leaky feeder

A leaky feeder communication system consists of a cable run along tunnels which emits and receives radio waves, functioning as an extended antenna. The cable is "leaky" in that it has gaps or slots in its outer conductor to allow the radio signal to leak into or out of the cable along its entire length. Because of this leakage, line amplifiers are inserted at regular intervals, typically every 350 to 500 metres, to boost the signal. The signal is usually picked up by portable transceivers carried by personnel. Transmissions from the transceivers are picked up by the feeder and carried to other parts of the tunnel, allowing two-way radio communication throughout the tunnel system.

The system has a limited range and because of the frequency it uses (typically VHF or UHF), transmissions cannot pass through solid rock, which limits the system to a line-of-sight application. It does, however, allow two-way mobile communication.

Due to the signal loss, a leaky feeder is usually used for frequencies under 1 GHz. Above that frequency, the losses require too many repeaters, thus making other options more effective. Antennae (omni, panel or bi-directional) or even distributed antenna systems are more often used for higher frequency bands.

Leaky feeders are used in the mining industry for wireless communication between miners. The system is used as a primary communication system with a transceiver small enough to be comfortably worn for an entire shift.{{cite web|title=Basic Tutorial on Wireless Communication and Electronic Tracking: Technology Overview|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/content/emergencymanagementandresponse/commtracking/commtrackingtutorial1.html|newspaper=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=8 March 2014}}

The leaky feeder system is used for underground mobile communication in mass transit railways. In Delhi, Hong Kong, and Copenhagen, leaky feeders were installed during construction.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}{{Clarify|reason=Which example does this pertain to?|date=February 2021}} This gives emergency services seamless mobile communication from underground to the surface.

The London Underground uses a leaky feeder system for its internal communication network Connect.{{cite web|date=1 August 2003|title=Victoria line heads Metronet renewal|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/victoria-line-heads-metronet-renewal.html|access-date=6 March 2012|publisher=Railway Gazette International}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} However, the communication used by the emergency services, Airwave, was not compatible and did not work below ground. The fact that this situation continued to exist after the 1987 King's Cross fire was criticised in the reports from the 7 July 2005 London bombings, where it hampered rescue efforts.{{cite web|date=23 February 2012|title=Communications blamed in London bomb response|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/mobile-phone/6330/communications-blamed-in-london-bomb-response/|access-date=6 March 2012|publisher=PC Advisor}} In March 2020, two additional leaky feeder cables were brought online in the Jubilee line extension tunnels between Canning Town and Westminster. One of these cables provided commercial 4G coverage for passengers, both in the tunnels and on station platforms,{{Cite press release |title=4G on Jubilee line tunnel section from March 2020|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/july/4g-on-jubilee-line-tunnel-section-from-march-2020|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Transport for London }} whilst the second cable provided coverage for the Home Office's Emergency Services Network (ESN),{{Cite magazine|last=Kobie|first=Nicole|date=2020-02-05|title=Inside the messy mission to bring 4G to the London Underground |magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/london-underground-4g|access-date=2021-03-12|issn=1357-0978}} which is currently being rolled out to replace the ageing Airwave network.{{Cite web|title=Emergency Services Network: overview|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-emergency-services-mobile-communications-programme/emergency-services-network|access-date=2021-03-12|website=GOV.UK }} This trial section is the first to be brought online as part of a project to provide both commercial 4G coverage and ESN coverage across the entire Tube network.

Tyne and Wear Metro was the first railway in the UK to use leaky feeder cables for public mobile phone connectivity, in its city-centre underground tunnels. Initially this was a 2G signal, but then mobile operator EE upgraded this to 4G for their customers. As of 2023, operator Nexus are planning a comprehensive upgrade to mobile data coverage, including in the tunnels.https://www.nexus.org.uk/news/item/nexus-announces-plan-improve-digital-connectivity-tyne-and-wear-metro {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}

An alternative to using leaky feeder in underground railways is to use Distributed Antenna System (DAS). A DAS system was deployed in some New York City Subway stations by Transit Wireless to provide Wi‑Fi and mobile phone and data coverage for customers.{{cite news|last=Nally|first=Jonathan|title=Tunnel vision: getting New York talking|url=http://www.radiocomms.com.au/articles/63029-Tunnel-vision-getting-New-York-talking|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001035850/http://www.radiocomms.com.au/articles/63029-Tunnel-vision-getting-New-York-talking|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2013|access-date=8 March 2014|newspaper=CriticcalComms|date=30 September 2013}}

Leaky feeder antenna systems can also be used to allow use of onboard mobile phones and Wi‑Fi on passenger aircraft.{{citation |url=https://www.etsi.org/images/files/ETSIWhitePapers/ETSI-WP4_GSM_onboard.pdf|title=ETSI White Paper No. 4 GSM operation onboard aircraft|date=January 2007}}{{citation|url=http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20780-leaky-feeder-antennas-for-airborne-wi-fi|title=Leaky Feeder Antennas for Airborne Wi-Fi

|author=W. L. Gore & Associates|date=15 October 2013|work=Microwave Journal|author-link=W. L. Gore & Associates

|url-access=}} The weight and space requirements of leaky feeder systems are usually lower than comparable antenna systems, thus saving space and fuel. The even field strengths produced by runs of leaky feeders spanning the entire fuselage improve coverage while requiring less transmitting power.

Leaky feeders are used in hotels, warehouses and other industrial buildings where it is difficult to get Wi‑Fi coverage using normal access points. Some installations have 50–75 meters of leaky wire connected to the antenna output of each access point.{{cite web |url=https://walltowallcomms.co.uk/2019/02/11/leakyfeederinstallation/ |website=Wall to Wall Communications |access-date=12 March 2019|title=Leaky Feeder Communication and Installation Guide for Business |date=11 February 2019 }}

A leaky feeder modified with metallic strips can be used as a radio-frequency identification (RFID) antenna.{{cite journal |last1=Putaala |first1=Jussi |last2=Myllymäki |first2=Sami |last3=Kokkonen |first3=Mikko |last4=Jantunen |first4=Heli |title=Resonator-enhanced radiating cable for UHF RFID readers |journal=Microwave and Optical Technology Letters |date=July 2021 |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=1842–1847 |doi=10.1002/mop.32844|s2cid=233392835 |url=http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe202103248166.pdf }}{{cite journal |last1=Kokkonen |first1=Mikko |last2=Myllymaki |first2=Sami |last3=Putaala |first3=Jussi |last4=Jantunen |first4=Heli |title=A Resonator Enhanced UHF RFID Antenna Cable for Inventory and Warehouse Applications |journal=IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification |date=2022 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1109/jrfid.2021.3135047|s2cid=245218056 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022IJRFI...6..128K |url=https://oulurepo.oulu.fi/bitstream/10024/31807/1/nbnfi-fe2022042730971.pdf }}

• Tunnel transmitter
• Through the earth mine communications

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.iwtwireless.com/mining/communications-tracking/overview IWT Wireless Communications and Tracking in Underground Mines - a wireless mesh alternative to leaky feeder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025112404/http://www.iwtwireless.com/mining/communications-tracking/overview |date=2018-10-25 }}

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Category:Antennas