meaning of life

The first English use of the expression "meaning of life" appears in Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (1833–1834), book II chapter IX, "The Everlasting Yea".{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Wendell |title=Meaning of Life, The: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives |url=https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |language=en-US}}

Our Life is compassed round with Necessity; yet is the meaning of Life itself no other than Freedom, than Voluntary Force: thus have we a warfare; in the beginning, especially, a hard-fought battle.{{Cite web |title=Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1051/1051-h/1051-h.htm |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}

File:Σωκράτης, Ακαδημία Αθηνών 6616.jpg]]

Arthur Schopenhauer was the first to explicitly ask the question, in an essay entitled "Character".

Since a man does not alter, and his moral character remains absolutely the same all through his life; since he must play out the part which he has received, without the least deviation from the character; since neither experience, nor philosophy, nor religion can effect any improvement in him, the question arises, What is the meaning of life at all? To what purpose is it played, this farce in which everything that is essential is irrevocably fixed and determined?{{Cite web |title=The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer: on Human Nature., by Arthur Schopenhauer |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10739/10739-h/10739-h.htm |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}

• What is the meaning of life? What's it all about? Who are we?{{Cite book |author=Jonathan Westphal |title=Philosophical Propositions: An Introduction to Philosophy |publisher= Routledge |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17053-6}}{{Cite book |author=Robert Nozick |author-link=Robert Nozick |title=Philosophical Explanations |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1981 |isbn=978-0-674-66479-1|title-link=Philosophical Explanations }}{{Cite book |author=Julian Baggini |author-link=Julian Baggini |title=What's It All About? Philosophy and the Meaning of Life |publisher=Granta Books |year=2004 |location=US |isbn=978-1-86207-661-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/whatsitallaboutp0000bagg }}
• Why are we here? What are we here for?{{Cite book |author=Ronald F. Thiemann |author-link=Ronald F. Thiemann |author2=William Carl Placher |author2-link=William Placher |title= Why Are We Here?: Everyday Questions and the Christian Life |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |date=1998 |isbn=978-1-56338-236-9}}{{Cite book |author=Dennis Marcellino |title=Why Are We Here?: The Scientific Answer to this Age-old Question (that you don't need to be a scientist to understand) |publisher=Lighthouse Pub |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-945272-10-6}}{{Cite book |author=Hsuan Hua |title=Words of Wisdom: Beginning Buddhism |publisher=Dharma Realm Buddhist Association |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-88139-302-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/wordsofwisdomv1b0000hsua }}
• What is the origin of life?{{Cite book|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/davies-miracle.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010616025035/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/davies-miracle.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2001 |title=The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin and Meaning of Life |year= 2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86309-2 |author=Paul Davies |author-link=Paul Davies |access-date=17 September 2016 }}
• What is the nature of life? What is the nature of reality?{{Cite book |author1=Charles Christiansen |author2=Carolyn Manville Baum |author3=Julie Bass-Haugen |title=Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being |publisher=SLACK Incorporated |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-55642-530-1}}{{Cite book |author=Evan Harris Walker |author-link=Evan Harris Walker |title=The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life |publisher=Perseus Books |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-7382-0436-9}}
• What is the purpose of life? What is the purpose of one's life?{{cite web |title=Question of the Month: What Is The Meaning of Life? |work=Philosophy Now |publisher=Issue 59 |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issue59/59question.htm |access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824210257/http://www.philosophynow.org/issue59/59question.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite book |author=Jiddu Krishnamurti |author-link=Jiddu Krishnamurti |title=What Are You Doing With Your Life? |publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation of America |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-888004-24-3}}
• What is the significance of life? (See also #Psychological significance and value in life)
• What is meaningful and valuable in life?{{cite web|last=Puolimatka |first=Tapio |author2=Airaksinen, Timo |title=Education and the Meaning of Life |work=Philosophy of Education |publisher=University of Helsinki |date=2002 |url=http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |access-date=26 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926154148/http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}
• What is the value of life?{{Cite book |author=Stan Van Hooft |title=Life, Death, and Subjectivity: Moral Sources in Bioethics |publisher=Rodopi |date=2004 |isbn=978-90-420-1912-6}}
• What is the reason to live? What are we living for?{{Cite book |author=Russ Shafer-Landau |author2=Terence Cuneo |title=Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-2951-0}}

These questions have resulted in a wide range of competing answers and explications, from scientific theories, to philosophical, theological, and spiritual explanations.

{{Further|Eudaimonia#Eudaimonia and modern psychology|Meaningful Life}}

Many members of the scientific community and philosophy of science communities think that science can provide the relevant context, and set of parameters necessary for dealing with topics related to the meaning of life. In their view, science can offer a wide range of insights on topics ranging from the science of happiness to death anxiety. Scientific inquiry facilitates this through nomological investigation into various aspects of life and reality, such as the Big Bang, the origin of life, and evolution, and by studying the objective factors which correlate with the subjective experience of meaning and happiness.

Researchers in positive psychology study empirical factors that lead to life satisfaction,E. Diener, J.J. Sapyta, E. Suh (1998). "Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being." Psychological Inquiry, Lawrence Erlbaum. full engagement in activities,Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper and Row. {{ISBN|0-06-092043-2}}. making a fuller contribution by using one's personal strengths,Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-516701-5}}. {{cite web |title=See brief summary |url=http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/psychology-research/list-of-personal-strengths.html}} and meaning based on investing in something larger than the self.Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. New York: Free Press. {{ISBN|0-7432-2297-0}}. Paperback edition, 2004, Free Press, {{ISBN|0-7432-2298-9}}. Large-data studies of flow experiences have consistently suggested that humans experience meaning and fulfillment when mastering challenging tasks and that the experience comes from the way tasks are approached and performed rather than the particular choice of task. For example, flow experiences can be obtained by prisoners in concentration camps with minimal facilities, and occur only slightly more often in billionaires. A classic example is of two workers on an apparently boring production line in a factory. One treats the work as a tedious chore while the other turns it into a game to see how fast they can make each unit and achieves flow in the process.

Neuroscience describes reward, pleasure, and motivation in terms of neurotransmitter activity, especially in the limbic system and the ventral tegmental area in particular. If one believes that the meaning of life is to maximize pleasure and to ease general life, then this allows normative predictions about how to act to achieve this. Likewise, some ethical naturalists advocate a science of morality—the empirical pursuit of flourishing for all conscious creatures.

Experimental philosophy and neuroethics research collects data about human ethical decisions in controlled scenarios such as trolley problems. It has shown that many types of ethical judgment are universal across cultures, suggesting that they may be innate, whilst others are culture-specific. The findings show actual human ethical reasoning to be at odds with most philosophical theories, for example consistently showing distinctions between action by cause and action by omission which would be absent from utility-based theories. Cognitive science has theorized about differences between conservative and liberal ethics and how they may be based on different metaphors from family life such as strong fathers vs nurturing mother models.

Neurotheology is a controversial field which tries to find neural correlates and mechanisms of religious experience. Some researchers have suggested that the human brain has innate mechanisms for such experiences and that living without using them for their evolved purposes may be a cause of imbalance. Studies have reported conflicting results on correlating happiness with religious belief and it is difficult to find unbiased meta-analyses.{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Jun|last2=Gao|first2=Qin|date=2017-05-01|title=Faith and Happiness in China: Roles of Religious Identity, Beliefs, and Practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1372-8|journal=Social Indicators Research|language=en|volume=132|issue=1|pages=273–290|doi=10.1007/s11205-016-1372-8|s2cid=148091125|issn=1573-0921}}{{Cite journal|last1=Rizvi|first1=Mohd Ahsan Kabir|last2=Hossain|first2=Mohammad Zakir|date=2017-10-01|title=Relationship Between Religious Belief and Happiness: A Systematic Literature Review|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0332-6|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|language=en|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1561–1582|doi=10.1007/s10943-016-0332-6|pmid=27909930|s2cid=1389245|issn=1573-6571}}

Sociology examines value at a social level using theoretical constructs such as value theory, norms, anomie, etc. One value system suggested by social psychologists, broadly called Terror Management Theory, states that human meaning is derived from a fundamental fear of death, and values are selected when they allow us to escape the mental reminder of death.

Alongside this, there are a number of theories about the way in which humans evaluate the positive and negative aspects of their existence and thus the value and meaning they place on their lives. For example, depressive realism posits an exaggerated positivity in all except those experiencing depressive disorders who see life as it truly is, and David Benatar theorises that more weight is generally given to positive experiences, providing bias towards an over-optimistic view of life.

Emerging research shows that meaning in life predicts better physical health outcomes. Greater meaning has been associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease,{{cite journal |last1=Sutin |first1=DAR |last2=Luchetti |first2=M |last3=Aschwanden |first3=D |last4=Stephan |first4=Y |last5=Sesker |first5=AA |last6=Terracciano |first6=A |title=Sense of meaning and purpose in life and risk of incident dementia: New data and meta-analysis. |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |date=February 2023 |volume=105 |pages=104847 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2022.104847 |pmid=36347158 |pmc=10015423 | issn = 0167-4943 }}Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2010;67:304–310. reduced risk of heart attack among individuals with coronary heart disease,Kim E, Sun J, Park N, Kubzansky L, Peterson C. Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older US adults with coronary heart disease: A two-year follow-up. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. (2):124–133. reduced risk of stroke,Kim ES, Sun JK, Park N, Peterson C. Purpose in life and reduced incidence of stroke in older adults: The Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2013;74(5):427–432. and increased longevity in both American and Japanese samples.Boyle PA, Barnes LL, Buchman AS, Bennett DA. Purpose in life is associated with mortality among community-dwelling older persons. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2009;71:574–579. There is also growing evidence for a small decline in purpose in life in the early stages of cognitive impairment.{{cite journal |last1=Sutin |first1=Angelina R. |last2=Luchetti |first2=Martina |last3=Stephan |first3=Yannick |last4=Terracciano |first4=Antonio |title=Change in Purpose in Life Before and After Onset of Cognitive Impairment |journal=JAMA Network Open |date=13 September 2023 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e2333489 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33489 |pmid=37703016 |pmc=10500383 |issn=2574-3805}}

In 2014, the British National Health Service began recommending a five-step plan for mental well-being based on meaningful lives, whose steps are:{{cite web|date=21 December 2017|title=Five steps to mental wellbeing|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/Pages/improve-mental-wellbeing.aspx|work=nhs.uk}}

1. Connect with community and family
2. Physical exercise
3. Lifelong learning
4. Giving to others
5. Mindfulness of the world around you

File:DNA Overview.png contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all known organisms.]]

The exact mechanisms of abiogenesis are unknown: notable hypotheses include the RNA world hypothesis (RNA-based replicators) and the iron-sulfur world hypothesis (metabolism without genetics). The process by which different lifeforms have developed throughout history via genetic mutation and natural selection is explained by evolution.Charles Darwin (1859). On the Origin of Species. At the end of the 20th century, based upon insight gleaned from the gene-centered view of evolution, biologists George C. Williams, Richard Dawkins, and David Haig, among others, concluded that if there is a primary function to life, it is the replication of DNA and the survival of one's genes.{{Cite book |author=Richard Dawkins |author-link=Richard Dawkins |title=The Selfish Gene |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1976 |isbn=978-0-19-857519-1|title-link=The Selfish Gene }}{{Cite book |author=Richard Dawkins |author-link=Richard Dawkins |title=River out of Eden |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-465-06990-3|title-link=River out of Eden }} Responding to an interview question from Richard Dawkins about "what it is all for", James Watson stated "I don't think we're for anything. We're just the products of evolution."{{Cite book|title = The God Delusion|url = https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk_897|url-access = limited|last = Dawkins|first = Richard|publisher = Houghton Mifflin|date = 2006|isbn = 978-0-618-68000-9|pages = [https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk_897/page/n109 99]–100}}

Though scientists have intensively studied life on Earth, defining life in unequivocal terms is still a challenge.{{cite web|url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226 |title=Complete Archive for Astrobiology Press Release, News Exclusive, News Briefs |work=Astrobiology Magazine |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013130816/http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226 |archive-date=13 October 2008 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html|title=Defining Life, Explaining Emergence|work=nbi.dk|access-date=2 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|url-status=dead}} Physically, one may say that life "feeds on negative entropy"{{cite book |author=Griffith J. |year=2012 |chapter=What is the Meaning of Life? |title=The Book of Real Answers to Everything! |isbn=978-1-74129-007-3 |chapter-url=http://www.worldtransformation.com/what-is-the-meaning-of-life/ |access-date=19 November 2012}}{{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=Erwin |title=What is Life? |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1944 |isbn=978-0-521-42708-1}}{{Cite book |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |author-link=Lynn Margulis |author2=Sagan, Dorion |author2-link=Dorion Sagan |title=What is Life? |publisher=University of California Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-22021-8}} which refers to the process by which living entities decrease their internal entropy at the expense of some form of energy taken in from the environment.{{Cite book |last=Lovelock |first=James |title=Gaia – a New Look at Life on Earth |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-286218-1}}{{Cite book |last=Avery |first=John |title=Information Theory and Evolution |publisher=World Scientific |date=2003 |isbn=978-981-238-399-0}}{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcfLZSL7YGw&t=3s&ab_channel=PBSSpaceTime | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/GcfLZSL7YGw| archive-date=2021-10-30|author=O'Dowd, Matt, Ph.D.|title=The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!) Space Time |date=11 April 2018 |publisher=PBS Space Time}}{{cbignore}} Biologists generally agree that lifeforms are self-organizing systems which regulate their internal environments as to maintain this organized state, metabolism serves to provide energy, and reproduction causes life to continue over a span of multiple generations. Typically, organisms are responsive to stimuli and genetic information changes from generation to generation, resulting in adaptation through evolution; this optimizes the chances of survival for the individual organism and its descendants respectively.{{cite web|url=http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |title=How to Define Life |access-date=17 October 2008 |last=Davison |first=Paul G. |publisher=The University of North Alabama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101024755/http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |archive-date=1 November 2008 }}

Non-cellular replicating agents, notably viruses, are generally not considered to be organisms because they are incapable of independent reproduction or metabolism. This classification is problematic, though, since some parasites and endosymbionts are also incapable of independent life. Astrobiology studies the possibility of different forms of life on other worlds, including replicating structures made from materials other than DNA.

