lying-in
{{Short description|Old childbirth practice}}
{{About|childbirth|other uses|Lying in (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
File:4 Master of Charles of Durazzo (Francesco di Michele) A Birth Scene (Desco da Parte), c. 1410 Harvard Art museum (2).jpg lying-in, from a painted desco da parto or birth tray of {{circa|1410}}. As women tend to the child, expensively-dressed female guests are already arriving.]]
Lying-in is the term given to the European{{cn|date=February 2023}} forms of postpartum confinement, the traditional practice involving long bed rest before{{cite web |title=Lying-In {{!}} Definition of Lying-In by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Lying-In |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/lying%2Din |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825113703/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lying-in |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |accessdate=10 November 2020 |language=en | quote = Seclusion before and after childbirth; confinement.}} and after giving birth. The term and the practice it describes are old-fashioned or archaic, but lying-in used to be considered an essential component of the postpartum period, even if there were no medical complications during childbirth.
{{cite web|url= http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7129/pg7129-images.html |title= The Prospective Mother: A Handbook for Women During Pregnancy|first=J. Morris|last=Slemons|authorlink=J. Morris Slemons|year=1912 | quote = CHAPTER XI[:] THE LYING-IN PERIOD [...] The Time for Getting Up.—How long a woman should stay in bed after the birth of a child is a question which has given rise to prolonged discussion. The majority of obstetricians adhere to the traditional ten days; but there are advocates of a longer period and advocates of a shorter one. The generalizations of many writers upon this subject are too sweeping, for exceptions may be found to any rule. Each patient is best counselled when the advice given is based upon her own condition and particularly upon the progress made in the involution of the uterus, which does not advance with the same rapidity in all cases.}}
Description
A 1932 publication refers to lying-in as ranging from two weeks to two months.[http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/167/6/675 Lying in by Jan Nusche] quoting The Bride's Book — A Perpetual Guide for the Montreal Bride, published in 1932 It also suggests not "getting up" (getting out of bed post-birth) for at least nine days and ideally for 20 days.Jenstad, Janelle Day, Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies - Volume 34, Number 2, Spring 2004, pp. 373-403 Care was provided either by her female relatives (mother or mother-in-law), or, for those who could afford it, by a temporary worker called the monthly nurse. These weeks ended with the re-introduction of the mother to the community in the Christian ceremony of the churching of women. When lying-in was a more common term, it was used in the names of several maternity hospitals, for example the General Lying-In Hospital in London. Until the 1970s, standard NHS postpartum care involved 10 days in hospital, with the newborns taken to the nursery overnight, ensuring the mothers were well rested by the time they returned home.{{cite news |last1=Hyde |first1=Marina |title=Childbirth is as awful as it is magical, thanks to our postnatal 'care' {{!}} Marina Hyde |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/05/childbirth-postnatal-care-birth-hospital-cuts |accessdate=31 December 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=5 December 2014}}
Special foods
{{See also|Groaning food}}
File:Takings, or, The life of a collegian - a poem (1821) (14778349622).jpg's illustration "Taking caudle" of Thomas Gaspey's poem. The new mother reclines in a four-poster bed, recouping her energy. A member of the household sits at the foot of the bed, entertaining a visitor, who keeps her bonnet on; both of them are drinking caudle. A maidservant shows the baby to the visitor, while a dog and cat look on.]]
A caudle was a hot drink, well documented in British cuisine, particularly in Victorian times, as suitable for invalids and new mothers. So much was it associated with the visits of friends to see the new baby that "cake and caudle" or "taking caudle" became a metonym for postpartum social visits.
Social aspects
Women received congratulatory visits from friends and family during the period; among many traditional customs around the world, the desco da parto was a special form of painted tray presented to the mother in Renaissance Florence. The many scenes painted on these trays show female visitors bringing presents, received by the mother in bed, while other women tend to the baby. Equivalent gifts in contemporary culture include baby showers and push presents.
No fixed term of lying-in is recommended in Renaissance manuals on family life (unlike in some other cultures), but documentary records suggest that the mother was rarely present at the baptism, which in Italian cities was usually held within a week of the birth at the local parish church, normally a few minutes' walk from any house.[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/renaissance-childbirth/ "Renaissance childbirth"], Victoria & Albert Museum
In art
In art, the immensely popular scene of the Birth of Jesus technically shows the Virgin Mary, who reclines on a couch in most medieval examples, lying-in, but in famously non-ideal conditions. More ideal images of lying-in in well-off households are represented in Birth of the Virgin and Birth of John the Baptist. These are generally given contemporary settings, and differ little from other images that are purely secular, especially those on desci da parto.