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laridae

{{Short description|Family of birds}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Laridae

| image = Larus argentatus ad.jpg

| image_caption = European herring gull

| taxon = Laridae

| authority = Rafinesque, 1815

| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

| subdivision =

}}

Laridae is a family of seabirds in the order Charadriiformes that includes the gulls, terns (including white terns), noddies, and skimmers. It includes around 100 species arranged into 22 genera. They are an adaptable group of mostly aerial birds found worldwide.

Taxonomy

File:Laridae on Lake Baikal.png

The family Laridae was introduced (as Laridia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=72 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310150 }}{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=138, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }} Historically, Laridae were restricted to the gulls, while the terns were placed in a separate family, Sternidae, and the skimmers in a third family, Rynchopidae.{{cite book |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|author1=Christidis, Les |author2=Boles, Walter E. |year=2008 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6 |pages=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&pg=PA128}} The noddies were traditionally included in Sternidae. In 1990 Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist included auks and skuas in a broader family Laridae.Sibley, Charles Gald & Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990): Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

A molecular phylogenetic study by Baker and colleagues published in 2007 found that the noddies in the genus Anous formed a sister group to a clade containing the gulls, skimmers, and the other terns. To create a monophyletic family group, Laridae was expanded to include the genera that had previously been in Sternidae and Rynchopidae.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Noddies, gulls, terns, auks | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/gulls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 June 2019 }}{{cite book| last1=Burger | first1=J. | last2=Gochfeld | first2=M. | last3=Bonan | first3=A. | chapter=Gulls, Terns, Skimmers (Laridae) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | year=2020 | publisher=Lynx Edicions | doi=10.2173/bow.larida1.01 | s2cid=216448411 | chapter-url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52249 | access-date=22 April 2017 }}

Baker and colleagues found that the Laridae lineage diverged from a lineage that gave rise to both the skuas (Stercorariidae) and auks (Alcidae) before the end of the Cretaceous in the age of dinosaurs. They also found that the Laridae themselves began expanding in the early Paleocene, around 60 million years ago. The German palaeontologist Gerald Mayr has questioned the validity of these early dates and suggested that inappropriate fossils were used in calibrating the molecular data. The earliest charadriiform fossils date only from the late Eocene, around 35 million years ago.{{ cite journal | last=Mayr | first=Gerald | author-link=Gerald Mayr | year=2011 | title=The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) – reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=161 | issue=4 | pages=916–934 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00654.x | doi-access= }}

Anders Ödeen and colleagues investigated the development of ultraviolet vision in shorebirds, by looking for the SWS1 opsin gene in various species; as gulls were the only shorebirds known to have developed the trait. They discovered that the gene was present in the gull, skimmer, and noddy lineages but not the tern lineage. They also recovered the noddies as an early lineage, though the evidence was not strong.{{ cite journal | title= Evolution of ultraviolet vision in shorebirds (Charadriiformes) | last1=Odeen| first1= Anders |last2= Håstad| first2= Olle |last3= Alström | first3= Per |journal =Biology Letters| date=2010| volume=6| issue=3| pages=370–74 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0877| pmc=2880050 | pmid=20015861}}

=Genera=

For the complete list of species, see the article List of Laridae species.

Cladogram

Part of the cladogram of the genera in the order Charadriiformes based on the analysis by Baker and colleagues published in 2007.{{ cite journal | last1=Baker | first1=A.J. | last2=Pereira | first2=S.L. | last3=Paton | first3=T.A. | year=2007 | title=Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | journal=Biology Letters | volume=3 | issue= 2| pages=205–209 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 | doi-access=free | pmc=2375939 | pmid=17284401}} {{ cite journal | title=Erratum: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | year=2008 | journal=Biology Letters | volume=4 | pages=762–763 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606erratum | doi-access=free | last1 = Baker | first1 = Allan J | last2 = Pereira | first2 = Sérgio L | last3 = Paton | first3 = Tara A}}

{{Clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px;

|label1=Laridae

|1={{clade

|1=Anous – noddies (5 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Gygis – white terns (1 or 2 species)

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Rynchops – skimmers (3 species)

|label2=Larinae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Creagrus – swallow-tailed gull

|2=Rhodostethia – Ross's gull

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Xema – Sabine's gull

|2={{clade

|1=Pagophila – ivory gull

|2={{clade

|1=Larus – gulls (25 species)

|2=Rissa – kittiwakes (2 species)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2=Sterninae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Phaetusa – large-billed tern

|2=Sternula – terns (7 species)

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Larosterna – Inca tern

|2={{clade

|1=Gelochelidon – terns (2 species)

|2=Hydroprogne – Caspian tern

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Chlidonias – marsh terns (4 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Thalasseus – crested terns (8 species)

|2={{clade

|1=Onychoprion – brown-backed terns (4 species)

|2=Sterna – terns (13 species)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Distribution and habitat

File:Ahlainen.vaakuna.svg]]

The Laridae have spread around the world, and their adaptability has likely been a factor. Most have become much more aerial than their ancestor, which was likely some form of shorebird.{{cite book | last=Moynihan | first= Martin | year=1959 | title=A revision of the family Laridae (Aves) | series=American Museum Novitates | volume=1928 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5365//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1928.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • Grant, Peter J. (1986) Gulls: a guide to identification {{ISBN|0-85661-044-5}}
  • Howell, Steve N. G. and Jon Dunn (2007) Gulls of the Americas {{ISBN|0-618-72641-1}}
  • Olsen, Klaus Malling & Larsson, Hans (1995): Terns of Europe and North America. Christopher Helm, London. {{ISBN|0-7136-4056-1}}

External links

  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Laridae}}
  • {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q27589}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Seabirds

Category:Bird families

Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque