megalaimidae
{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Pleistocene to Recent
| image = Blue-throated Barbet Sasatgre West Garo crop Oct24 A7CR 03684.jpg
| image_caption = Blue-throated barbet, Meghalaya, India
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Megalaimidae
| authority = Blyth, 1852
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = Psilopogon
Caloramphus
| synonyms =
}}
Megalaimidae, the Asian barbets, are a family of birds, comprising two genera with 35 species native to the forests of the Indomalayan realm from Tibet to Indonesia. They were once clubbed with all barbets in the family Capitonidae but the Old World species have been found to be distinctive and are considered, along with the Lybiidae and Ramphastidae, as sister groups.
Taxonomy
In the past the species were placed in three genera, Caloramphus, Megalaima and Psilopogon,{{cite book |first1= L. L.|last1= Short|first2= J.F.M. |last2= Horne |chapter=Family Capitonidae (barbets) |editor=del Hoyo J. |editor2=Elliott A. |editor3=Christie D. A.|year= 2004|title= Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 7. Jamacars to Woodpeckers|publisher= Lynx Edicions|place= Barcelona|isbn= 978-8487334375|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse}} but studies show that Psilopogon to be nested within the clade of Megalaima. Since members of this clade are better treated under a single genus, they have been moved to the genus Psilopogon which was described and erected earlier than Megalaima and is therefore chosen on the basis of taxonomic priority principles. Nearly all members of the family are now in the genus Psilopogon, with the exception of those in Caloramphus, which are thought to have genetically diverged from the common ancestor around 21.32 million years ago. The latter species are distinct enough to warrant placement in a subfamily Caloramphinae.{{Cite journal |last=Ericson |first=P. G. P. |date=2012 |title=Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=39 |issue=5|pages=813–824 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x}}{{Cite journal|last=den Tex|first=R.-J. |last2=Leonard|first2=J. A.|date=2013 |title=A molecular phylogeny of Asian barbets: Speciation and extinction in the tropics |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=68 |issue=1|pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.004 |pmid=23511217}} The family name is derived from that of the genus Megalaima which means ‘large throat’, from the Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|mega}} ({{lang|grc|μέγας}}, ‘large, great’) and {{lang|grc-Latn|laimos}} ({{lang|grc|λαιμός}}, ‘throat’).{{cite journal| title=Megalaiminae: the correct subfamily-group name for the Asian barbets| volume=128|issue=1| last=David|first=N. | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVXxAAAAMAAJ |year=2008|page=72}}
The phylogenetic relationship between the Asian barbets and the eight other families in the order Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below.{{Cite journal | last1=Kuhl | first1=H. | last2=Frankl-Vilches | first2=C. | last3=Bakker | first3=A. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | last5=Nikolaus | first5=G. | last6=Boerno | first6=S.T. | last7=Klages | first7=S. | last8=Timmermann | first8=B. | last9=Gahr | first9=M. | date=2021 | title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=38 | issue=1 | pages=108-127 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | doi-access=free | hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C | hdl-access=free | pmc=7783168 }}{{ cite journal | last1=Stiller | first1=J. | display-authors=etal | year=2024 | title=Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes | journal=Nature | volume=629 | issue= | pages=851-860 | doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 | doi-access=free | pmc=11111414 }} The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 June 2024 }}
{{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=Piciformes
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)
|2=Bucconidae – puffbirds (38 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Indicatoridae – honeyguides (16 species)
|2=Picidae – woodpeckers (240 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (35 species)
|2={{clade
|1=Lybiidae – African barbets (42 species)
|2={{clade
|1=Capitonidae – New World barbets (15 species)
|2={{clade
|1=Semnornithidae – toucan barbets (2 species)
|2=Ramphastidae – toucans (43 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Classification
{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Great_Barbet_(48703743552).jpg |caption1=Great barbet |image2=Lineated_Barbet_(Megalaima_lineata)_-_Flickr_-_Lip_Kee_(1).jpg |caption2=Lineated barbet |image3=Red_throated_barbet.jpg |caption3=Red-throated barbet}}
Subfamily Megalaiminae
| class="wikitable" | ||
| Image | Genus | Living Species |
|---|---|---|
| 180px | Psilopogon {{au| Müller, S., 1836}} | * Psilopogon annamensis, Indochinese barbet
|
Subfamily Caloramphinae
| class="wikitable" | ||
| Image | Genus | Living Species |
|---|---|---|
| 180px | Caloramphus {{au|Lesson, 1839}} | * Caloramphus fuliginosus, Brown barbet
|
References
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Piciformes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q935463}}