All forms of life that are in existence today possess a self-replicating informational molecule (genome), and such an informational molecule is presumably intrinsic to life. Thus the earliest forms of life also likely possessed a self-replicating informational molecule, possibly RNA{{cite journal |last1=Neveu |first1=M. |last2=Kim |first2=H.J. |last3=Benner |first3=S.A. |title=The "strong" RNA world hypothesis: fifty years old |journal=Astrobiology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=391–403 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23551238 |doi=10.1089/ast.2012.0868 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13..391N |url=}}{{cite journal |last=Cech |first=T.R. |title=The RNA worlds in context |journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=a006742 |date=July 2012 |pmid=21441585 |pmc=3385955 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006742 |url=}} or perhaps an informational molecule more primitive than RNA. The specific genomic sequences in all currently extant organisms contain order generating information that promotes survival, reproduction, and the ability to acquire resources necessary for reproduction. Sequences with such basic functions probably emerged early in the evolution of life.

It has been proposedBernstein, Harris; Byerly, Henry C.; Hopf, Frederick A.; Michod, Richard A.; Vemulapalli, G. Krishna (June 1983). "The Darwinian Dynamic". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 58 (2): 185. doi:10.1086/413216. JSTOR 2828805. S2CID 83956410 that both the evolution of macroscopic order in life (including its basic functions) and the evolution of order in particular physical systems obey a common fundamental principle that was termed the Darwinian dynamic. This principal was formulated by considering, first, how macroscopic order is generated in a simple physical, non-biological system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and then extending consideration to short RNA replicating molecules and then further to more complex forms of life. It was concluded that the fundamental order-generating process was basically similar for both types of process.Michod, Richard E. (2000). Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05011-9 Thus the idea that life likely emerged as a natural extension of simpler non- or pre-biological physical processes should logically be included in the concept "meaning of life".

File:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg. The inflationary epoch is a period of rapidly accelerating expansion at left.]]

Though the Big Bang theory was met with much skepticism when first introduced, it has become well-supported by several independent observations.{{Cite book |author=Helge Kragh |title=Cosmology and Controversy |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-691-00546-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmologycontrov00helg }} However, current physics can only describe the early universe from around 10⁻⁴³ seconds after the Big Bang (where zero time corresponds to infinite temperature); a theory of quantum gravity would be required to understand events before that time. Nevertheless, many physicists have speculated about what would have preceded this limit, and how the universe came into being.{{Cite book |author1=Nikos Prantzos |author2=Stephen Lyle |title= Our Cosmic Future: Humanity's Fate in the Universe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-77098-9}} For example, one interpretation is that the Big Bang occurred coincidentally, and when considering the anthropic principle, it is sometimes interpreted as implying the existence of a multiverse.{{Cite book |author=Rem B. Edwards |title=What Caused the Big Bang? |publisher=Rodopi |date=2001 |isbn=978-90-420-1407-7}}

The ultimate fate of the universe, and implicitly of humanity, is hypothesized as one in which biological life will eventually become unsustainable, such as through a Big Freeze, Big Rip, or Big Crunch.

Theoretical cosmology studies many alternative speculative models for the origin and fate of the universe beyond the Big Bang theory. A recent trend has been models of the creation of 'baby universes' inside black holes, with our own Big Bang being a white hole on the inside of a black hole in another parent universe.{{Cite book |title=Radial motion into an Einstein-Rosen bridge, Physics Letters B | first=Nikodem J. |last=Poplawski |volume=687 | date=April 2010 |pages=110–113}} Many-worlds theories claim that every possibility of quantum mechanics is played out in parallel universes.

The nature and origin of consciousness and the mind are also widely debated in science. The explanatory gap is generally equated with the hard problem of consciousness, and the question of free will is also considered to be of fundamental importance. These subjects are mostly addressed in the fields of cognitive science, neuroscience (e.g. the neuroscience of free will) and philosophy of mind, though some evolutionary biologists and theoretical physicists have also made several allusions to the subject.{{Cite book |author=Harvey Whitehouse |title=The Debated Mind: Evolutionary Psychology Versus Ethnography |publisher=Berg Publishers |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-85973-427-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/debatedmindevolu0000unse }}{{Cite book |author=Jeffrey Alan Gray |author-link= Jeffrey Alan Gray |title=Consciousness: Creeping Up on the Hard Problem |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-852090-0}}

Reductionistic and eliminative materialistic approaches, for example the Multiple Drafts Model, hold that consciousness can be wholly explained by neuroscience through the workings of the brain and its neurons, thus adhering to biological naturalism.{{Cite book |author=Paul M. Churchland |author-link=Paul Churchland |title=A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/neurocomputation0000chur |url-access=registration |publisher=MIT Press |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-262-53106-1}}{{Cite book |author=Daniel Clement Dennett |author-link=Daniel Dennett |title=Consciousness Explained |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-316-18066-5|title-link=Consciousness Explained }}

On the other hand, some scientists, like Andrei Linde, have considered that consciousness, like spacetime, might have its own intrinsic degrees of freedom, and that one's perceptions may be as real as (or even more real than) material objects.{{Cite book |author1=John D. Barrow |author-link1=John D. Barrow |author2=Paul C.W. Davies |author-link2=Paul Davies |author3=Charles L. Harper |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83113-0}} Hypotheses of consciousness and spacetime explain consciousness in describing a "space of conscious elements", often encompassing a number of extra dimensions.{{Cite book |author=Jean Millay |author2=Ruth-Inge Heinze |title=Multidimensional Mind: Remote Viewing in Hyperspace |publisher=North Atlantic Books |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-55643-306-1}} Electromagnetic theories of consciousness solve the binding problem of consciousness in saying that the electromagnetic field generated by the brain is the actual carrier of conscious experience; there is however disagreement about the implementations of such a theory relating to other workings of the mind.{{cite journal|last1=McFadden |first1=J. |date=2002 |title=Synchronous Firing and Its Influence on the Brain's Electromagnetic Field: Evidence for an Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness |url=http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=23–50 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218171922/http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm |archive-date=18 December 2005 }}{{Cite book |author=R. Buccheri |author2=V. Di Gesù |author3=Metod Saniga |title=Studies on the Structure of Time: From Physics to Psycho(patho)logy |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-306-46439-3}} Quantum mind theories use quantum theory in explaining certain properties of the mind. Explaining the process of free will through quantum phenomena is an alternative to determinism.

Based on the premises of non-materialistic explanations of the mind, some have suggested the existence of a cosmic consciousness, asserting that consciousness is actually the "ground of all being".{{Cite book |author=Alexandra Bruce |title=Beyond the Bleep: The Definitive Unauthorized Guide to What the Bleep Do We Know!? |publisher=The Disinformation Company |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-932857-22-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondbleep00alex }}{{Cite book |author=Mae-Wan Ho |author-link=Mae-Wan Ho |title=The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms |url=https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi00homa_253 |url-access=limited |publisher=World Scientific |date=1998 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi00homa_253/page/n239 218]–231 |isbn=978-981-02-3427-0}} Proponents of this view cite accounts of paranormal phenomena, primarily extrasensory perceptions and psychic powers, as evidence for an incorporeal higher consciousness. In hopes of proving the existence of these phenomena, parapsychologists have orchestrated various experiments, but successful results might be due to poor experimental controls and might have alternative explanations.{{Cite journal |author=Akers, C. |title=Methodological Criticisms of Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 4 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |date=1986 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4rape/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071708/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4rape/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2007 }}{{Cite journal|author=Child, I.L. |title=Criticism in Experimental Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 5 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |date=1987 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |access-date=30 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223410/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}{{Cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=Richard |author2=Smith, Matthew |display-authors=etal |title=Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments – Psychophysical Research Laboratories |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |date=1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709230555/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=30 July 2007 }}{{cite web|last=Lobach |first=E. |author2=Bierman, D. |title=The Invisible Gaze: Three Attempts to Replicate Sheldrake's Staring Effects |work=Proceedings of the 47th PA Convention |url=http://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |date=2004 |pages=77–90 |access-date=30 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/https://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2007 }}

Reker and Wong define personal meaning as the "cognizance of order, coherence and purpose in one's existence, the pursuit and attainment of worthwhile goals, and an accompanying sense of fulfillment" (p. 221).Reker, G.T., & Wong, P.T.P. (1988). Aging as an individual process: Towards a theory of personal meaning. In J.E. Birren, & V.L. Bengston (Eds.), Emergent theories of aging (pp. 214–246). New York: Springer. In 2016, Martela and Steger defined meaning as coherence, purpose, and significance.Martela, F., & Steger, M.F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. In contrast, Wong has proposed a four-component solution to the question of meaning in life,Wong, P.T.P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology, 52(2), 69–81.Wong, P.T.P. (2012). From Logotherapy to Meaning-Centered Counseling and Therapy. In P.T.P. Wong (Ed.), The Human Quest for Meaning: Theories, Research, and Applications (2nd ed., pp. 619–647). New York: Routledge. with the four components purpose, understanding, responsibility, and enjoyment (PURE):

1. You need to choose a worthy purpose or a significant life goal.
2. You need to have sufficient understanding of who you are, what life demands of you, and how you can play a significant role in life.
3. You and you alone are responsible for deciding what kind of life you want to live, and what constitutes a significant and worthwhile life goal.
4. You will enjoy a deep sense of significance and satisfaction only when you have exercised your responsibility for self-determination and actively pursue a worthy life-goal.

Thus, a sense of significance permeates every dimension of meaning, rather than standing as a separate factor.

Although most psychology researchers consider meaning in life as a subjective feeling or judgment, most philosophers (e.g., Thaddeus Metz, Daniel Haybron) propose that there are also objective, concrete criteria for what constitutes meaning in life.{{Cite book |last=Metz |first=Thaddeus |title=Meaning in Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-959931-8 |location=Oxford}}

{{Cite book

|title= Happiness: A Very Short Introduction

|last= Haybron|first= Daniel M.

|publisher= Oxford University Press

|year= 2013|isbn= 978-0-19-959060-5

|location= Oxford}}

Wong has proposed that whether life is meaningful depends not only on subjective feelings but, more importantly, on whether a person's goal-striving and life as a whole is meaningful according to some objective normative standard.

The philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies that explain life in terms of ideals or abstractions defined by humans.

File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg fresco by Raphael. Plato is pointing heavenwards, and Aristotle is gesturing to the world.]]

{{Main|Platonism}}

Plato, a pupil of Socrates, was one of the earliest, most influential philosophers. His reputation comes from his idealism of believing in the existence of universals. His theory of forms proposes that universals do not physically exist, like objects, but as heavenly forms. In the dialogue of the Republic, the character of Socrates describes the Form of the Good. His theory on justice in the soul relates to the idea of happiness relevant to the question of the meaning of life.

In Platonism, the meaning of life is in attaining the highest form of knowledge, which is the Idea (Form) of the Good, from which all good and just things derive utility and value.

{{Main|Aristotelian ethics}}

Aristotle, an apprentice of Plato, was another early and influential philosopher, who argued that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (such as metaphysics and epistemology), but is general knowledge. Because it is not a theoretical discipline, a person had to study and practice in order to become "good"; thus if the person were to become virtuous, he could not simply study what virtue is, he had to be virtuous, via virtuous activities. To do this, Aristotle established what is virtuous:

{{blockquote|Every skill and every inquiry, and similarly, every action and choice of action, is thought to have some good as its object. This is why the good has rightly been defined as the object of all endeavor [...]
Everything is done with a goal, and that goal is "good".|Nicomachean Ethics 1.1}}

Yet, if action A is done towards achieving goal B, then goal B also would have a goal, goal C, and goal C also would have a goal, and so would continue this pattern, until something stopped its infinite regression. Aristotle's solution is the Highest Good, which is desirable for its own sake. It is its own goal. The Highest Good is not desirable for the sake of achieving some other good, and all other "goods" desirable for its sake. This involves achieving eudaemonia, usually translated as "happiness", "well-being", "flourishing", and "excellence".

{{blockquote|What is the highest good in all matters of action? To the name, there is an almost complete agreement; for uneducated and educated alike call it happiness, and make happiness identical with the good life and successful living. They disagree, however, about the meaning of happiness.|Nicomachean Ethics 1.4}}

{{Main|Cynicism (philosophy)}}

Antisthenes, a pupil of Socrates, first outlined the themes of Cynicism, stating that the purpose of life is living a life of Virtue which agrees with Nature. Happiness depends upon being self-sufficient and master of one's mental attitude; suffering is the consequence of false judgments of value, which cause negative emotions and a concomitant vicious character.

