largetooth sawfish

The taxonomy of Pristis pristis in relations to P. microdon (claimed range: Indo-West Pacific) and P. perotteti (claimed range: Atlantic and East Pacific) has historically caused considerable confusion, but evidence published in 2013 revealed that the three are conspecific, as morphological and genetic differences are lacking.Faria, V. V.; McDavitt, M. T.; Charvet, P.; Wiley, T. R.; Simpfendorfer, C. A.; Naylor, G. J. P. (2013). Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes (Pristidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 136–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x Retrieved 26 August 2013. As a consequence, recent authorities treat P. microdon and P. perotteti as synonyms of P. pristis.{{cite book |author=Last, P.R. |author-link=Peter R. Last |author2=De Carvalho, M.R. |author3=Corrigan, S. |author4=Naylor, G.J.P. |author5=Séret, B. |author6=Yang, L. | year=2016 | chapter=The Rays of the World project - an explanation of nomenclatural decisions | pages=1–10 |editor=Last, P.R. |editor2=Yearsley, G.R. | title=Rays of the World: Supplementary Information | publisher=CSIRO Special Publication | isbn=9781486308019 }}{{cite web |author=Eschmeyer, W.N. |author2=R. Fricke |author3=R. van der Laan | date=1 November 2017 | title=Catalog of Fishes | url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp | publisher=California Academy of Sciences | access-date=11 November 2017 }}{{cite web |author=Pollerspöck, J. |author2=N. Straube | title=Pristis pristis | url=http://shark-references.com/species/view/Pristis-pristis | publisher=shark-references.com | access-date=11 November 2017 }}{{cite journal |author=Dulvy |author2=Davidson |author3=Kyne |author4=Simpfendorfer |author5=Harrison |author6=Carlson |author7=Fordham | year=2014 | title=Ghosts of the coast: global extinction risk and conservation of sawfishes | journal=Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. | volume=26 | issue=1 | pages=134–153 | doi=10.1002/aqc.2525 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/37738/6/37738%20Dulvy%20et%20al%202016.pdf |doi-access=free }}

Based on an analysis of NADH-2 genes there are three main clades of P. pristis: Atlantic, Indo-West Pacific and East Pacific.

Its scientific name Pristis (both the genus and specific name) is derived from the Greek word for saw.{{cite web |author=Sullivan, T. |author2=C. Elenberger | date=April 2012 | title=Largetooth Sawfish | url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fish/discover/species-profiles/pristis-perotteti/ | publisher=University of Florida | access-date=11 November 2017 }}

File:The fishes of India (Plate CXCI) (6924477086).jpg (P. zijsron; middle) and knifetooth sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata; bottom). Notice especially the width of the saw, the teeth on the saw, the shape of the tail and pectoral fins, and the position of the dorsal fin compared to the pelvic fins]]

The largetooth sawfish possibly reaches up to {{convert|7.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in total length, but the largest confirmed was a West African individual that was {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} long.{{cite journal| last1=Robillard | first1=M. | last2=Séret | first2=B. | title=Cultural importance and decline of sawfish (Pristidae) populations in West Africa | year=2006 | journal=Cybium | volume=30 | issue=4 | pages=23–30 }} An individual caught in 1951 at Galveston, Texas, which was documented on film but not measured, has been estimated to be of similar size.{{cite journal |author=Fernandez-Carvalho |author2=Imhoff |author3=Faria |author4=Carlson |author5=Burgess | year=2013 | title=Status and the potential for extinction of the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis in the Atlantic Ocean | journal=Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. | volume=24 | issue=4 | pages=478–497 | doi=10.1002/aqc.2394 |url=http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/71307 }} Today most individuals are far smaller and a typical length is {{convert|2-2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Large individuals may weigh as much as {{convert|500-600|kg|lb|abbr=on|0}}, or possibly even more.{{cite journal |author=Nunes |author2=Rincon |author3=Piorski |author4=Martins | year=2016 | title=Near-term embryos in a Pristis pristis (Elasmobranchii: Pristidae) from Brazil | journal=Journal of Fish Biology | volume=89 | issue=1 | pages=1112–1120 | doi=10.1111/jfb.12946 | pmid=27060457 }}

