macuahuitl

File:Macuahuitl Armeria Real Higher Definition.png in the 19th century. The original specimen was destroyed by a fire in 1884.]]

The maquahuitl ({{langx|nci|māccuahuitl}}, other orthographic variants include {{lang|nhe|mākkwawitl}} and {{lang|nci|mācquahuitl}}; plural {{lang|nci|māccuahuimeh}}),{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://whp.uoregon.edu/dictionaries/nahuatl/index.lasso?&dowhat=FindJustOne&theRecID=448227&theWord=macuahuitl. |title=Macuahuitl |editor=Stephanie Wood |encyclopedia=Nahuatl Dictionary/Diccionario del náhuatl |publisher=Wired Humanities Projects, University of Oregon |access-date=29 May 2018 }} a type of {{lang|tnq|macana}}, was a common weapon used by the Aztec military forces and other cultures of central Mexico. It was noted during the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the region. Other military equipment recorded includes the round shield ({{wikt-lang|nci|chīmalli}}, {{IPA|nah|t͡ʃiˈmalːi|}}), the bow ({{lang|nci|tlahuītōlli}}, {{IPA|nah|t͡ɬaʔwiːˈtoːlːi|}}), and the spear-thrower ({{wikt-lang|nci|ahtlatl}}, {{IPA|nah|ˈaʔt͡ɬat͡ɬ|}}).Soustelle (1961), p. 209. Its sides are embedded with prismatic blades traditionally made from obsidian (volcanic glass); obsidian is capable of producing an edge sharper than high-quality steel razor blades.{{cite journal |last=Buck |first=BA |date=March 1982 |title=Ancient Technology in Contemporary Surgery |journal=The Western Journal of Medicine |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=265–269 |pmc=1273673 |pmid=7046256 }}

It was capable of inflicting serious lacerations from the rows of obsidian blades embedded in its sides. These could be knapped into blades or spikes, or into a circular design that looked like scales.Coe (1962), p. 168. The macuahuitl is not specifically a sword or a club, although it approximates a European broadsword. Historian John Pohl defines the weapon as a "kind of a saw sword".

{{cite book |last=Pohl |first=John |title=Aztec Warrior: AD 1325–1521 |date=20 May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIrvCwAAQBAJ&q=macuahuitl+aztec+according+to+john+pohl&pg=PT33 |publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-78096-757-8 }}

File:Florentine Codex IX Aztec Warriors.jpg (Vol. IX). Each warrior is brandishing a macuahuitl.]]

According to conquistador {{lang|es|Bernal Díaz del Castillo|italic=no}}, the macuahuitl was 0.91 to 1.22 m long, and 75 mm wide, with a groove along either edge, into which sharp-edged pieces of flint or obsidian were inserted and firmly fixed with an adhesive.From A. P. Maudslay's translation commentary of {{lang|es|Bernal Díaz del Castillo|italic=no}}'s {{lang|es|Verdadera Historia de la Conquista de Nueva España|italic=yes}} (republished as The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, p. 465). Based on his research, historian John Pohl indicates that the length was just over a meter, although other models were larger, and intended for use with both hands.{{cite book |last=Pohl |first=John |title=Aztec Warrior: AD 1325–1521 |date=20 May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIrvCwAAQBAJ&q=macuahuitl+aztec+according+to+john+pohl&pg=PT33 |publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-78096-757-8 }}

According to the research of historian Marco Cervera Obregón, the sharp pieces of obsidian, each about 3 cm long, were attached to the flat paddle with a natural adhesive, bitumen.[https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/02/01/the-macuahuitl/ These Peculiar Aztec ‘Swords’ Struck Fear Into the Hearts of the Conquistadors]

The rows of obsidian blades were sometimes discontinuous, leaving gaps along the side, while at other times the rows were set close together and formed a single edge.Hassig, 1988, p. 85 It was noted by the Spanish that the macuahuitl was so cleverly constructed that the blades could be neither pulled out nor broken. The macuahuitl was made with either a one-handed or two-handed grip, as well as in rectangular, ovoid, or pointed forms. Two-handed macuahuitl have been described as being "as tall as a man".Hassig, 1988 p. 83.

According to National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH) archaeologist Marco Cervera Obregón, there were two versions of this weapon: The macuahuitl, about {{convert|70|to|80|cm|in}} long with six to eight blades on each side; and the mācuāhuitzōctli, a smaller club about {{convert|50|cm|in}} long with only four obsidian blades.Cervera Obregón 2006A, p. 128

According to Ross Hassig, the last authentic macuahuitl was destroyed in 1884 in a fire in the Real Armería in Madrid, where it was housed beside the last tepoztopilli.Hassig 1992, p. 169. According to Marco Cervera Obregón, there is supposed to be at least one macuahuitl in a Museo Nacional de Antropología warehouse,Cervera Obregón 2006A, p. 137 but it is possibly lost.{{cite web |last=Cerevera Obregón |first=Marco |title=El macuahuitl, arqueologia experimental |url=http://arqueomilitar.blogspot.com/2009/02/el-macuahuitl-arqueologia-experimental.html |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708023803/http://arqueomilitar.blogspot.com/2009/02/el-macuahuitl-arqueologia-experimental.html |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |date=19 February 2009 }}

No actual maquahuitl specimens remain and the present knowledge of them comes from contemporaneous accounts and illustrations that date to the 16th century and earlier.

For the exhibition "Tenochtitlan y Tlatelolco. A 500 años de su caída" at the Museo del Templo Mayor in Mexico city, an alleged authentic macuahuitl was displayed along with an atlatl.https://www.facebook.com/share/p/4rTBieraN18jHFZV/

File:Lienzo de Tlaxcala Iximche.gif depiction of a battle during the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. Both Spanish-led Indian auxiliaries (left) as well as Maya (right) wield macuahuitls.]]

The maquahuitl predates the Aztecs. Tools made from obsidian fragments were used by some of the earliest Mesoamericans. Obsidian used in ceramic vessels has been found at Aztec sites. Obsidian cutting knives, sickles, scrapers, drills, razors, and arrow points have also been found.Smith, 1996, p. 86 Several obsidian mines were close to the Aztec civilizations in the Valley of Mexico as well as in the mountains north of the valley.Smith, 1996, p. 87 Among these were the Sierra de las Navajas (Razor Mountains), named after their obsidian deposits. Use of the macuahuitl as a weapon is attested from the 1st millennia{{nbs}}CE. A Mayan carving at Chichen Itza shows a warrior holding a macuahuitl, depicted as a club having separate blades sticking out from each side. In a mural, a warrior holds a club with many blades on one side and one sharp point on the other, also a possible variant of the macuahuitl.{{cite journal |last=Cervera Obregón |first=Marco |year=2006 |title=The macuahuitl: an innovative weapon of the Late Post-Classic in Mesoamerica |url=http://www.woosterglobalhistory.org/LAcolonial/archive/files/23395812_33c717a7fb.pdf |journal=Arms & Armour |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=137–138 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320100504/http://www.woosterglobalhistory.org/LAcolonial/archive/files/23395812_33c717a7fb.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} Some attestations of a type of macuahuitl are also present dating to Olmec times.Ann Cyphers, Escultura Olmeca de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas, 2004), 159.

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the macuahuitl was widely distributed in Mesoamerica, with records of its use by the Aztecs, Mixtecs, Tarascans, Toltecs and others.Obregón, 2006A, pp. 137–138 It was also commonly used by the Indian auxiliaries of Spain,{{sfnp|Asselbergs|2014|pp=76, 78}} though they favored Spanish swords. As Mesoamericans in Spanish service needed a special permission to carry European arms, metal swords brought Indian auxiliaries more prestige than maquahuitls in the eyes of Europeans as well as natives.{{sfnp|Asselbergs|2014|p=79}}

File:Tzompantli in the Florentine Codex.png shows the heads of captured Spanish soldiers and their horses displayed on a tzompantli in front of the Temple of Huitzilopochtli]] The macuahuitl was sharp enough to decapitate a man. According to an account by Bernal Díaz del Castillo, one of Hernán Cortés's conquistadors, it could even decapitate a horse:

{{quote|Pedro de Morón was a very good horseman, and as he charged with three other horsemen into the ranks of the enemy the Indians seized hold of his lance and he was not able to drag it away, and others gave him cuts with their broadswords, and wounded him badly, and then they slashed at the mare, and cut her head off at the neck so that it hung by the skin, and she fell dead.Diaz del Castillo, p. 126}}