The Cynical life rejects conventional desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, by being free of the possessions acquired in pursuing the conventional.Kidd, I., "Cynicism," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy, (eds. J.O. Urmson and Jonathan Rée), Routledge, (2005).Long, A.A., "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics," in The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy. (eds. Branham and Goulet-Cazé), University of California Press, (1996). As reasoning creatures, people could achieve happiness via rigorous training, by living in a way natural to human beings. The world equally belongs to everyone, so suffering is caused by false judgments of what is valuable and what is worthless per the customs and conventions of society.

{{Main|Cyrenaics}}

Aristippus of Cyrene, a pupil of Socrates, founded an early Socratic school that emphasized only one side of Socrates's teachings—that happiness is one of the ends of moral action and that pleasure is the supreme good; thus a hedonistic world view, wherein bodily gratification is more intense than mental pleasure. Cyrenaics prefer immediate gratification to the long-term gain of delayed gratification; denial is unpleasant unhappiness.{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/|title=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|work=utm.edu}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hedonism.org|title=The Future of Hardcore Hedonism|work=hedonism.org|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522152806/https://www.hedonism.org/|archive-date=22 May 2020|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Epicureanism}}

File:Agostino Scilla. The philosopher Epicurus.jpg by Agostino Scilla, circa 1670–1680. The philosopher holds a text that reads "whatever you do, do wisely and think of consequences"]]

Epicurus, a pupil of the Platonist Pamphilus of Samos, taught that the greatest good is in seeking modest pleasures, to attain tranquility and freedom from fear (ataraxia) via knowledge, friendship, and virtuous, temperate living; bodily pain (aponia) is absent through one's knowledge of the workings of the world and of the limits of one's desires. Combined, freedom from pain and freedom from fear are happiness in its highest form. Epicurus' lauded enjoyment of simple pleasures is quasi-ascetic "abstention" from sex and the appetites:

"When we say ... that pleasure is the end and aim, we do not mean the pleasures of the prodigal or the pleasures of sensuality, as we are understood to do, by some, through ignorance, prejudice or willful misrepresentation. By pleasure, we mean the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul. It is not by an unbroken succession of drinking bouts and of revelry, not by sexual lust, nor the enjoyment of fish, and other delicacies of a luxurious table, which produce a pleasant life; it is sober reasoning, searching out the grounds of every choice and avoidance, and banishing those beliefs through which the greatest tumults take possession of the soul."Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus", contained in Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book X.

The Epicurean meaning of life rejects immortality and mysticism; there is a soul, but it is as mortal as the body. There is no afterlife, yet, one need not fear death, because "Death is nothing to us; for that which is dissolved, is without sensation, and that which lacks sensation is nothing to us."Bertrand Russell (1946). A History of Western Philosophy, New York: Simon and Schuster; London: George Allen and Unwin.

{{Main|Stoicism}}

Zeno of Citium, a pupil of Crates of Thebes, established the school which teaches that living according to reason and virtue is to be in harmony with the universe's divine order, entailed by one's recognition of the universal logos, or reason, an essential value of all people. The meaning of life is "freedom from suffering" through apatheia (Gr: απαθεια), that is, being objective and having "clear judgement", not indifference.

Stoicism's prime directives are virtue, reason, and natural law, abided to develop personal self-control and mental fortitude as means of overcoming destructive emotions. The Stoic does not seek to extinguish emotions, only to avoid emotional troubles, by developing clear judgment and inner calm through diligently practiced logic, reflection, and concentration.

The Stoic ethical foundation is that "good lies in the state of the soul", itself, exemplified in wisdom and self-control, thus improving one's spiritual well-being: "Virtue consists in a will which is in agreement with Nature." The principle applies to one's personal relations thus: "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy".

{{Further|Enlightenment philosophy}}

The Enlightenment and the colonial era both changed the nature of European philosophy and exported it worldwide. Devotion and subservience to God were largely replaced by notions of inalienable natural rights and the potentialities of reason, and universal ideals of love and compassion gave way to civic notions of freedom, equality, and citizenship.

The meaning of life changed as well, focusing less on humankind's relationship to God and more on the relationship between individuals and their society. This era is filled with theories that equate meaningful existence with the social order.

File:Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 1.jpg]]

Kantianism is a philosophy based on the ethical, epistemological, and metaphysical works of Immanuel Kant. Kant is known for his deontological theory where there is a single moral obligation, the "Categorical Imperative", derived from the concept of duty. Kantians believe all actions are performed in accordance with some underlying maxim or principle, and for actions to be ethical, they must adhere to the categorical imperative.

Simply put, the test is that one must universalize the maxim (imagine that all people acted in this way) and then see if it would still be possible to perform the maxim in the world without contradiction. In Groundwork, Kant gives the example of a person who seeks to borrow money without intending to pay it back. This is a contradiction because if it were a universal action, no person would lend money anymore as he knows that he will never be paid back. The maxim of this action, says Kant, results in a contradiction in conceivability (and thus contradicts perfect duty).

Kant also denied that the consequences of an act in any way contribute to the moral worth of that act, his reasoning being that the physical world is outside one's full control and thus one cannot be held accountable for the events that occur in it.

{{Further|19th-century philosophy}}The first English use of the expression "meaning of life" appeared in Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (1833–August 1834): "Our Life is compassed round with Necessity; yet is the meaning of Life itself no other than Freedom, than Voluntary Force: thus have we a warfare; in the beginning, especially, a hard-fought battle."{{Cite web |title=Meaning of Life, The: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}

File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg]]

The origins of utilitarianism can be traced back as far as Epicurus, but, as a school of thought, it is credited to Jeremy Bentham,Rosen, Frederick (2003). Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill. Routledge, p. 28. {{ISBN|0-415-22094-7}}. "It was Hume and Bentham who then reasserted most strongly the Epicurean doctrine concerning utility as the basis of justice." who found that "nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure"; then, from that moral insight, he derived the Rule of Utility: "that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people". He defined the meaning of life as the "greatest happiness principle".

Jeremy Bentham's foremost proponent was James Mill, a significant philosopher in his day, and father of John Stuart Mill. The younger Mill was educated per Bentham's principles, including transcribing and summarizing much of his father's work.Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty, ed. Himmelfarb. Penguin Classics, 1974, ed.'s introduction, p. 11.

Nihilism suggests that life is without objective meaning.

Friedrich Nietzsche characterized nihilism as emptying the world, and especially human existence, of meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth, and essential value; succinctly, nihilism is the process of "the devaluing of the highest values".{{Cite book |author=Jérôme Bindé |title=The Future of Values: 21st-Century Talks |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-57181-442-5}} Seeing the nihilist as a natural result of the idea that God is dead, and insisting it was something to overcome, his questioning of the nihilist's life-negating values returned meaning to the Earth.{{Cite book |author=Bernard Reginster |title=The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism |title-link= |date=2006 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02199-0 |author-link=Bernard Reginster}}

To Martin Heidegger, nihilism is the movement whereby "being" is forgotten, and is transformed into value, in other words, the reduction of being to exchange value. Heidegger, in accordance with Nietzsche, saw in the so-called "death of God" a potential source for nihilism:

If God, as the supra-sensory ground and goal, of all reality, is dead; if the supra-sensory world of the Ideas has suffered the loss of its obligatory, and above it, its vitalizing and up-building power, then nothing more remains to which Man can cling, and by which he can orient himself.Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche," 61.

The French philosopher Albert Camus asserts that the absurdity of the human condition is that people search for external values and meaning in a world which has none and is indifferent to them. Camus writes of value-nihilists such as Meursault,Camus (1946) L'Etranger. but also of values in a nihilistic world, that people can instead strive to be "heroic nihilists", living with dignity in the face of absurdity, living with "secular saintliness", fraternal solidarity, and rebelling against and transcending the world's indifference.Camus (1955) The Myth of Sisyphus.

{{Further|20th-century philosophy}}

File:Bertrand Russell photo.jpg said: "The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge."]]

The current era has seen radical changes in both formal and popular conceptions of human nature. The knowledge disclosed by modern science has effectively rewritten the relationship of humankind to the natural world. Advances in medicine and technology have freed humans from significant limitations and ailments of previous eras;For example, see hygiene, antibiotics and vaccination. and philosophy—particularly following the linguistic turn—has altered how the relationships people have with themselves and each other are conceived. Questions about the meaning of life have also seen radical changes, from attempts to reevaluate human existence in biological and scientific terms (as in pragmatism and logical positivism) to efforts to meta-theorize about meaning-making as a personal, individual-driven activity (existentialism, secular humanism).

Pragmatism originated in the late-19th-century US, concerning itself (mostly) with truth, and positing that "only in struggling with the environment" do data, and derived theories, have meaning, and that consequences, like utility and practicality, are also components of truth. Moreover, pragmatism posits that anything useful and practical is not always true, arguing that what most contributes to the most human good in the long course is true. In practice, theoretical claims must be practically verifiable, i.e. one should be able to predict and test claims, and, that, ultimately, the needs of humankind should guide human intellectual inquiry.

Pragmatic philosophers suggest that the practical, useful understanding of life is more important than searching for an impractical abstract truth about life. William James argued that truth could be made, but not sought.{{Cite book |author=William James |author-link=William James |title=The Meaning of Truth |publisher=Prometheus Books |date=1909 |isbn=978-1-57392-138-1}}{{Cite book |author=Walter Robert Corti |title=The Philosophy of William James |publisher=Meiner Verlag |date=1976 |isbn=978-3-7873-0352-6}} To a pragmatist, the meaning of life is discoverable only via experience.

{{Main|Philosophical theism}}

Theists believe God created the universe and that God had a purpose in doing so. Theists also hold the view that humans find their meaning and purpose for life in God's purpose in creating. Some theists further hold that if there were no God to give life ultimate meaning, value, and purpose, then life would be absurd.{{Cite web |title=Philosophy 446: Theistic Perspectives on the Meaning of Life |url=http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~morourke/446-phil/05%20Spring/Handouts/Philosophical/Theistic%20Perspectives-MOL.htm |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.webpages.uidaho.edu}}

{{Main|Meaning (existential)}}

File:Edvard Munch Friedrich Nietzsche Thielska 292.tif, Friedrich Nietzsche, 1906]]

According to existentialism, each person creates the essence (meaning) of their life; life is not determined by a supernatural god or an earthly authority, one is free. As such, one's ethical prime directives are action, freedom, and decision, thus, existentialism opposes rationalism and positivism. In seeking meaning to life, the existentialist looks to where people find meaning in life, in course of which using only reason as a source of meaning is insufficient; this gives rise to the emotions of anxiety and dread, felt in considering one's free will, and the concomitant awareness of death. According to Jean-Paul Sartre, existence precedes essence; the (essence) of one's life arises only after one comes to existence.

Søren Kierkegaard spoke about a "leap", arguing that life is full of absurdity, and one must make his and her own values in an indifferent world. One can live meaningfully (free of despair and anxiety) in an unconditional commitment to something finite and devotes that meaningful life to the commitment, despite the vulnerability inherent to doing so.{{Cite book |author=Amy Laura Hall |title=Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-89311-4}}

Arthur Schopenhauer answered: "What is the meaning of life?" by stating that one's life reflects one's will, and that the will (life) is an aimless, irrational, and painful drive. Salvation, deliverance, and escape from suffering are in aesthetic contemplation, sympathy for others, and asceticism.{{Cite book |author=Dale Jacquette |title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-47388-0}}{{Cite book |author=Durno Murray |title=Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1999 |isbn=978-3-11-016601-9}}

For Friedrich Nietzsche, life is worth living only if there are goals inspiring one to live. Accordingly, he saw nihilism ("all that happens is meaningless") as without goals. He stated that asceticism denies one's living in the world; stated that values are not objective facts, that are rationally necessary, universally binding commitments: our evaluations are interpretations, and not reflections of the world, as it is, in itself, and, therefore, all ideations take place from a particular perspective.

{{Main|Absurdism}}

{{Quote box |quote="... in spite of or in defiance of the whole of existence he wills to be himself with it, to take it along, almost defying his torment. For to hope in the possibility of help, not to speak of help by virtue of the absurd, that for God all things are possible—no, that he will not do. And as for seeking help from any other—no, that he will not do for all the world; rather than seek the help he would prefer to be himself—with all the tortures of hell if so it must be."|source=Søren Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death{{Cite book|last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|author-link=Søren Kierkegaard|title=The Sickness Unto Death|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189042|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=1941|isbn=978-1-4486-7502-9}} |width=30% |align=right}}

In absurdist philosophy, the Absurd arises out of the fundamental disharmony between the individual's search for meaning and the apparent meaninglessness of the universe. As beings looking for meaning in a meaningless world, humans have three ways of resolving the dilemma. Kierkegaard and Camus describe the solutions in their works, The Sickness Unto Death (1849) and The Myth of Sisyphus (1942):

• Suicide (or, "escaping existence"): a solution in which a person simply ends one's own life. Both Kierkegaard and Camus dismiss the viability of this option.
• Religious belief in a transcendent realm or being: a solution in which one believes in the existence of a reality that is beyond the Absurd, and, as such, has meaning. Kierkegaard stated that a belief in anything beyond the Absurd requires a non-rational but perhaps necessary religious acceptance in such an intangible and empirically unprovable thing (now commonly referred to as a "leap of faith"). However, Camus regarded this solution as "philosophical suicide".
• Acceptance of the Absurd: a solution in which one accepts and even embraces the Absurd and continues to live in spite of it. Camus endorsed this solution (notably in his 1947 allegorical novel The Plague or La Peste), while Kierkegaard regarded this solution as "demoniac madness": "He rages most of all at the thought that eternity might get it into its head to take his misery from him!"{{Cite book |last=Kierkegaard |first=Søren |author-link=Søren Kierkegaard |title=The Sickness Unto Death |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189042 |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1941 |isbn=978-1-4486-7502-9}}, Part I, Ch. 3.