The largetooth sawfish is easily recognized by the forward position of the dorsal fin with its leading edge placed clearly in front of the leading edge of the pelvic fins (when the sawfish is seen from above or the side), the relatively long pectoral fins with angular tips, and the presence of a small lower tail lobe. In all other sawfish species the leading edge of their dorsal fin is placed at, or behind, the leading edge of the pelvic fins, and all other Pristis sawfish species have shorter pectoral fins with less pointed tips and lack a distinct lower tail lobe (very small or none).{{cite web | url=http://www.sawfishconservationsociety.org/Sawfish%20Identification.htm |title=Sawfish Identification | publisher=Sawfish Conservation Society |access-date=17 November 2017 }} The rostrum ("saw") of the largetooth sawfish has a width that is 15–25% of its length, which is relatively wide compared to the other sawfish species,{{cite web |author=Whitty, J. |author2=N. Phillips | url=http://www.sawfishconservationsociety.org/microdon.htm |title=Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758) | publisher=Sawfish Conservation Society |access-date=17 November 2017 }} and there are 14–24 equally separated teeth on each side of it.{{refn|group=note|Sawfish occasionally lose teeth during their life and these are not replaced.{{cite journal| last1=Slaughter | first1=Bob H. | last2=Springer | first2=Stewart | year=1968 | title=Replacement of Rostral Teeth in Sawfishes and Sawsharks | journal=Copeia | volume=1968 | issue=3 | pages=499–506 | jstor=1442018 | doi=10.2307/1442018 }} Correct tooth count refers to actual teeth and alveoli ("tooth sockets") from lost teeth.{{cite journal |author=Wueringer, B.E. |author2=L. Squire Jr |author3=S.P. Collin | year=2009 | title=The biology of extinct and extant sawfish (Batoidea: Sclerorhynchidae and Pristidae) | journal=Rev Fish Biol Fisheries | volume=19 | issue=4 | pages=445–464 | doi=10.1007/s11160-009-9112-7 |s2cid=3352391 }}}} On average, females have shorter rostrums with fewer teeth than males. The rostral teeth are large and grooved from base to tip. {{Cite web|url= https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Comparison-of-the-rostral-tooth-shape-of-Pristis-microdon-and-Pristis-clavata-from-the_fig9_279542495 |title= Freshwater Sawfish Pristis microdon Latham, 1794 (Chondrichthyes: Pristidae) in the Kimberley region of Western Australia |website= researchgate}} The proportional rostrum length also varies with age, with average being around 27% of the total length of the fish, but can be as high as 30% in juveniles and as low as 20–22% in adults.

Its upperparts are generally grey to yellowish-brown, often with a clear yellow tinge to the fins.{{cite book |author=Kells, V. |author2=K. Carpenter | title=A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Texas to Maine | year=2015 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | page=82 | isbn=978-0-8018-9838-9 }} Individuals in freshwater may have a reddish colour caused by blood suffusion below the skin. The underside is greyish or white.

File:Pristis pristis townsville.jpg

The largetooth sawfish can be found worldwide in tropical and subtropical coastal regions, but it also enters freshwater and has been recorded in rivers as far as {{convert|1340|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the sea. Historically, its East Atlantic range was from Mauritania to Angola. There are old reports (last in the late 1950s or shortly after) from the Mediterranean and these have typically been regarded as vagrants, but a review of records strongly suggests that this sea had a breeding population.{{cite news | date=22 January 2015 | title=The Mediterranean's Missing Sawfishes |publisher=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/01/22/the-mediterraneans-missing-sawfishes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109235008/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/01/22/the-mediterraneans-missing-sawfishes/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 9, 2018 | access-date=9 November 2018 }} Its West Atlantic range was from Uruguay to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Although there are claimed reports from several Gulf Coast states in the United States, a review indicates that only those from Texas are genuine. Other specimens, notably several claimed to be from Florida, were likely imported from other countries.{{cite journal | author1=Seitz, J.C. | author2=J.D. Waters | year=2018 | title=Clarifying the Range of the Endangered Largetooth Sawfish in the United States | journal=Gulf and Caribbean Research | volume=29 | pages=15–22 | doi=10.18785/gcr.2901.05 | doi-access=free }} Its East Pacific range was from Peru to Mazatlán in Mexico. Historically it was widespread in the Indo-Pacific, ranging from South Africa to the Horn of Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Its total distribution covered almost {{convert|7200000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, more than any other species of sawfish, but it has disappeared from much of its historical range. The last record taken in the Mediterranean dates back to 1959.Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays (Pristis pristis). Oct. 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand. https://ciesm.org/marine/programs/skatesandrays/locally-extinct-species/ A parasitic flatworm, Dermopristis paradoxus, is commonly found on the skin and lining of the mouth and exclusively in Australian waters on the largetooth sawfish. The flatworm has been discovered to have a male reproductive system that lacks the copulatory organ.{{cite journal |last1=Kearn |first1=G. C. |last2=Whittington |first2=I. D. |last3=Evans-Gowing |first3=R. |date=2010 |title=A new genus and new species of microbothriid monogenean (Platyhelminthes) with a functionally enigmatic reproductive system, parasitic on the skin and mouth lining of the largetooth sawfish, Pristis microdon, in Australia |journal=Acta Parasitologica |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=115–122}}