Another account by a companion of Cortés known as The Anonymous Conqueror tells a similar story of its effectiveness:

{{quote|They have swords of this kind – of wood made like a two-handed sword, but with the hilt not so long; about three fingers in breadth. The edges are grooved, and in the grooves they insert stone knives, that cut like a Toledo blade. I saw one day an Indian fighting with a mounted man, and the Indian gave the horse of his antagonist such a blow in the breast that he opened it to the entrails, and it fell dead on the spot. And the same day I saw another Indian give another horse a blow in the neck, that stretched it dead at his feet.|"Offensive and Defensive Arms", page 23The Anonymous Conqueror. (1917). [http://www.famsi.org/research/christensen/anon_con/section05.htm Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitán The Cortés Society:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306183615/http://www.famsi.org/research/christensen/anon_con/section05.htm |date=6 March 2015 }} Chapter 4. New York.}}

Another account by Francisco de Aguilar reads:

{{quote|They used ... cudgels and swords and a great many bows and arrows ... One Indian at a single stroke cut open the whole neck of Cristóbal de Olid's horse, killing the horse. The Indian on the other side slashed at the second horseman and the blow cut through the horse's pastern, whereupon this horse also fell dead. As soon as this sentry gave the alarm, they all ran out with their weapons to cut us off, following us with great fury, shooting arrows, spears and stones, and wounding us with their swords. Here many Spaniards fell, some dead and some wounded, and others without any injury who fainted away from fright.Francisco de Auguilar, untitled account, in The Conquistadors, 139–140, 155.}}

File:Aztec Warriors (Florentine Codex).jpg, shows Aztec warriors brandishing macuahuitls]]

Given the importance of human sacrifice in Nahua cultures, their warfare styles, particularly those of the Aztec and Maya, placed a premium on the capture of enemy warriors for live sacrifice. Advancement into the elite cuāuhocēlōtl warrior societies of the Aztec, for example, required taking 20 live captives from the battlefield. The macuahuitl thus shows several features designed to make it a useful tool for capturing prisoners: fitting spaced instead of contiguous blades, as seen in many codex illustrations, would intentionally limit the wound depth from a single blow, and the heavy wooden construction allows weakened opponents to be easily clubbed unconscious with the flat side of the weapon. The art of disabling opponents using an un-bladed macuahuitl as a sparring club was taught from a young age in the Aztec Tēlpochcalli schools.Berdan and Anawalt, The Essential Codex Mendoza, v. 2–4. UCal Press; 1997. Folio 62-R, p. 173.

The macuahuitl had many drawbacks in combat versus European steel swords. Despite being sharper, prismatic obsidian is also considerably more brittle than steel; obsidian blades of the type used on the macuahuitl tended to shatter on impact with other obsidian blades, steel swords or plate armour. Obsidian blades also have difficulty penetrating European mail. The thin, replaceable blades used on the macuahuitl were easily dulled or chipped by repeated impacts on bone or wood, making artful use of the weapon critical. It takes more time to lift and swing a club than it does to thrust with a sword. More space is needed as well, so warriors advanced in loose formations and fought in single combat.Townsend, 2000, p. 24

Replicas of the macuahuitl have been produced and tested against sides of beef for documentary shows on the History and Discovery channels, to demonstrate the effectiveness of this weapon. On the History show Warriors, special forces operator and martial artist Terry Schappert injured himself while fencing with a macuahuitl; he cut the back of his left leg as the result of a back-swing motion.{{Citation |title="Warriors" Mayan Armageddon (TV Episode 2009) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407019/plotsummary |access-date=29 May 2018}}

For SpikeTV's reality program Deadliest Warrior a replica was created and tested against a model of a horse's head created using a horse's skeleton and ballistics gel. Actor and martial artist Éder Saúl López was able to decapitate the model, but it took three swings. Blows from the replica macuahuitl were most effective when it was swung and then dragged backwards upon impact, creating a sawing motion. This led Max Geiger, the computer programmer of the series, to refer to the weapon as "the obsidian chainsaw". This may have been due to the unrefined obsidian cutting edges of the weapon used in the show, compared with more finely made prismatic obsidian blades, as in the Madrid specimen.{{Citation |last1=Gonsalves |first1=Kiran |title=Aztec Jaguar vs. Zande Warrior |date=11 May 2010 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1643034/ |last2=Ojeda |first2=Michael S. |others=Cody Jones, Jay Charlot, Darell M. Davie |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210050906/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1643034/ |archive-date=10 February 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