{{Further|Secular humanism}}

File:HumanismSymbol.svg" symbol representing secular humanism]]

Per secular humanism, the human species came to be by reproducing successive generations in a progression of unguided evolution as an integral expression of nature, which is self-existing.{{cite web|title=Humanist Manifesto I |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html |work=American Humanist Association |date=1933 |access-date=26 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730070437/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html |archive-date=30 July 2007 }}{{cite web |title=Humanist Manifesto II |work=American Humanist Association |date=1973 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809102124/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |archive-date=9 August 2007 }} Human knowledge comes from human observation, experimentation, and rational analysis (the scientific method), and not from supernatural sources; the nature of the universe is what people discern it to be. Likewise, "values and realities" are determined "by means of intelligent inquiry" and "are derived from human need and interest as tested by experience", that is, by critical intelligence.{{cite web|title=Humanist Manifesto III |work=American Humanist Association |date=2003 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |access-date=1 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809103515/http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |archive-date=9 August 2007 }}{{cite web |title=A Secular Humanist Declaration |work=Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism (now the Council for Secular Humanism) |date=1980 |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |access-date=1 August 2007 |archive-date=17 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817084107/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |url-status=dead }} "As far as we know, the total personality is [a function] of the biological organism transacting in a social and cultural context."

People determine human purpose without supernatural influence; it is the human personality (general sense) that is the purpose of a human being's life which humanism seeks to develop and fulfill: "Humanism affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good of humanity". Humanism aims to promote enlightened self-interest and the common good for all people. It is based on the premises that the happiness of the individual person is inextricably linked to the well-being of all humanity, in part because humans are social animals who find meaning in personal relations and because cultural progress benefits everybody living in the culture.

The philosophical subgenres posthumanism and transhumanism (sometimes used synonymously) are extensions of humanistic values. One should seek the advancement of humanity and of all life to the greatest degree feasible and seek to reconcile Renaissance humanism with the 21st century's technoscientific culture. In this light, every living creature has the right to determine its personal and social "meaning of life".{{cite web |author=Nick Bostrom |title=Transhumanist Values |work=Oxford University |date=2005 |url=http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html |access-date=28 July 2007 |author-link=Nick Bostrom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701062134/http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}

From a humanism-psychotherapeutic point of view, the question of the meaning of life could be reinterpreted as "What is the meaning of my life?"Irvin Yalom, Existential Psychotherapy, 1980. This approach emphasizes that the question is personal—and avoids focusing on cosmic or religious questions about overarching purpose. There are many therapeutic responses to this question. For example, Viktor Frankl argues for "Dereflection", which translates largely as to cease endlessly reflecting on the self; instead, engage in life. On the whole, the therapeutic response is that the question itself—what is the meaning of life?—evaporates when one is fully engaged in life. (The question then morphs into more specific worries such as "What delusions am I under?"; "What is blocking my ability to enjoy things?"; "Why do I neglect loved-ones?".)See also: Existential therapy and Irvin D. Yalom.

Logical positivists ask: "What is the meaning of life?", "What is the meaning in asking?"{{Cite book |author=Richard Taylor |author-link=Richard Taylor (philosopher) |title=Good and Evil |chapter= Chapter 5: The Meaning of Life |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-02-616690-4}}Wohlgennant, Rudolph. (1981). "Has the Question about the Meaning of Life any Meaning?" (Chapter 4). In E. Morscher, ed., Philosophie als Wissenschaft. and "If there are no objective values, then, is life meaningless?"{{Cite book |last=McNaughton |first=David |date=August 1988 |title=Moral Vision: An Introduction to Ethics |chapter=Section 1.5: Moral Freedom and the Meaning of Life |publisher=Oxford: Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-631-15945-2}} Ludwig Wittgenstein and the logical positivists said:{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} "Expressed in language, the question is meaningless"; because, in life the statement the "meaning of x", usually denotes the consequences of x, or the significance of x, or what is notable about x, etc., thus, when the meaning of life concept equals "x", in the statement the "meaning of x", the statement becomes recursive, and, therefore, nonsensical, or it might refer to the fact that biological life is essential to having a meaning in life.

The things (people, events) in the life of a person can have meaning (importance) as parts of a whole, but a discrete meaning of (the) life, itself, aside from those things, cannot be discerned. A person's life has meaning (for themselves, others) as the life events resulting from their achievements, legacy, family, etc., but, to say that life, itself, has meaning, is a misuse of language, since any note of significance, or of consequence, is relevant only in life (to the living), so rendering the statement erroneous. Bertrand Russell wrote that although he found that his distaste for torture was not like his distaste for broccoli, he found no satisfactory, empirical method of proving this:

When we try to be definite, as to what we mean when we say that this or that is "the Good," we find ourselves involved in very great difficulties. Bentham's creed, that pleasure is the Good, roused furious opposition, and was said to be a pig's philosophy. Neither he nor his opponents could advance any argument. In a scientific question, evidence can be adduced on both sides, and, in the end, one side is seen to have the better case—or, if this does not happen, the question is left undecided. But in a question, as to whether this, or that, is the ultimate Good, there is no evidence, either way; each disputant can only appeal to his own emotions, and employ such rhetorical devices as shall arouse similar emotions in others ... Questions as to "values"—that is to say, as to what is good or bad on its own account, independently of its effects—lie outside the domain of science, as the defenders of religion emphatically assert. I think that, in this, they are right, but, I draw the further conclusion, which they do not draw, that questions as to "values" lie wholly outside the domain of knowledge. That is to say, when we assert that this, or that, has "value", we are giving expression to our own emotions, not to a fact, which would still be true if our personal feelings were different.{{Citation |first=Bertrand |last=Russell |author-link=Bertrand Russell |date=1961 |title=Science and Ethics |url=http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114144956/http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html |archive-date=14 November 2007 }}.

{{Further|Postmodernism}}

Postmodernist thought—broadly speaking—sees human nature as constructed by language, or by structures and institutions of human society. Unlike other forms of philosophy, postmodernism rarely seeks out a priori or innate meanings in human existence, but instead focuses on analyzing or critiquing given meanings in order to rationalize or reconstruct them. Anything resembling a "meaning of life", in postmodernist terms, can only be understood within a social and linguistic framework and must be pursued as an escape from the power structures that are already embedded in all forms of speech and interaction. As a rule, postmodernists see awareness of the constraints of language as necessary to escaping those constraints, but different theorists take different views on the nature of this process: from a radical reconstruction of meaning by individuals (as in deconstructionism) to theories in which individuals are primarily extensions of language and society, without real autonomy (as in poststructuralism).

According to naturalistic pantheism, the meaning of life is to care for and look after nature and the environment.

Embodied cognition uses the neurological basis of emotion, speech, and cognition to understand the nature of thought. Cognitive neuropsychology has identified brain areas necessary for these abilities, and genetic studies show that the gene FOXP2 affects neuroplasticity which underlies language fluency.

George Lakoff, a professor of cognitive linguistics and philosophy, advances the view that metaphors are the usual basis of meaning, not the logic of verbal symbol manipulation.{{cite web |title=BLENDING AND METAPHOR |url=https://markturner.org/blendaphor.html |website=markturner.org |access-date=28 February 2023}} Computers use logic programming to effectively query databases but humans rely on a trained biological neural network. Postmodern philosophies that use the indeterminacy of symbolic language to deny definite meaning ignore those who feel they know what they mean and feel that their interlocutors know what they mean.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} Choosing the correct metaphor results in enough common understanding to pursue questions such as the meaning of life.{{cite journal |last1=Landau |first1=Mark J. |title=Using Metaphor to Find Meaning in Life |journal=Review of General Psychology |date=March 2018 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=62–72 |doi=10.1037/gpr0000105 |pmid=29632431 |pmc=5889147 }} Improved knowledge of brain function should result in better treatments producing healthier brains. When combined with more effective training, a sound personal assessment as to the meaning of one's life should be straightforward.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

{{Further|Chinese philosophy|Japanese philosophy|Ikigai}}

{{further|Mohism}}

The Mohist philosophers believed that the purpose of life was universal, impartial love. Mohism promoted a philosophy of impartial caring—a person should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship with him or her.One Hundred Philosophers: A Guide to the World's Greatest Thinkers Peter J. King. The expression of this indiscriminate caring is what makes a man a righteous being in Mohist thought. This advocacy of impartiality was a target of attack by the other Chinese philosophical schools, most notably the Confucians who believed that while love should be unconditional, it should not be indiscriminate. For example, children should hold a greater love for their parents than for random strangers.

{{further|Confucianism}}

Confucianism recognizes human nature in accordance with the need for discipline and education. Because humankind is driven by both positive and negative influences, Confucianists see a goal in achieving virtue through strong relationships and reasoning as well as minimizing the negative. This emphasis on normal living is seen in the Confucianist scholar Tu Wei-Ming's quote, "We can realize the ultimate meaning of life in ordinary human existence."Tu, Wei-Ming. Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.

{{further|Legalism (Chinese philosophy)}}

The Legalists believed that finding the purpose of life was a meaningless effort. To the Legalists, only practical knowledge was valuable, especially as it related to the function and performance of the state.

The religious perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies that explain life in terms of an implicit purpose not defined by humans. According to the Charter for Compassion, signed by many of the world's leading religious and secular organizations, the core of religion is the golden rule of 'treat others as you would have them treat you'. The Charter's founder, Karen Armstrong, quotes the ancient Rabbi Hillel who suggested that 'the rest is commentary'. This is not to reduce the commentary's importance, and Armstrong considers that its study, interpretation, and ritual are the means by which religious people internalize and live the golden rule.

File:ReligionSymbolAbr.PNG, Christianity, and Islam]]

{{Further|Abrahamic religion}}

In the Judaic worldview, the meaning of life is to elevate the physical world ('Olam HaZeh') and prepare it for the world to come ('Olam HaBa'), the messianic era. This is called Tikkun Olam ("Fixing the World"). Olam HaBa can also mean the spiritual afterlife, and there is debate concerning the eschatological order. However, Judaism is not focused on personal salvation, but on communal (between man and man) and individual (between man and God) spiritualised actions in this world.

Judaism's most important feature is the worship of a single, incomprehensible, transcendent, one, indivisible, absolute Being, who created and governs the universe. Closeness with the God of Israel is through a study of His Torah, and adherence to its mitzvot (divine laws). In traditional Judaism, God established a special covenant with a people, the people of Israel, at Mount Sinai, giving the Jewish commandments. Torah comprises the written Pentateuch and the transcribed oral tradition, further developed through the generations. The Jewish people are intended as "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation"Exodus 19:6. and a "light to the Nations", influencing the other peoples to keep their own religio-ethical Seven Laws of Noah. The messianic era is seen as the perfection of this dual path to God.

Jewish observances involve ethical and ritual, affirmative, and prohibitive injunctions. Modern Jewish denominations differ over the nature, relevance, and emphases of mitzvot. Jewish philosophy emphasises that God is not affected or benefited, but the individual and society benefit by drawing close to God. The rationalist Maimonides sees the ethical and ritual divine commandments as a necessary, but insufficient preparation for philosophical understanding of God, with its love and awe.Maimonides' Confrontation with Mysticism, Menachem Kellner, Littman Library. Particularly the parable of the King's Palace in divine worship, in the Guide for the Perplexed. Among fundamental values in the Torah are pursuit of justice, compassion, peace, kindness, hard work, prosperity, humility, and education.{{Cite book |author=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice |publisher=Routledge |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-23661-4}}{{Cite book |author=Abraham Joshua Heschel |title=Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-8264-0802-0}} The world to come,{{Cite book |author=Wilfred Shuchat |title=The Garden of Eden & the Struggle to Be Human: According to the Midrash Rabbah |publisher=Devora Publishing |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-932687-31-6}} prepared in the present, elevates man to an everlasting connection with God.{{Cite book |author=Randolph L. Braham |title=Contemporary Views on the Holocaust |publisher=Springer |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-89838-141-2}} Simeon the Righteous says, "The world stands on three things: on Torah, on worship, and on acts of loving kindness." The prayer book relates, "Blessed is our God who created us for his honor ... and planted within us everlasting life." Of this context, the Talmud states, "Everything that God does is for the good." including suffering.

