matrix (mass spectrometry)

{{About|ionization assisting compounds for mass spectrometry| the non-analyte components of a sample|matrix (chemical analysis)}}

In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB).

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MALDI is an ionization technique where laser energy is absorbed by a matrix to create ions from large molecules without fragmentation. The matrix, typically in excess, is mixed with the analyte molecule and deposited on a target. A table of matrix compounds, their structures, laser wavelengths typically used, and typical application is shown below.

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|+ MALDI Matrix List

! Compound !! Abbreviation !! Structure !! Wavelength (nm) !! Applications

9-aminoacridine{{cite journal|last1=Vermillion-Salsbury|first1=Rachal L.|last2=Hercules|first2=David M.|title=9-Aminoacridine as a matrix for negative mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization|journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry|volume=16|issue=16|year=2002|pages=1575–1581|issn=0951-4198|doi=10.1002/rcm.750}}

|9AA

|100 px

|337

|lipids, metabolites

α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid{{cite journal |last1=Beavis |first1=R. C. |last2=Chaudhary |first2=T. |last3=Chait |first3=B. T. |year=1992 |title=α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry |journal=Organic Mass Spectrometry |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=156–8 |doi=10.1002/oms.1210270217 }}

| CHCA

| 100 px

| 337, 355

|peptides, lipids, nucleotides

ferulic acid

| FA

|100 px

| 337, 355, 266

| proteins

2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid|{{cite journal |last=Strupat |first=K. |last2=Karas |first2=M. |last3=Hillenkamp |first3=F. |year=1991 |title=2,5-Dihidroxybenzoic acid: A new matrix for laser desorption—ionization mass spectrometry |journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes |volume=72 |issue=111 |pages=89–102 |bibcode=1991IJMSI.111...89S |doi=10.1016/0168-1176(91)85050-V }}

| DHB

| 100 px

|337, 355

| peptides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides

3-hydroxy picolinic acid{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=K. J. |last2=Steding |first2=A. |last3=Becker |first3=C. H. |year=1993 |title=Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid as an ultraviolet-sensitive matrix |journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=142–6 |doi=10.1002/rcm.1290070206 |pmid=8457722 |bibcode=1993RCMS....7..142W }}

| HPA

| 100 px

| 337, 355

| oligonucleotides

picolinic acid{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=K. |last2=Taranenko |first2=N. I. |last3=Allman |first3=S. L. |last4=Cháng |first4=L. Y. |last5=Chen |first5=C. H. |last6=Lubman |first6=D. M. |year=1994 |title=Detection of 500-nucleotide DNA by laser desorption mass spectrometry |journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=727–30 |doi=10.1002/rcm.1290080913 |pmid=7949335 |bibcode=1994RCMS....8..727T }}

| PA

| 100 px

| 266

| oligonucleotides

sinapinic acid{{cite journal |last1=Beavis |first1=R. C. |last2=Chait |first2=B. T. |last3=Standing |first3=K. G. |year=1989 |title=Matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry using 355 nm radiation |journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=436–9 |doi=10.1002/rcm.1290031208 |pmid=2520224 |bibcode=1989RCMS....3..436B }}{{cite journal |last1=Beavis |first1=R. C. |last2=Chait |first2=B. T. |last3=Fales |first3=H. M. |year=1989 |title=Cinnamic acid derivatives as matrices for ultraviolet laser desorption mass spectrometry of proteins |journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=432–5 |doi=10.1002/rcm.1290031207 |pmid=2520223 |bibcode=1989RCMS....3..432B }}

| SA

|100 px

| 337, 355, 266

| peptides, proteins, lipids

Matrix-assisted ionization

Matrix-assisted ionization is an ionization method in mass spectrometry that creates ions via the creation of particles at atmospheric pressure and transfer to the vacuum of the mass analyzer.{{cite journal|last1=Peacock|first1=Patricia M.|last2=Zhang|first2=Wen-Jing|last3=Trimpin|first3=Sarah|title=Advances in Ionization for Mass Spectrometry|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=89|issue=1|year=2017|pages=372–388|issn=0003-2700|doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04348}}

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|+ List of Matrix-assisted Ionization Compounds{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Jing|last2=Inutan|first2=Ellen D.|last3=Wang|first3=Beixi|last4=Lietz|first4=Christopher B.|last5=Green|first5=Daniel R.|last6=Manly|first6=Cory D.|last7=Richards|first7=Alicia L.|last8=Marshall|first8=Darrell D.|last9=Lingenfelter|first9=Steven|last10=Ren|first10=Yue|last11=Trimpin|first11=Sarah|title=Matrix Assisted Ionization: New Aromatic and Nonaromatic Matrix Compounds Producing Multiply Charged Lipid, Peptide, and Protein Ions in the Positive and Negative Mode Observed Directly from Surfaces|journal=Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry|volume=23|issue=10|year=2012|pages=1625–1643|issn=1044-0305|doi=10.1007/s13361-012-0413-z|bibcode=2012JASMS..23.1625L|doi-access=free}}

! Compound !! Abbreviation !! Structure

2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

|DHB

| 100 px

2-aminobenzyl alcohol

anthranilic acid

|100 px

2-hydroxyacetophenone

| 100 px

Fast atom bombardment

FAB uses a high energy beam of atoms directed at a surface to create ions.{{cite journal|year=1981|title=Fast atom bombardment: a new mass spectrometric method for peptide sequence analysis|journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.|volume=101|issue=2|pages=623–31|doi=10.1016/0006-291X(81)91304-8|pmid=7306100|vauthors=Morris HR, Panico M, Barber M, Bordoli RS, Sedgwick RD, Tyler A}} FAB matrix compounds are typically liquids.

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|+ FAB Matrix List

! Compound !! Abbreviation !! Structure

glycerol

| 100 px

thioglycerol

|100 px

3-nitrobenzyl alcohol

| NBA

|100 px

18-crown-6 ether

| 100 px