{{Portal|Mesoamerica}}

• Aztec warfare
• Leiomano
• Macana
• Maya warfare
• Obsidian use in Mesoamerica

{{Reflist|}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Asselbergs |first=Florine G. L. |year=2014 |chapter=The Conquest in Images: Stories of Tlaxcalteca and Quauhquecholteca Conquistadors |editor1=Laura E. Matthew |editor2=Michel R. Oudijk |title=Indian Conquistadors: Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yzaAgAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=978-0-8061-4325-5 |pages=65–101}}
• {{cite book |author=Baquedano, Elizabeth |year=1993 |title=Aztec, Inca & Maya |location=London |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7894-6596-2 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |author=Coe, Michael D. |author-link=Michael D. Coe |year=1962 |title=Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/mexico00coem |url-access=registration |publisher=Frederick A. Praeger |location=New York |oclc=39433014 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |author=Díaz del Castillo, Bernal |year=1956 |orig-year=ca.1568 |author-link=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |title=The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico 1517–1521 |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryconque000dazd |url-access=registration |editor=Genaro Garcia|others=A. P. Maudslay (Trans.) |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Cudahy |isbn=978-0-415-34478-4 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=978-0-8061-2121-5 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |year=1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-07734-8|ref=none}}
• {{cite book |author=James, Peter |author2=Nick Thorpe |year=1994 |title=Ancient Inventions |location=New York |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-40102-1 |ref=none |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame }}
• {{cite book|author=Smith, Michael E.|year=1996|title=The Aztecs|location=Cambridge, Mass|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|isbn=978-1-55786-496-3|ref=none|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs00smit}}
• {{cite book |author=Soustelle, Jacques |author-link=Jacques Soustelle |year=1961 |title=Daily Life of the Aztecs: On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest |others= Patrick O’Brian (Trans.)|location=London|publisher=Phoenix Press|oclc=503937820|ref=none}}
• {{cite book |author=Townsend, Richard F. |year=2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=revised |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28132-1|ref=none}}
• {{cite video |people=Peter Weller (Host), Jin Gaffer( Writer and Director), Mark Cannon (Series Director), Randy Martini (Series Producer) |editor=Jeremy Siefer|date=2006|title=Engineering an Empire: The Aztecs|publisher=History Channel|medium=Documentary|ref=none}}
• {{cite web |author=Wimmer, Alexis |year=2006 |url=http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/nahuatl.page.html |title=Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique |format=online version|access-date=22 August 2007|ref=none}} {{in lang|fr|nah}}
• {{cite journal |last=Cervera Obregón |first=Marco |title=The macuahuitl: an innovative weapon of the Late Post-Classic in Mesoamerica |journal=Arms & Armour |year=2006a |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=137–138 |url=http://www.woosterglobalhistory.org/LAcolonial/archive/files/23395812_33c717a7fb.pdf |access-date=26 October 2010 |ref=none|doi=10.1179/174962606x136892 |s2cid=110602781 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Cervera Obregón |first=Marco A. |year=2006b |title=The macuahuitl: A probable weaponry innovation of the Late Postclassic in Mesoamérica |journal=Arms and Armour, Journal of the Royal Armouires, Leeds |volume=3}}
• {{cite journal |last=Cervera Obregón |first=Marco A. |year=2007a |title=El macuahuitl, un arma del Posclásico Tardío en Mesoamérica |journal=Arqueología Mexicana |volume=84 |language=es}}
• {{cite journal |last=Cervera Obregón |first=Marco A. |year=2007b |title=El armamento entre los mexicas |publisher=Gladius, CSIC, Polifemo, Madrid, con prólogo de Ross Hassig |language=es}}
• 16.Francisco de Auguilar, untitled account, in The Conquistadors, 139–140, 155.

{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028010230/http://www.glimmerdream.com/gemjourneys/obsidian/history Glimmerdream]: obsidian history
• [http://www.famsi.org/research/pohl/pohl_aztec5.html FAMSI]: John Pohl's Mesoamerica, Aztec Society/Warfare

{{Swords by region}}

Category:Aztec warfare

Category:Edged and bladed weapons

Category:Mesoamerican military equipment

Category:Obsidian