The Jewish mystical Kabbalah gives complementary esoteric meanings of life. As well as Judaism providing an immanent relationship with God (personal theism), in Kabbalah, the spiritual and physical creation is a paradoxical manifestation of the immanent aspects of God's Being (panentheism), related to the Shekhinah (Divine feminine). Jewish observance unites the sephirot (Divine attributes) on high, restoring harmony to creation. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the meaning of life is the messianic rectification of the shattered sparks of God's persona, exiled in physical existence (the Kelipot shells), through the actions of Jewish observance.Kabbalah: A Very Short Introduction, Joseph Dan, Oxford University Press, Chapter "Early modern era: Safed spirituality". Through this, in Hasidic Judaism the ultimate essential "desire" of God is the revelation of the Omnipresent Divine essence through materiality, achieved by a man from within his limited physical realm when the body will give life to the soul.Habad intellectual Hasidic thought: source text Tanya I: 36, 49; secondary text Heaven on Earth, Faitel Levin, Kehot publications.

File:Christ the Redeemer - Cristo Redentor.jpg statue in Rio de Janeiro is symbolic of Christianity,{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/the-new-seven-wonders-of-the-world/story-s994IbVb38xNOwRFjoCr2L.html |title=The new Seven Wonders of the World |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2007 |access-date=6 January 2024}} illustrating the concept of seeking redemption through Jesus Christ.]]

Christianity has its roots in Judaism, and shares much of the latter faith's ontology. Its central beliefs derive from the teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Life's purpose in Christianity is to seek divine salvation through the grace of God and intercession of Christ.John 11:26. The New Testament speaks of God wanting to have a relationship with humans both in this life and the life to come, which can happen only if one's sins are forgiven.John 3:16–21; 2 Peter 3:9.

In the Christian view, humankind was made in the Image of God and perfect, but the Fall of Man caused the progeny of the First Parents to inherit Original Sin and its consequences. Christ's passion, death and resurrection provide the means for transcending that impure state (Romans 6:23). That this restoration from sin is possible is called the gospel.

The Apostle Paul explains the meaning of life in his speech on the Areopagus in Athens: "And He has made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the face of the earth, and has determined their preappointed times and the boundaries of their dwellings, so that they should seek the Lord, in the hope that they might grope for Him and find Him, though He is not far from each one of us."Bible, Acts 17:26–27, NKJV.

The specific process of appropriating salvation through Christ and maintaining a relationship with God varies between different denominations of Christians, but all rely on faith in Christ and the gospel as the fundamental starting point. Salvation through faith in God is found in Ephesians 2:8–9^{[8] "}For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God;^[9] not as a result of works, that no one should boast." (NASB; 1973). The gospel maintains that through this belief, the barrier that sin has created between man and God is destroyed, thereby allowing believers to be regenerated by God and to instill in them a new heart after God's own will with the ability to live righteously before him. This is what the term saved almost always refer to.

In Reformed theology, it is believed the purpose of life is to glorify God. In the Westminster Shorter Catechism, an important creed for Reformed Christians,{{Cite web |last=Bower |first=John |title=9 Things You Should Know About The Westminster Confession |date=25 March 2021 |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-westminster-confession/}} the first question is: "What is the chief end of Man?" (that is, "What is Man's main purpose?"). The answer is: "Man's chief end is to glorify God, and enjoy him forever". God requires one to obey the revealed moral law, saying: "Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbour as yourself".{{cite web |title=The Westminster Shorter Catechism |url=http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html |access-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311000717/http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html |archive-date=11 March 2008 |url-status=dead }} The Baltimore Catechism answers the question "Why did God make you?" by saying "God made me to know Him, to love Him, and to serve Him in this world, and to be happy with Him forever in heaven."{{cite web |title=The Baltimore Catechism |url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/balt/balt1.htm |access-date=12 June 2008}}

Catholicism's meaning of life is explained in Catechism of the Catholic Church paragraph 294. The Universe exists for the manifestation and communication of God's glory, while mankind exists for the beatific vision.[http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p1s2c1p4.htm#294 Catechism of the Catholic Church 294] Catechism of the Catholic Church 601 explains the meaning of Jesus' life: to fulfill the Scripture, in particular the plan of salvation.[http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p122a4p2.htm#601 Catechism of the Catholic Church 601]

Mormonism teaches that the purpose of life on Earth is to gain knowledge and experience and to have joy.{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles?lang=eng|title=Gospel Principles|website=churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710171937/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles?lang=eng|archive-date=10 July 2019|url-status=dead}} Mormons believe that humans are literally the spirit children of God the Father, and thus have the potential to progress to become like Him. Mormons teach that God provided his children the choice to come to Earth, which is considered a crucial stage in their development—wherein a mortal body, coupled with the freedom to choose, makes for an environment to learn and grow. The Fall of Adam is not viewed as an unfortunate or unplanned cancellation of God's original plan for a paradise; rather, the opposition found in mortality is an essential element of God's plan because the process of enduring and overcoming challenges, difficulties, and temptations provides opportunities to gain wisdom and strength, thereby learning to appreciate and choose good and reject evil.{{Cite web |title=2 Nephi 2 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/2 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Moses 6 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/pgp/moses/6 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en}} Because God is just, he allows those who were not taught the gospel during mortality to receive it after death in the spirit world,{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/138?lang=eng|title=Doctrine and Covenants 138|work=churchofjesuschrist.org}} so that all of his children have the opportunity to return to live with God, and reach their full potential.

A recent alternative Christian theological discourse interprets Jesus as revealing that the purpose of life is to elevate our compassionate response to human suffering;{{cite book |last=Drake-Brockman |first=Tom |url=http://christianhumanism.webs.com/ |title=Christian Humanism: The Compassionate Theology of a Jew Called Jesus |date=2012}} nonetheless, the conventional Christian position is that people are justified by belief in the propitiatory sacrifice of Jesus' death on the cross.

File:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca]]

In Islam, humanity's ultimate purpose is to worship their creator, Allah ({{langx|en|The God}}), through his signs, and be grateful to him through sincere love and devotion. This is practically shown by following the divine guidelines revealed in the Qur'an and the tradition of the Prophet (with the exception of Quranists). Earthly life is a test, determining one's position of closeness to Allah in the hereafter. A person will either be close to him and his love in Jannah (Paradise) or far away in Jahannam (Hell).

For Allah's satisfaction, via the Qur'an, all Muslims must believe in God, his revelations, his angels, his messengers, and in the "Day of Judgment".{{qref|2|4|b=y}}, {{qref|2|285|b=y}}, {{qref|4|136|b=y}}. The Qur'an describes the purpose of creation as follows: "Blessed be he in whose hand is the kingdom, he is powerful over all things, who created death and life that he might examine which of you is best in deeds, and he is the almighty, the forgiving." (Qur'an 67:1–2) and "And I (Allâh) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should be obedient (to Allah)." (Qur'an 51:56). Obedience testifies to the oneness of God in his lordship, his names, and his attributes. Terrenal life is a test; how one acts (behaves) determines whether one's soul goes to Jannat (Heaven) or to Jahannam (Hell).In most English translations of Qur'an 51:56 translates the last word to "worship", but any Arabic (and Urdu) speaking person can confirm that "ABADON" means to follow the Will of Allah (NOT worship). This is relevant because the Will of Allah is not just to worship HIM; to be just and good with humanity is equally important.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} However, on the day of Judgement the final decision is of Allah alone.{{Cite web |url=http://iqra.net/Hadith/judgement.php |title=The Day of Judgement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530225629/http://iqra.net/Hadith/judgement.php |archive-date=30 May 2013 |work=Iqra.net |access-date=29 October 2013}}

The Five Pillars of Islam are duties incumbent to every Muslim; they are: Shahadah (profession of faith); Salat (ritual prayer); Zakat (charity); Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).{{cite encyclopedia |title=Pillars of Islam |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295625/Pillars-of-Islam |access-date=2 May 2007}} They derive from the Hadith works, notably of Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. The five pillars are not mentioned directly in the Quran.

Beliefs differ among the Kalam. The Sunni and the Ahmadiyya concept of pre-destination is divine decree;{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Muslim|1|1}}. the Shi'a concept of pre-destination is divine justice; in the esoteric view of the Sufis, the universe exists only for God's pleasure; Creation is a grand game, wherein Allah is the greatest prize.

The Sufi view of the meaning of life stems from the hadith qudsi that states "I (God) was a Hidden Treasure and loved to be known. Therefore I created the Creation that I might be known." One possible interpretation of this view is that the meaning of life for an individual is to know the nature of God, and the purpose of all of creation is to reveal that nature and to prove its value as the ultimate treasure, that is God. However, this hadith is stated in various forms and interpreted in various ways by people, such, as 'Abdu'l-Bahá of the Baháʼí Faith,{{cite web|last=Bahá|first=Abdu'l|title=Commentary on the Islamic Tradition "I Was a Hidden Treasure ..."|url=http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyan|work=Baháʼí Studies Bulletin|access-date=3 August 2013}} and in Ibn'Arabī's Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam.{{cite web|last=Chittick|first=William C.|title=The Imprint of the Bezels of the Wisdom|url=http://www.ibnarabisociety.org/articlespdf/naqshalfusus.pdf|work=Ibn 'Arabi's Own Summary of the Fusûs|access-date=3 August 2013}} According to Shaykh Ibrahim Niass, worship of God is closely linked to ma'rifa,{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Zachary Valentine |title=Living knowledge in West African Islam: the sufi community of Ibrahim Niasse |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-28807-2 |series=Islam in Africa |location=Leiden ; Boston |page=133}} therefore the perfection of the aspirant's knowledge of God is conditional upon his attainment of ma'rifa.

The Baháʼí Faith emphasizes the unity of humanity.{{Cite book |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bahaism |title="Bahaism." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |date=2007 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |edition=Fourth |volume=}} To Baháʼís, the purpose of life is focused on spiritual growth and service to humanity. Human beings are viewed as intrinsically spiritual beings. People's lives in this material world provide extended opportunities to grow, to develop divine qualities and virtues, and the prophets were sent by God to facilitate this.{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=P. |date=1999 |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/325 325–328] |isbn=978-1-85168-184-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/325 }}For a more detailed Baháʼí perspective, see {{cite web |title={{-'}}The Purpose of Life' Baháʼí Topics An Information Resource of the Baháʼí International Community |url=http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-6.html |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829233333/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-6.html |archive-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}

{{Further|Indian religions|Indian philosophy}}

{{Further|Hinduism|Hindu philosophy|Dharma}}

File:Golden Aum.png written in Devanagari. The Aum is sacred in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religions.]]

Hinduism is a religious category including many beliefs and traditions. Since Hinduism was the way of expressing meaningful living for a long time before there was a need for naming it as a separate religion, Hindu doctrines are supplementary and complementary in nature, generally non-exclusive, suggestive, and tolerant in content.{{Cite book |author=Simon Weightman |date=1998 |title=The new Penguin handbook of living religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140514070 |url-access=registration |editor=Hinnells, John |publisher=Penguin books |chapter=Hinduism |isbn=978-0-14-051480-3}} Most believe that the ātman (spirit, soul)—the person's true self—is eternal.{{Cite book |author=Monier Monier-Williams |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |date=1974 |title=Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C |access-date= 8 July 2007 |series=Elibron Classics |isbn=978-1-4212-6531-5}} In part, this stems from Hindu beliefs that spiritual development occurs across many lifetimes, and goals should match the state of development of the individual. There are four possible aims to human life, known as the purusharthas (ordered from least to greatest): (i) Kāma (wish, desire, love and sensual pleasure), (ii) Artha (wealth, prosperity, glory), (iii) Dharma (righteousness, duty, morality, virtue, ethics), encompassing notions such as ahimsa (non-violence) and satya (truth) and (iv) Moksha (liberation, i.e. liberation from Saṃsāra, the cycle of reincarnation).For dharma, artha, and kama as "brahmanic householder values" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.For the Dharma Śāstras as discussing the "four main goals of life" (dharma, artha, kama, and moksha) see: Hopkins, p. 78.For definition of the term पुरुष-अर्थ ({{IAST|puruṣa-artha}}) as "any of the four principal objects of human life, i.e. {{lang|sa|धर्म}}, {{lang|sa|अर्थ}}, {{lang|sa|काम}}, and {{lang|sa|मोक्ष}}" see: Apte, p. 626, Middle column, Compound #1.

In all schools of Hinduism, the meaning of life is tied up in the concepts of karma (causal action), sansara (the cycle of birth and rebirth), and moksha (liberation). Existence is conceived as the progression of the ātman (similar to the western concept of a soul) across numerous lifetimes, and its ultimate progression towards liberation from karma. Particular goals for life are generally subsumed under broader yogas (practices) or dharma (correct living) which are intended to create more favorable reincarnations, though they are generally positive acts in this life as well. Traditional schools of Hinduism often worship Devas which are manifestations of Ishvara (a personal or chosen God); these Devas are taken as ideal forms to be identified with, as a form of spiritual improvement.

In short, the goal is to realize the fundamental truth about oneself. This thought is conveyed in the Mahāvākyas ("Tat Tvam Asi" (thou art that), "Aham Brahmāsmi", "Prajñānam Brahma" and "Ayam Ātmā Brahma" (This Ātman is Brahman)).

{{Further|Advaita Vedanta|Dvaita Vedanta}}

Later schools reinterpreted the vedas to focus on Brahman, "The One Without a Second",{{Cite book |last=Bhaskarananda |first=Swami |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781884852022 |title=The Essentials of Hinduism: A Comprehensive Overview of the World's Oldest Religion |date=1994 |publisher=Viveka Press |isbn=978-1-884852-02-2 |place=Seattle, WA}} as a central God-like figure.