Adults are primarily found in estuaries and marine waters to a depth of {{convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but mostly less than {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Nevertheless, the species does appear to have a greater affinity for freshwater habitats than the smalltooth sawfish (P. pectinata), green sawfish (P. zijsron),{{cite web | last=Seitz | first=J.C. |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreenSawfish/GreenSawfish.htm |title=Green sawfish |work=Ichthyology |publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History |access-date=14 November 2017 | date=2017-05-10 }} and dwarf sawfish (P. clavata).{{cite web | date=2017 | title=Pristis clavata — Dwarf Sawfish, Queensland Sawfish | url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=68447 | publisher=Department of the Environment and Energy | access-date=18 November 2017 }} Largetooth sawfish from the population in Lake Nicaragua appear to spend most, if not all, of their life in freshwater, but tagging surveys indicate that at least some do move between this lake and the sea. Captive studies show that this euryhaline species can thrive long-term in both salt and freshwater, regardless of its age, and that an acclimation from salt to freshwater is faster than the opposite.{{cite book |author=White, S. |author2=K. Duke | title=Husbandry of sawfishes |editor=Smith |editor2=Warmolts |editor3=Thoney |editor4=Hueter |editor5=Murray |editor6=Ezcurra | year=2017 | work=Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II | publisher=Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey | pages=75–85 | isbn=978-0-86727-166-9 }} In captivity they are known to be agile (even swimming backwards), have an unusual ability to "climb" with the use of the pectoral fins and they can jump far out of the water; a {{convert|1.8|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} individual jumped to a height of {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It has been suggested that this may be adaptions for traversing medium-sized waterfalls and rapids when moving upriver. They are generally found in areas with a bottom consisting of sand, mud or silt. The preferred water temperature is between {{convert|24|and(-)|32|C|F|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|19|C|F|abbr=on}} or colder is lethal.

Sexual maturity is reached at a length of about {{convert|2.8-3|m|ft|abbr=on}} when 7–10 years old. Breeding is seasonal in this ovoviviparous species, but the exact timing appears to vary depending on the region. The adult females can breed once every 1–2 years, the gestation period is about five months, and there are indications that mothers return to the region where they were born to give birth to their own young.{{cite journal |author=Feutry |author2=Kyne |author3=Pillans |author4=Chen |author5=Marthick |author6=Morgan |author7=Grewe | year=2015 | title=Whole mitogenome sequencing refines population structure of the Critically Endangered sawfish Pristis pristis | journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume=533 | pages=237–244 | doi=10.3354/meps11354 |bibcode=2015MEPS..533..237F | doi-access=free }} There are 1–13 (average {{circa}} 7) young in each litter, which are {{convert|72-90|cm|in|abbr=on}} long at birth. They are likely typically born in salt or brackish water near river mouths, but move into freshwater where the young spend the first 3–5 years of their life, sometimes as much as {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} upriver. In the Amazon basin the largetooth sawfish has been reported even further upstream,{{cite web | url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fish/sawfish/largetooth/global-records/ | title=Largetooth Sawfish Global Records |publisher=University of Florida | access-date=17 November 2017| date=2017-05-18 }} and this mostly involves young individuals that are up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} long.{{cite book |editor=van der Sleen, P. |editor2=J.S. Albert | year=2017 | title=Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas | publisher=Princeton University Press | page=69 | isbn=978-0691170749 }} Occasionally, young individuals become isolated in freshwater pools during floods and may live there for years. The potential lifespan of the largetooth sawfish is unknown, but four estimates suggested 30 years, 35 years, 44 years, and 80 years.

The largetooth sawfish is a predator that feeds on fish, molluscs and crustaceans. The "saw" can be used both to stir up the bottom to find prey and to slash at groups of fish. Sawfish are docile and harmless to humans, except when captured where they can inflict serious injuries when defending themselves with the "saw".

File:Peixe serra.jpg or "saw" from a largetooth sawfish with several teeth missing (black marks on ruler are {{convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=or|0}} apart)]]

As suggested by the alternative name common sawfish, it was once plentiful, but has now declined drastically leading to it being considered a critically endangered species by the IUCN. The main threat is overfishing, but it also suffers from habitat loss. Both their fins (used in shark fin soup) and "saw" (as novelty items) are highly valuable, and the meat is used as food.{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Black |date=11 June 2007 |title=Sawfish protection acquires teeth |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6740609.stm | access-date=11 November 2017}} Because of the "saw" they are particularly prone to becoming entangled in fishing nets. Historically sawfish were also persecuted for the oil in their liver.{{cite journal |author=Reis-Filho |author2=Freitas |author3=Loiola |author4=Leite |author5=Soeiro |author6=Oliveira |author7=Sampaio |author8=Nunes |author9=Leduc | year=2016 | title=Traditional fisher perceptions on the regional disappearance of the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis from the central coast of Brazil | journal=Endanger Species Res | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=189–200 | doi=10.3354/esr00711 | doi-access=free }} In the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria, sawfish (known as oki in Ijaw and neighbouring languages) are traditionally hunted for their saws, which are used in masquerades.{{Cite book|title=Archaeology, language, and the African past|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=AltaMira Press|year=2006|isbn=9780759104655}}

