan 1907

| type_species = Knightia eocaena

| type_species_authority = Jordan, 1907

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

K. alta {{small|(Leidy, 1873)}}
K. bohaiensis {{small|Zhang, Zhou & Qing, 1985}}
K. eocaena {{small|Jordan 1907}}
K. vetusta {{small|Grande, 1982}}
?K. yuyanga {{small|Liu, 1963}}

| synonyms =

Clupea alta {{small|(Leidy, 1873)}}
Clupea eocaena {{small|Jordan, 1907}}
Clupea humulus {{small|Leidy, 1856}}
Clupea pusilla {{small|Cope, 1870}}
Knightia copei {{small|Tanner, 1925}}

}}

Knightia is an extinct genus of clupeid bony fish that lived in the freshwater lakes and rivers of North America and Asia during the Eocene epoch. The genus was erected by David Starr Jordan in 1907, in honor of the late University of Wyoming professor Wilbur Clinton Knight, "an indefatigable student of the paleontology of the Rocky Mountains."Jordan, D. S. 1907. "The fossil fishes of California; with supplementary notes on other species of extinct fishes". Bulletin Department of Geology, University of California 5:136 It is the official state fossil of Wyoming,{{cite web |url=http://soswy.state.wy.us/SecretaryDesk/StateInfo_Symbols.aspx |title=Wyoming Secretary of State |accessdate=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906001152/http://soswy.state.wy.us/SecretaryDesk/StateInfo_Symbols.aspx |archivedate=2011-09-06 }} and the most commonly excavated fossil fish in the world.{{cite book | last1=Kelley | first1=Patricia H. | last2=Kowalewski | first2=Michał | last3=Hansen | first3=Thor A. | title=Predator-prey interactions in the fossil record | year=2003 | publisher=Springer | isbn=0-306-47489-1}}

Taxonomy

Knightia belongs to the same taxonomic family as herring and sardines, and resembled the former closely enough that both Knightia alta and Knightia eocaena were originally described as species of true herring in the genus Clupea.

As with modern-day clupeids, Knightia spp. likely fed on algae and diatoms, as well as insects and occasionally smaller fish. In a 2022 paper, researchers announced they had detected biological residues in Knightia fossils from the Green River Formation.{{Cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=Anupam K. |last2=Rowley |first2=Sonia J. |last3=Zhou |first3=Jie |last4=Acosta-Maeda |first4=Tayro E. |last5=Dasilveira |first5=Luis |last6=Ravizza |first6=Gregory |last7=Ohtaki |first7=Kenta |last8=Weatherby |first8=Tina M. |last9=Trimble |first9=A. Zachary |last10=Boll |first10=Patrick |last11=Porter |first11=John N. |last12=McKay |first12=Christopher P. |date=2022-06-17 |title=Biofinder detects biological remains in Green River fish fossils from Eocene epoch at video speed |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=10164 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-14410-8 |pmid=35715549 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=9205911 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1210164M }}

The genus is also known from two separate species described from China dating to the Eocene and Late Cretaceous respectively. The Eocene species Knightia bohaiensis was described in 1985 from the Bohai Bay Basin region,{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=M.M. |last2=Zhou |first2=J.J. |last3=Qin |first3=D.R. |year=1985 |title=Tertiary fish fauna from coastal region of Bohai Sea |journal=Academia Sinica Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Memoirs |volume=17 |pages=1–60}} while "Knightia" yuyanga was first identified as Eocene when described from the Itu region in 1963.{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=H. |year=1963 |title=The discovery of double-armoured herrings from Itu, Hupei |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=31–37}} The age of "K." yuyanga has been revised with the placement of the species' type locality in the Late Cretaceous Paomagang Formation.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=P. |last2=Zheng |first2=H. |last3=Liu |first3=S. |last4=Hoke |first4=G. |year=2018 |title=Late Cretaceous drainage reorganization of the middle Yangtze River |journal=Lithosphere |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=392–405 |doi=10.1130/L695.1|bibcode=2018Lsphe..10..392W |doi-access=free }} Additionally the species placement in Knightia has been questioned, and the species is now treated as "Clupeid incertae sedis".{{cite journal |last1=Lavoue |first1=S. |last2=Miya |first2=M. |last3=Musikasinthorn |first3=P. |last4=Chen |first4=W.J. |last5=Nishida |first5=M. |year=2013 |title=Mitogenomic evidence for an Indo-west Pacific origin of the Clupeoidei (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e56485 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056485|doi-access=free |pmid=23431379 |pmc=3576394 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...856485L }}

The Cretaceous genus Ellimma from Brazil was formerly synonymized into Knightia as Knightia branneri by Schaeffer (1947). This placement was rejected by Grande (1982) and subsequent authors, and the species moved back to Ellimma branneri.{{cite journal|last1=Chang |first1=M. |last2=Maisey |first2=J. |year=2003 |title=Redescription of †Ellimma branneri and †Diplomystus shengliensis, and Relationships of Some Basal Clupeomorphs |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3404 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)404<0001:ROEBAD>2.0.CO;2 |hdl=2246/2830|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/292727 }}

Anatomy

In Knightia fish, rows of dorsal and ventral scutes run from the back of the head to the medial fins. They had heavy scales and small conical teeth. Their size varied by species: Knightia eocaena was the longest, growing up to 25 cm (10 in), though most specimens are no larger than 15 cm.{{cite journal | last1=Grande | first1=Lance | date=June 7, 1982 | title=A Revision of the Fossil Genus †Knightia, With a Description of a New Genus From the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae) | journal=American Museum Novitates | issn=0003-0082 | oclc=47720325 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/5307//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N2731.pdf?sequence=1 | accessdate=November 12, 2011 | format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020234658/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/5307//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N2731.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=October 20, 2013}} K. alta was shorter and relatively wider, with specimens averaging between 6 and 10 cm.

Predators

A small schooling fish, Knightia made an abundant food source for larger Eocene predators. The Green River Formation has yielded many fossils of larger fish species preying on Knightia; specimens of Diplomystus, Lepisosteus, Amphiplaga, Mioplosus, Phareodus, Amia, and Astephus have all been found with Knightia in either their jaws or stomachs.Grande, L. 1980. The paleontology of the Green River Formation, with a review of the fish fauna. Wyoming Geol. Surv., Bull. 63, pp. 85.