In monist Advaita Vedanta, ātman is ultimately indistinguishable from Brahman, and the goal of life is to know or realize that one's Ātman (soul) is identical to Brahman.{{Cite book |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |author-link=Swami Vivekananda |date=1987 |title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda |place=Calcutta |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |isbn=978-81-85301-75-4}} To the Upanishads, whoever becomes fully aware of the Ātman, as one's core of self, realizes identity with Brahman, and, thereby, achieves Moksha (liberation, freedom).{{Cite book |last=Werner |first=Karel |date=1994 |title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism |place=Richmond, Surrey |editor=Hinnells, John |publisher=Curzon Press |chapter=Hinduism |isbn=978-0-7007-0279-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/populardictionar0000wern }}See also the Vedic statement "Ayam Ātmā Brahma" (This Ātman is Brahman).

Dvaita Vedanta and other bhakti schools have a dualist interpretation. Brahman is seen as a supreme being with a personality and manifest qualities. The Ātman depends upon Brahman for its existence; the meaning of life is achieving Moksha through the love of God and upon His grace.

Vaishnavism is a branch of Hinduism in which the principal belief is the identification of Vishnu or Narayana as the one supreme God. This belief contrasts with the Krishna-centered traditions, such as Vallabha, Nimbaraka and Gaudiya, in which Krishna is considered to be the One and only Supreme God and the source of all avataras.{{cite book |author=Gupta |first=Ravi M. |title=The Chaitanya Vaishnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami When Knowledge Meets Devotion |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-40548-5 |editor1=Gavin Flood |editor2=University of Stirling}}

Vaishnava theology includes the central beliefs of Hinduism such as monotheism, reincarnation, samsara, karma, and the various Yoga systems, but with a particular emphasis on devotion (bhakti) to Vishnu through the process of Bhakti yoga, often including singing Vishnu's name's (bhajan), meditating upon his form (dharana) and performing deity worship (puja). The practices of deity worship are primarily based on texts such as Pañcaratra and various Samhitas.{{Cite web |title=Tantric Literature And Gaudiya Vaishnavism |url=http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET9901/ET05-2795.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525061446/http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET9901/ET05-2795.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 }}

One popular school of thought, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, teaches the concept of Achintya Bheda Abheda. In this, Krishna is worshipped as the single true God, and all living entities are eternal parts and the Supreme Personality of the Godhead Krishna. Thus the constitutional position of a living entity is to serve the Lord with love and devotion. The purpose of human life especially is to think beyond the animalistic way of eating, sleeping, mating, and defending and engage the higher intelligence to revive the lost relationship with Krishna.

{{Further|Jainism|Jain philosophy}}

Jainism is a religion originating in ancient India, its ethical system promotes self-discipline above all else. Through following the ascetic teachings of Jina, a human achieves enlightenment (perfect knowledge). Jainism divides the universe into living and non-living beings. Only when the living becomes attached to the non-living does suffering result. Therefore, happiness is the result of self-conquest and freedom from external objects. The meaning of life may then be said to be to use the physical body to achieve self-realization and bliss.Shah, Natubhai. Jainism: The World of Conquerors. Sussex Academic Press, 1998.

Jains believe that every human is responsible for his or her actions and all living beings have an eternal soul, jiva. Jains believe all souls are equal because they all possess the potential of being liberated and attaining Moksha. The Jain view of karma is that every action, every word, every thought has effect on the soul.

Jainism includes strict adherence to ahimsa (or ahinsā), a form of nonviolence that goes far beyond vegetarianism. Jains refuse food obtained with unnecessary cruelty. Many practice a lifestyle similar to veganism due to the violence of modern dairy farms, and others exclude root vegetables from their diets in order to preserve the lives of the plants from which they eat.{{cite web |title=Viren, Jain |url=http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110256/http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |access-date=14 June 2007 |publisher=RE Today}}

File:Tian Tan Buddha by Beria.jpg]]

Buddhists practice embracing mindfulness, the ill-being (suffering) and well-being that is present in life. Buddhists practice seeing the causes of ill-being and well-being in life. For example, one of the causes of suffering is an unhealthy attachment to objects material or non-material. The Buddhist sūtras and tantras do not speak about "the meaning of life" or "the purpose of life", but about the potential of human life to end suffering, for example through embracing (not suppressing or denying) cravings and conceptual attachments. Attaining and perfecting dispassion is a process of many levels that ultimately results in the state of Nirvana. Nirvana means freedom from both suffering and rebirth.{{cite web |title=The Four Noble Truths |url=http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html |publisher=Thebigview.com |access-date=6 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111202249/http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html |archive-date=11 November 2009}}

Theravada Buddhism is generally considered to be close to the early Buddhist practice. It promotes the concept of Vibhajjavada (Pali), literally "Teaching of Analysis", which says that insight must come from the aspirant's experience, critical investigation, and reasoning instead of by blind faith. However, the Theravadin tradition also emphasizes heeding the advice of the wise, considering such advice and evaluation of one's own experiences to be the two tests by which practices should be judged. The Theravadin goal is liberation (or freedom) from suffering, according to the Four Noble Truths. This is attained in the achievement of Nirvana, or Unbinding which also ends the repeated cycle of birth, old age, sickness, and death. The way to attain Nirvana is by following and practicing the Noble Eightfold Path.

{{Further|Mahayana}}

Mahayana Buddhist schools de-emphasize the traditional view (still practiced in Theravada) of the release from individual Suffering (Duhkha) and attainment of Awakening (Nirvana). In Mahayana, the Buddha is seen as an eternal, immutable, inconceivable, omnipresent being. The fundamental principles of Mahayana doctrine are based on the possibility of universal liberation from suffering for all beings, and the existence of the transcendent Buddha-nature, which is the eternal Buddha essence present, but hidden and unrecognised, in all living beings.{{cite web |last1=University |first1=© Stanford |title="The Chief Characteristics and Doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism" |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/chief-characteristics-and-doctrines-mahayana-buddhism |website=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute |access-date=7 March 2023 |language=en |date=17 February 2015}}

Philosophical schools of Mahayana Buddhism, such as Chan/Zen and the Vajrayana Tibetan and Shingon schools, explicitly teach that Bodhisattva should refrain from full liberation, allowing themselves to be reincarnated into the world until all beings achieve enlightenment. Devotional schools such as Pure Land Buddhism seek the aid of celestial buddhas—individuals who have spent lifetimes accumulating positive karma, and use that accumulation to aid all.{{cite web |last1=Arana |first1=Juan Hincapié |title=A SEED IN AMITABHA'S HAND- Pure Land Buddhism's path to peace in this life and the next by Juan Hincapie Arana |url=https://www.academia.edu/52849607 |website=Amazon KDP |access-date=7 March 2023 |date=1 January 2021}}

The followers of Sikhism are ordained to follow the teachings of the ten Sikh Gurus, or enlightened leaders, as well as the holy scripture entitled the Gurū Granth Sāhib, which includes selected works of many philosophers from diverse socio-economic and religious backgrounds.

The Sikh Gurus say that salvation can be obtained by following various spiritual paths, so Sikhs do not have a monopoly on salvation: "The Lord dwells in every heart, and every heart has its own way to reach Him."{{Cite book |author=Daljeet Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |date=1971 |publisher= |location=Punjab}} Sikhs believe that all people are equally important before God.{{Cite book |author=Jon Mayled |title=Modern World Religions: Sikhism |publisher=Harcourt Heinemann |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-435-33626-4}} Sikhs balance their moral and spiritual values with the quest for knowledge, and they aim to promote a life of peace and equality but also of positive action.{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhcoalition.org|title=The Sikh Coalition|work=sikhcoalition.org|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701031219/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/|archive-date=1 July 2020|url-status=dead}}

A key distinctive feature of Sikhism is a non-anthropomorphic concept of God, to the extent that one can interpret God as the Universe itself (pantheism). Sikhism thus sees life as an opportunity to understand this God as well as to discover the divinity which lies in each individual. While a full understanding of God is beyond human beings,{{Cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Parrinder |date=1971 |title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited |location=United States |isbn=978-0-87196-129-7}} Nanak described God as not wholly unknowable, and stressed that God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart", of a human being: devotees must meditate to progress towards enlightenment and the ultimate destination of a Sikh is to lose the ego completely in the love of the lord and finally merge into the almighty creator. Nanak emphasized the revelation through meditation, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between God and human beings.

Taoist cosmogony emphasizes the need for all sentient beings and all men to return to the primordial or to rejoin with the Oneness of the Universe by way of self-cultivation and self-realization. All adherents should understand and be in tune with the ultimate truth.

Taoists believe all things were originally from Taiji and Tao, and the meaning in life for the adherents is to realize the temporal nature of the existence. "Only introspection can then help us to find our innermost reasons for living ... the simple answer is here within ourselves."{{Cite book |author=Ming-Dao Deng |title=Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to the Tao in Everyday Life |publisher=HarperCollins |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-06-250232-2}}

Shinto is the native religion of Japan. Shinto means "the path of the kami", but more specifically, it can be taken to mean "the divine crossroad where the kami chooses his way". The "divine" crossroad signifies that all the universe is divine spirit. This foundation of free will, choosing one's way, means that life is a creative process.

Shinto wants life to live, not to die. Shinto sees death as pollution and regards life as the realm where the divine spirit seeks to purify itself by rightful self-development. Shinto wants individual human life to be prolonged forever on earth as a victory of the divine spirit in preserving its objective personality in its highest forms. The presence of evil in the world, as conceived by Shinto, does not stultify the divine nature by imposing on divinity responsibility for being able to relieve human suffering while refusing to do so. The sufferings of life are the sufferings of the divine spirit in search of progress in the objective world.{{Cite book |author=J.W.T. Mason |title=The Meaning of Shinto |publisher=Trafford Publishing |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-4122-4551-7}}

There are many new religious movements in East Asia, and some with millions of followers: Chondogyo, Tenrikyo, Cao Đài, and Seicho-No-Ie. New religions typically have unique explanations for the meaning of life. For example, in Tenrikyo, one is expected to live a Joyous Life by participating in practices that create happiness for oneself and others.

{{Further|Iranian philosophy}}

Zoroastrians believe in a universe created by a transcendent God, Ahura Mazda, to whom all worship is ultimately directed. Ahura Mazda's creation is asha, truth and order, and it is in conflict with its antithesis, druj, falsehood and disorder.See also: Zoroastrian eschatology.

Since humanity possesses free will, people must be responsible for their moral choices. By using free will, people must take an active role in the universal conflict, with good thoughts, good words and good deeds to ensure happiness and to keep chaos at bay.

"What is the meaning of life?" is a question many people ask themselves at some point during their lives, most in the context "What is the purpose of life?". Some popular answers include:

• To chase dreams.{{Cite book |author=David Seaman |title=The Real Meaning of Life |publisher=New World Library |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-57731-514-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/realmeaningoflif0000unse }}
• To live one's dreams.
• To spend it for something that will outlast it.
• To matter: to count, to stand for something, to have made some difference that you lived at all.
• To expand one's potential in life.
• To become the person you've always wanted to be.{{cite book |author=Steve Chandler |title=Reinventing Yourself: How to Become the Person You've Always Wanted to Be |publisher=Career Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-56414-817-9}}
• To become the best version of yourself.{{cite book |author=Matthew Kelly |title=The Rhythm of Life: Living Every Day with Passion and Purpose |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7432-6510-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/rhythmoflife00matt }}
• To seek happiness{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Dong Yul |author2=Park, Sung Hee |author3=Uhlemann, Max R. |author4= Patsult, Philip |title =What Makes You Happy?: A Comparison of Self-reported Criteria of Happiness Between Two Cultures |journal=Social Indicators Research |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=351–362 |date=June 2000 |doi=10.1023/A:1004647517069|s2cid=141773177 }} and flourish.
• To be a true authentic human being.{{cite book |author=John Kultgen |title=Autonomy and Intervention: Parentalism in the Caring Life |url=https://archive.org/details/autonomyinterven0000kult |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press US |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-508531-0}}
• To be able to put the whole of oneself into one's feelings, one's work, one's beliefs.
• To follow or submit to our destiny.{{cite book |author=Rachel Madorsky |title=Create Your Own Destiny!: Spiritual Path to Success |publisher=Avanty House |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-9705349-4-1}}
• To achieve eudaimonia,A.C. Grayling. What is Good? The Search for the Best Way to Live. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003. a flourishing of human spirit.