The largetooth sawfish has been extirpated from many regions where formerly present. Among the 75 countries where recorded historically, it has disappeared from 28 and may have disappeared from another 27, leaving only 20 countries where certainly still present. In terms of area this means that it certainly survives in only 39% of its historical range. Only Australia still has a relatively healthy population of the species and this may be the last remaining population in the entire Indo-Pacific that is of sufficient size to be viable, but even it has experienced a decline. Other places in the Indo-Pacific where still present, even if in very low numbers, are off Eastern Africa, the Indian subcontinent and Papua New Guinea, and in the East Pacific it survives off Central America, Colombia and northern Peru.{{cite news |first=Ruth |last=Leeney |date=June 2017 |title=Sawfish: The King of Fishes |publisher=Save our Seas |url=https://www.saveourseasmagazine.com/sawfish-king-fishes/ | access-date=28 February 2018}} Whether it survives anywhere in Southeast Asia is generally unclear, but one was captured in the Philippines in 2014 (a country where otherwise considered extirpated). The species has disappeared from much of its Atlantic range and declined where still present. The likely largest remaining population in this region is in the Amazon estuary, but another important population is in the San Juan River system in Central America. It was once abundant in Lake Nicaragua (part of the San Juan River system), but this population rapidly crashed during the 1970s when tens of thousands were caught. It has been protected in Nicaragua since the early 1980s, but remains rare in the lake today,{{cite book |editor=Harrison, L.R. |editor2=N.K. Dulvy | title=Sawfish: A Global Strategy for Conservation | url=http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/CMS_Sharks_MOS2_Inf_10.pdf | year=2014 | publisher=IUCN Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group | isbn=978-0-9561063-3-9 }} and is now threatened by the planned Nicaragua Canal.{{cite web| author=Platt, J.R. | title=Last Chance for Sawfish? | url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2013/07/02/last-chance-for-sawfish/ | date=2 July 2013 | publisher=Scientific American | access-date=27 November 2017 }} In West Africa, the Bissagos Archipelago has often been considered the last remaining stronghold, but interviews with locals indicate that sawfish now also are rare there.

All sawfish species were added to CITES Appendix I in 2007, thereby restricting international trade. As the first marine fish, there was an attempt of having it listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 2003 by the United States National Marine Fisheries Service, but it was declined. However, it was listed as P. perotteti under the ESA in 2011.{{cite web | author=Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2011/07/12/2011-17502/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-the-largetooth-sawfish |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for the Largetooth Sawfish | publisher=Federal Register | pages=40822–40836 | date=12 July 2011 | access-date=17 November 2017 }} Following taxonomic changes, the ESA listing was updated to P. pristis in December 2014.{{cite web | author=Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/12/12/2014-29201/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-final-endangered-listing-of-five-species-of-sawfish |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Endangered Listing of Five Species of Sawfish Under the Endangered Species Act | publisher=Federal Register | pages=73977–74005 | date=12 December 2014 | access-date=17 November 2017 }} Sawfish are protected in Australia and the United States where a number of conservation projects have been initiated, but the largetooth sawfish has probably already been extirpated from the latter country (last confirmed record in 1961 from Nueces, Texas). Additionally it receives a level of protection in Bangladesh, Brazil, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Senegal and South Africa, but illegal fishing continues, enforcement of fishing laws is often lacking and it has already disappeared from some of these countries.

Largetooth sawfish, especially young, are sometimes eaten by crocodiles and large sharks.

File:Sawfish.jpg, China]]

This species is the most numerous sawfish in public aquariums, but it is often listed under the synonym P. microdon. Studbooks included 16 individuals (10 males, 6 females) in North American aquariums in 2014, 5 individuals (3 males, 2 females) in European aquariums in 2013, and 13 individuals (6 males, 7 females) in Australian aquariums in 2017. Others are kept at public aquariums in Asia.{{cite web | url=http://www.sawfishconservationsociety.org/Sawfish%20media%20and%20aquariums.htm |title=Sawfish in Aquariums and the Media | publisher=Sawfish Conservation Society |access-date=17 November 2017 }}

• Threatened rays

{{Reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Pristis pristis}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q692258|from2=Q1094698}}

largetooth sawfish

Category:Pantropical fish

largetooth sawfish

Category:Euryhaline fish of Nicaragua

Category:Fish of Lake Nicaragua

largetooth sawfish

Category:ESA endangered species