• To evolve,{{cite web|last=Brooks |first=Mike |title= What Is the Purpose of Life? Why are we here? Here's a reasonable answer. |work=Psychology Today |date=8 October 2020 |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/tech-happy-life/202010/what-is-the-purpose-life |access-date=5 November 2022}} changing from generation to generation.
• To survive,{{cite web|last=Lopez |first=Mike |title=Episode III: Relativism? A Jedi craves not these things |work=The Michigan Daily |date=22 September 1999 |url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1999/sep/09-22-99/edit/edit2.html |access-date=26 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811185026/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1999/sep/09-22-99/edit/edit2.html |archive-date=11 August 2007 }} that is, to live as long as possible,{{cite book |last=Lovatt |first=Stephen C. |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/pharseas.world/Life.html |title=New Skins for Old Wine |date=2007 |publisher=Universal Publishers |isbn=978-1-58112-960-1 |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314071723/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/pharseas.world/Life.html |archive-date=14 March 2007 |url-status=dead}} including pursuit of immortality (through scientific means).{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever |url=http://www.fantastic-voyage.net/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.fantastic-voyage.net}}
• To live forever or die trying.{{cite book |author=Bryan Appleyard |title=How To Live Forever Or Die Trying: On The New Immortality |date=2007 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-6868-4}}
• To maximize one's genes' advantage in terms of natural selection, by having many children or indirect descendants via relatives.{{cite book |last=Cameron |first=Donald |title=The Purpose of Life |publisher=Woodhill Publishing |date=2001 |url=http://www.woodhillpublishing.co.uk/summary.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011113210502/http://www.woodhillpublishing.co.uk/summary.asp |archive-date=2001-11-13 |isbn=978-0-9540291-0-4}}
• To replicate, to reproduce. "The 'dream' of every cell is to become two cells."{{cite book |author=Nick Lane |title=Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/powersexsuicidem0000lane |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-280481-5|author-link=Nick Lane }}{{cite book |author1=Kenneth M. Weiss |author2=Anne V. Buchanan |title=Genetics and the Logic of Evolution |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-471-23805-8}}{{cite book |author=Jennifer Ackerman |title=Chance in the House of Fate: A Natural History of Heredity |url=https://archive.org/details/chanceinhouseoff00acke_1 |url-access=registration |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-618-21909-4}}{{cite book |author=Boyce Rensberger |title=Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeitself00boyc |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-512500-9}}

• To expand one's perception of the world.{{cite book |author=Roger Ellerton, CMC |title=Live Your Dreams... Let Reality Catch Up: NLP and Common Sense for Coaches, Managers and You |publisher=Renewal Technologies |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-9784452-7-0}}
• To follow the clues and walk out the exit.{{cite book |author=Chris Grau |title=Philosophers Explore the Matrix |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518107-4}}
• To learn as many things as possible in life.{{cite book |author1=John M. Cooper |author2=D. S. Hutchinson |title=Plato: Complete Works |publisher=Hackett Publishing |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-87220-349-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/completeworks00plat }}
• To know as much as possible about as many things as possible.{{cite book |author1=John E. Findling |author2=Frank W. Thackeray |title=Events That Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-29079-4}}
• To seek wisdom and knowledge and to tame the mind, as to avoid suffering caused by ignorance and find happiness.{{cite book |author=Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama |title=The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect |publisher=Doubleday |date=1954|author-link=Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama }}
• To face our fears and accept the lessons life offers us.{{cite book |author1=George Cappannelli |author2=Sedena Cappannelli |title=Authenticity: Simple Strategies for Greater Meaning and Purpose at Work and at Home |publisher=Emmis Books |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-57860-148-6}}
• To find the meaning or purpose of life.{{cite book |author=Ernest Joseph Simmons |title=Tolstoy |url=https://archive.org/details/tolstoy0000simm |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |date=1973 |isbn=978-0-7100-7395-2}}{{cite book |author=Richard A. Bowell |title=The Seven Steps of Spiritual Intelligence: The Practical Pursuit of Purpose, Success and Happiness |publisher=Nicholas Brealey Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-85788-344-2}}
• To find a reason to live.{{cite book |author1=John C. Gibbs |author2=Karen S. Basinger |author3=Dick Fuller |title=Moral Maturity: Measuring the Development of Sociomoral Reflection |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-8058-0425-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/moralmaturitymea0000gibb }}
• To resolve the imbalance of the mind by understanding the nature of reality.{{cite book |author=Timothy Tang |title=Real Answers to The Meaning of Life and Finding Happiness |publisher=iUniverse |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-595-45941-4}}

{{see also|ethics}}

• To leave the world as a better place than you found it.
• To do your best to leave every situation better than you found it.
• To benefit others.
• To give more than you take.
• To end suffering.{{cite book |author=Tyler T. Roberts |title=Contesting Spirit: Nietzsche, Affirmation, Religion |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-691-00127-2}}{{cite book |author=Costigan |first=Lucy |title=What is the Meaning of Your Life: A Journey Towards Ultimate Meaning |date=2004 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-33880-1}}{{cite book |author1=Steven L. Jeffers |author2=Harold Ivan Smith |title=Finding a Sacred Oasis in Grief: A Resource Manual for Pastoral Care |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-84619-181-7}}
• To create equality.{{cite book |author=David L. Jeffrey |title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-8028-3634-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse }}{{cite book |author=Williams |first=Dana A. |title=In the Light of Likeness-Transformed: The Literary Art of Leon Forrest |date=2005 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0-8142-0994-3}}{{cite book |author=Jerry Z. Muller |title=Conservatism: An Anthology of Social and Political Thought from David Hume to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/conservatismanth00mull |url-access=registration |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-691-03711-0}}
• To challenge oppression.{{cite book |author1=Mary Nash |author2=Bruce Stewart |title=Spirituality and Social Care: Contributing to Personal and Community Well-being |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-84310-024-9}}
• To distribute wealth.{{cite book |author=Xinzhong Yao |title=An Introduction to Confucianism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-64430-3}}{{cite book |author1=Bryan S. Turner |author2=Chris Rojek |title=Society and Culture: Principles of Scarcity and Solidarity |url=https://archive.org/details/societyculturepr0000turn |url-access=registration |publisher=SAGE |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-7619-7049-1}}
• To be generous.{{cite book |author=Anil Goonewardene |title=Buddhist Scriptures |publisher=Harcourt Heinemann |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-435-30355-6}}{{cite book |author=Luc Ferry |title=Man Made God: The Meaning of Life |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-226-24484-6}}
• To contribute to the well-being and spirit of others.{{cite book |author1=Eric G. Stephan |author2=R. Wayne Pace |title=Powerful Leadership: How to Unleash the Potential in Others and Simplify Your Own Life |publisher=FT Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-13-066836-3}}{{cite web|last1=Cumberland|first1=Dan|title=Finding Purpose in Life|url=http://themeaningmovement.com/finding-purpose-in-life-finding-your-vocation/|website=TheMeaningMovement|access-date=10 August 2015|date=18 May 2015}}
• To help others, to help one another.{{cite book |author=Dominique Moyse Steinberg |url=https://archive.org/details/mutualaidapproac00stei |title=The Mutual-Aid Approach to Working with Groups: Helping People Help One Another |date=2004 |publisher=Haworth Press |isbn=978-0-7890-1462-7 |url-access=registration}}
• To take every chance to help another while on your journey here.
• To be creative and innovative.
• To forgive.
• To accept and forgive human flaws.{{cite book |author=John Caunt |title=Boost Your Self-Esteem |publisher=Kogan Page |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7494-3871-5}}Ho'oponopono.
• To be emotionally sincere.{{cite book |author=John Cook |title=The Book of Positive Quotations |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofpositivequ00cook |url-access=registration |publisher=Fairview Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-57749-169-9}}
• To be responsible.
• To be honorable.
• To seek peace.

• To reach the highest heaven and be at the heart of the Divine.{{cite book |author=Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi |title=The Work of the Kabbalist |publisher=Weiser |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-87728-637-0|author-link=Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi }}
• To have a pure soul and experience God.
• To understand the mystery of God.
• To know or attain union with God.{{cite book |author=Michael Joachim Girard |title=Essential Believing for the Christian Soul |publisher=Xulon Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-59781-596-3}}{{cite book |author=Jaideva Singh |title=Vijñanabhairava|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-208-0820-1}}
• To know oneself, know others, and know the will of heaven.{{cite book |author=T.M.P. Mahadevan |title=Philosophy: Theory and Practice (Proceedings of the International Seminar on World Philosophy) |publisher=Centre for Advanced Study in Philosophy, University of Madras |date=1974}}
• To love something bigger, greater, and beyond ourselves, something we did not create or have the power to create, something intangible and made holy by our very belief in it.
• To love God and all of his creations.{{cite book |author=John T. Scully |title=The Five Commandments |publisher=Trafford Publishing |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4251-1910-2}}
• To glorify God by enjoying him forever.{{cite book |author=John Piper |title=Desiring God |publisher=Multnomah Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-59052-119-9}}
• To spread your religion and share it with others.{{bibleverse||Matthew|28:18–20}}.
• To act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with your God.

{{bibleverse||Micah|6:8}}.

• To be fruitful and multiply.{{cite book |author=Thomas Patrick Burke |title=The Major Religions: An Introduction with Texts |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-4051-1049-5}} ({{bibleverse||Genesis|1:28}})
• To obtain freedom. ({{bibleverse||Romans|8:20-21}})
• To fill the Earth and subdue it. ({{bibleverse||Genesis|1:28}})
• To serve humankind,{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/2.17?lang=eng|title=Book of Mormon: Mosiah 2:17|year= 1830|quote=And behold, I tell you these things that ye may learn wisdom; that ye may learn that when ye are in the service of your fellow beings ye are only in the service of your God.}} to prepare to meet{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/alma/34.32-34?lang=eng|year=1830|title=Book of Mormon: Alma 32:32|quote=For behold, this life is the time for men to prepare to meet God; yea, behold the day of this life is the day for men to perform their labors.}} and become more like God,{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/ot/gen/3.22?lang=eng|title=Holy Bible: Genesis 3:22|quote=And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil...}}{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/matt/5.48?lang=eng|title=Holy Bible: Matthew 5:48|quote=Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.}}{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/1.39?lang=eng|title=Pearl of Great Price: Book of Moses 1:37–39|year=1830|quote=And the Lord God spake unto Moses, saying: ... For behold, this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man.|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715040406/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/1.39?lang=eng|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-of-presidents-of-the-church-lorenzo-snow/chapter-5-the-grand-destiny-of-the-faithful?lang=eng|title=Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Lorenzo Snow|others=Lorenzo Snow|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|orig-year=1884|date=2011|page=83|quote=As man now is, God once was: As God now is, man may be.}} to choose good over evil,{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/alma/29.5?lang=eng|year=1830|title=Book of Mormon: Alma 29:5|quote=Yea, and I know that good and evil have come before all men; he that knoweth not good from evil is blameless; but he that knoweth good and evil, to him it is given according to his desires, whether he desireth good or evil, life or death, joy or remorse of conscience.}} and have joy.{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/2.25?lang=eng|year= 1830|title=Book of Mormon: 2 Nephi 2:25|quote=Adam fell that men might be; and men are, that they might have joy.}}{{cite book|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/5.11?lang=eng|title=Pearl of Great Price: Book of Moses 5:11|year=1830|quote=And Eve, his wife, heard all these things and was glad, saying: Were it not for our transgression we never should have had seed, and never should have known good and evil, and the joy of our redemption, and the eternal life which God giveth unto all the obedient.}}
• ˹He is the One˺ Who created death and life in order to test which of you is best in deeds. And He is the Almighty, All-Forgiving. —{{qref|67|2|b=y}}
• To worship God and enter heaven in afterlife.{{cite book|url=http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=51&verse=56|title=Holisiajay Quran 51:56|publisher=Quranic Arabic Corpus|quote=I created the jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me.}}

• To love more.
• To love those who mean the most. Every life you touch will touch you back.
• To treasure every enjoyable sensation one has.
• To seek beauty in all its forms.
• To have fun or enjoy life.
• To seek pleasure and avoid pain.{{cite book |author=T.W. Mitchell |title=Problems in Psychopathology |date=1927 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Company}}
• To be compassionate.
• To be moved by the tears and pain of others, and try to help them out of love and compassion.
• To love others as best we possibly can.
• To eat, drink, and be merry.{{Bibleverse|Ecclesiastes|8|15}}.

• To strive for power and superiority.
• To rule the world.{{cite book |author=John G. West |title=Celebrating Middle-Earth: The Lord of the Rings as a Defense of Western Civilization |publisher=Inkling Books |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-58742-012-2}}
• To know and master the world.{{cite book |author=Peter Harrison |title=The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-00096-3|author-link=Peter Harrison (historian) }}{{cite book |author=Steven Dillon |title=The Solaris Effect: Art and Artifice in Contemporary American Film |publisher=University of Texas Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-292-71345-1}}
• To know and master nature.{{cite book |author=Raymond Aron |title=The Century of Total War |publisher=Wisdom Publications |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-86171-173-4}}
• To help life become as powerful as possible.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/mar/05/meaning-life-evolution-universe |title=Is this the meaning of life? John Stewart argues that despite the perception that science has stripped the meaning from life, recent developments in evolutionary theory suggest that humans have a central role to play in the future of the universe |first=John |last=Stewart |date=2010-03-05 |newspaper=The Guardian}}

• Life or human existence has no real meaning or purpose because human existence occurred out of a random chance in nature, and anything that exists by chance has no intended purpose.
• Life has no meaning, but as humans we try to associate a meaning or purpose so we can justify our existence.
• There is no point in life, and that is exactly what makes it so special.

• The answer to the meaning of life is too profound to be known and understood.
• You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.
• The meaning of life is to forget about the search for the meaning of life.
• Ultimately, a person should not ask what the meaning of their life is, but rather must recognize that it is they themselves who are asked. In a word, each person is questioned by life; and they can only answer to life by answering for their own life; to life they can only respond by being responsible.Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl. Beacon Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-8070-1426-4}}.

The mystery of life and its true meaning is an often recurring subject in popular culture, featured in entertainment media and various forms of art.

Monty Python's The Meaning of Life includes a character played by Michael Palin being handed an envelope containing "the meaning of life", which she opens and reads out to the audience: "Well, it's nothing very special. Uh, try to be nice to people, avoid eating fat, read a good book every now and then, get some walking in, and try to live together in peace and harmony with people of all creeds and nations."{{cite web|url=http://www.intriguing.com/mp/_scripts/meanlife.asp|title=Monty Python's Completely Useless Web Site: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life: Complete Script|work=intriguing.com|access-date=17 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215164915/http://www.intriguing.com/mp/_scripts/meanlife.asp|archive-date=15 December 2007|url-status=dead}}{{Cite book |author=Terry Burnham |title=Mean Markets and Lizard Brains: How to Profit from the New Science of Irrationality |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-471-71695-2}}{{Cite book |author=Yolanda Fernandez |title=In Their Shoes: Examining the Issue of Empathy and Its Place in the Treatment of Offenders |publisher=Wood 'N' Barnes Publishing |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-885473-48-6}}

In Douglas Adams' book The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything is given the numeric solution "42", after seven and a half million years of calculation by a giant supercomputer called Deep Thought. When this answer is met with confusion and anger from its constructors, Deep Thought explains that "I think the problem such as it was, was too broadly based. You never actually stated what the question was."{{cite AV media|last1=Adams|first1=Douglas|title=The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Fit the Fourth)|publisher=BBC Radio 4|language=en|type=Audio, Radio|date=29 March 1978|quote=I think the problem such as it was, was too broadly based. You never actually stated what the question was.}}{{Cite book |author=Glenn Yeffeth |title=The Anthology at the End of the Universe: Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy |publisher= BenBella Books, Inc |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-932100-56-3}}{{Cite book |author=William B. Badke |title=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Meaning of Everything |publisher=Kregel Publications |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-8254-2069-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/hitchhikersguide00badk }}{{Cite book |title=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy |author=Douglas Adams |author-link=Douglas Adams |isbn=978-0-330-25864-7 |date=1979 |publisher=Pan Books |location=London|title-link=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (book) }} Deep Thought then constructs another computer—the Earth—to calculate what the Ultimate Question actually is. Later Ford and Arthur manage to extract the question as the Earth computer would have rendered it. That question turns out to be "what do you get if you multiply six by nine",{{cite AV media|last1=Adams|first1=Douglas|title=The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Fit the Sixth)|publisher=BBC Radio 4|type=Audio, Radio|date=12 April 1978|quote=That’s it. Six by nine… forty-two! I always said there was something fundamentally wrong about the universe!}} and it is realised that the program was ruined by the unexpected arrival of the Golgafrinchans on Earth, and so the actual Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, And Everything remains unknown.

In Person of Interest season 5 episode 13, an artificial intelligence referred to as The Machine tells Harold Finch that the secret of life is "Everyone dies alone. But if you mean something to someone, if you help someone, or love someone. If even a single person remembers you then maybe you never really die at all." This phrase is then repeated at the very end of the show to add emphasis to the finale.{{cite news |title="Person of Interest" recap (5.13): The sound of my voice |url=https://www.afterellen.com/tv/492845-person-interest-recap-5-13-sound-voice |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=After Ellen}}

{{clear}}

File:Allisvanity.jpg's All is Vanity, an example of vanitas, depicts a young woman amidst her makeup and perfumes, preoccupied with her own beauty at the mirror of her vanity. But all is positioned in such a way as to make the image of a skull appear, expressing memento mori, that no matter how good she looks, it won't last, as death is inevitable.]]

Existential crises are crises of meaning. They are triggered by the impression that life lacks meaning.{{cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology: existential crisis |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/existential-crisis |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Butenaitė |first1=Joana |last2=Sondaitė |first2=Jolanta |last3=Mockus |first3=Antanas |title=Components of existential crises: a theoretical analysis |journal=International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach |date=2016 |volume=18 |pages=9–27 |doi=10.7220/2345-024X.18.1|doi-access=free }} This impression can lead to an inner conflict because there is a strong desire to find some form of meaning in life. In the existentialist literature, the discrepancy between the individual's desire for meaning and the world's apparent lack thereof is termed the absurd.{{cite web |last1=Crowell |first1=Steven |title=Existentialism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=14 January 2022 |date=2020}}{{cite journal |last1=Blomme |first1=Robert J. |title=Absurdism as a Fundamental Value: Camusian Thoughts on Moral Development in Organisations |journal=International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy |date=2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=116 |doi=10.1504/IJMCP.2013.055720 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BLOAAA}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2 |chapter=absurd, the}} It may be summarized by the question "How does a being who needs meaning find meaning in a universe that has no meaning?". While this conflict may affect different people at least to some extent, it reaches a more severe level in the case of existential crises. This level leads to various negative experiences, such as stress, anxiety, despair, and depression.{{cite book |last1=Yalom |first1=Irvin D. |title=Existential Psychotherapy |date=17 March 2020 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-5416-4744-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI7VDwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=10. Meaninglessness}}{{cite journal |last1=Andrews |first1=Mary |title=The existential crisis |journal=Behavioral Development Bulletin |date=April 2016 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=104–109 |doi=10.1037/bdb0000014}} In the more serious cases, these symptoms disturb the individual's normal functioning in everyday life. A positive side effect of these negative experiences is that they push the affected individual to address the underlying issue. This opens the opportunity of developing as a person and improving one's way of life.{{cite journal |last1=Greer |first1=Frank |title=Toward a Developmental View of Adult Crisis: a Re-Examination of Crisis Theory |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |date=October 1980 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1177/002216788002000404 |s2cid=146743538 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/002216788002000404 |issn=0022-1678}}

Therapists often try to treat existential crises by helping their patients discover meaning in life. An important distinction in this regard is the difference between personal meaning and cosmic meaning.{{cite web |last1=Pratt |first1=Alan |title=Nihilism |url=https://iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=25 January 2022}} In the cosmic sense, the term "meaning of life" refers to the purpose of the world as a whole or why we are here. One way to solve an existential crisis is to discover a satisfying answer to this question. This often takes the form of a religious explanation involving a divine entity that created the world for a certain purpose.{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=William |last2=Staps |first2=Ton |last3=Hijmans |first3=Ellen |title=Existential crisis and the awareness of dying: the role of meaning and spirituality |journal=Omega |date=2010 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=53–69 |doi=10.2190/OM.61.1.c |pmid=20533648 |s2cid=22290227 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20533648/ |issn=0030-2228}}{{cite journal |last1=Zapffe |first1=Peter Wessel |title=The Last Messiah |journal=Philosophy Now |issue=45 |url=https://philosophynow.org/issues/45/The_Last_Messiah}} Another approach to solving existential crises is to seek meaning not on the cosmic but on the personal level. This usually takes a more secular form: the therapist helps the individual realize what matters to them or why their life is worth living.{{cite web |title=nihilism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism |website=www.britannica.com |date=14 August 2023 |language=en}} In this regard, they may discover how their personal life can be meaningful, for example, by dedicating themselves to their family or their career. This approach may mitigate or solve an existential crisis even if the individual still lacks an answer to the bigger question of the deeper meaning behind everything.

The question of the meaning of life is closely related to the question of what has importance or what matters. This is reflected in the fact that finding meaning in life is often associated with dedicating oneself to some kind of higher purpose, which is seen as having special importance.{{cite book |last1=Kahane |first1=Guy |editor1-last=Landau |editor1-first=Iddo |title=The Oxford Handbook of Meaning in Life |date=10 June 2022 |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190063504.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190063504-e-6 |language=en |chapter=Meaningfulness and Importance|pages=92–108 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190063504.013.6 |isbn=978-0-19-006350-4 }}{{cite book |last1=Nozick |first1=Robert |title=Philosophical Explanations |date=1981 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66479-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4zH86WogYwC |language=en |chapter=6. Philosophy and the meaning of life}} Nonetheless, some theorists have argued that the two concepts are not identical. This distinction is often motivated by the observation that seeking the meaning of life is usually regarded as an admirable goal associated with self-transcendence. Craving importance, on the other hand, seems to be a more egoistic or narcissistic aim in comparison.

Various theorists have argued that to be important means to have an impact on the world or to make a difference. Some only require that this causal impact is big enough. Others include as an additional element that the difference in question has to affect the value of the world.{{cite journal |last1=Kahane |first1=Guy |title=Importance, Value, and Causal Impact |journal=Journal of Moral Philosophy |date=13 August 2021 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=577–601 |doi=10.1163/17455243-20213581 |s2cid=238678531 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jmp/aop/article-10.1163-17455243-20213581/article-10.1163-17455243-20213581.xml |issn=1745-5243}}{{cite book |last1=Nozick |first1=Robert |title=Examined Life: Philosophical Meditations |date=15 December 1990 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-72501-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-8SvHlNMXAC |language=en |chapter=16. Importance and Weight}}{{cite book |last1=Benatar |first1=David |title=The Human Predicament: A Candid Guide to Life's Biggest Questions |date=5 May 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-063382-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VG7JDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |language=en |chapter=3. Meaninglessness}} This is often interpreted with reference to well-being: the degree of importance of a thing is given by the extent to which it affects the well-being of sentient entities.{{cite journal |last1=Benbaji |first1=Yitzhak |title=The Moral, the Personal, and the Importance of What We Care about |journal=Philosophy |date=2001 |volume=76 |issue=297 |pages=415–433 |doi=10.1017/S0031819101000365 |jstor=3751779 |s2cid=143737564 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751779 |issn=0031-8191}}{{cite book |last1=Tugendhat |first1=Ernst |title=Egocentricity and Mysticism: An Anthropological Study |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54293-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB_uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |language=en |chapter=2. "Good" and "Important"}} However, the relation to a purpose is usually not required for importance. In this regard, some things may be important accidentally or unintentionally without being guided by a higher goal. For example, a person may by chance bump into something and thereby unwittingly trigger a butterfly effect of extreme proportions. In such a case, the person's life has acquired high importance due to the consequences it caused. Nonetheless, this does not imply that it has also acquired some form of deeper meaning or higher purpose.

Another difference is that seeking and realizing the meaning of life is usually seen by most theorists as a positive and worthwhile undertaking. Importance, however, can be either positive or negative depending on the type of value difference involved. For example, Alexander Fleming was important in a positive sense since his discovery of penicillin helped many people cure their bacterial infections.{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Chris |title=10 wonder drugs that changed our lives forever |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/28/10-wonder-drugs-that-changed-our-lives-forever.html |website=CNBC |access-date=24 June 2022 |language=en |date=28 March 2016}} Adolf Hitler, on the other hand, was important in a negative sense since his policies caused widespread suffering to innumerous people.

{{Portal|Philosophy}}

; Scientific explanations

• {{annotated link|Darwin's Dangerous Idea|Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life}}
• {{annotated link|The Death of God and the Meaning of Life|The Death of God and the Meaning of Life}}
• {{annotated link|Power, Sex, Suicide| Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life}}
• {{annotated link|Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life| Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life}}

; Origin and nature of life and reality

{{div col}}

• {{annotated link|Abiogenesis}}
• {{annotated link|Awareness}}
• {{annotated link|Being}}
• {{annotated link|Biosemiotics}}
• {{annotated link|Dao}}
• {{annotated link|Existence}}
• {{annotated link|Human condition}}
• {{annotated link|Logos}}
• {{annotated link|Metaphysical naturalism}}
• {{annotated link|Perception}}
• {{annotated link|Reality}}
• {{annotated link|Simulated reality}}
• {{annotated link|Theory of everything}}
• {{annotated link|Teleology}}
• {{annotated link|Ultimate fate of the universe}}

{{div col end}}

; Value of life

{{div col}}

• {{annotated link|Culture of life}}
• {{annotated link|Bioethics}}
• {{annotated link|Meaningful life}}
• {{annotated link|Quality of life}}
• {{annotated link|Value of life}}

{{div col end}}

; Purpose of life

{{div col}}

• {{annotated link|Destiny}}
• {{annotated link|Ethical living}}
• {{annotated link|Intentional living}}
• {{annotated link|Life extension}}
• {{annotated link|Man's Search for Meaning|Man's Search for Meaning}}
• {{annotated link|Means to an end}}
• {{annotated link|Philosophy of life}}

{{div col end}}

; Miscellaneous

{{div col}}

• {{annotated link|Human extinction}}
• {{annotated link|Ikigai}}
• {{annotated link|Life stance}}
• {{annotated link|Meaning-making}}
• {{annotated link|Perennial philosophy}}
• {{annotated link|Vale of tears}}
• {{annotated link|World riddle}}
• {{annotated link|Worldview}}

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Wiktionary|meaning of life}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{Wikiquote|Life}}

{{Wikiversity|What Matters}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140713204824/http://www.iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/ Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective] article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/ The Meaning of Life] in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Wikiversity:Do living things on Earth have a purpose?

{{metaphysics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meaning of Life}}

Category:Metaphysical properties

Category:Existentialist concepts

Category:Philosophical problems

Category:Philosophy of life

Category:Religious philosophical concepts

Category:Teleology