mentalism (psychology)

{{Short description|Once-antagonistic term for the study of mental perception and thought processes}}

{{About|the term in psychology|the term in philosophy of mind|Mentalism (philosophy)|the performing art|Mentalism|other uses|Mentalism (disambiguation)}}

In psychology, mentalism refers to those branches of study that concentrate on perception and thought processes, for example: mental imagery, consciousness and cognition, as in cognitive psychology. The term mentalism has been used primarily by behaviorists who believe that scientific psychology should focus on the structure of causal relationships to reflexes and operant responses{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Terry L. |date=1994 |title=Behavior and its causes: philosophical foundations of operant psychology |series=Studies in cognitive systems |volume=16 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=0792328159 |oclc=30158598 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8102-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/behavioritscause0000smit }} or on the functions of behavior.{{cite journal |last=Carr |first=Edward G. |author-link=Edward Gary Carr |date=Spring 1993 |title=Behavior analysis is not ultimately about behavior |journal=The Behavior Analyst |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=47–49 |pmc=2733570 |pmid=22478131 |quote=The stimulus-response (S-R) psychology of Watson (1913) is ultimately about behavior and is definitely mechanistic. The behavior-analytic approach of Skinner (1938, 1953) is not ultimately about behavior, and it is definitely not mechanistic. As operant psychologists, we are not concerned with identifying stimuli and responses that bear some fixed relationship to one another and that can be used as building blocks to explain complex behavior patterns. As operant psychologists, we are concerned, first and foremost, with the functions of behavior or, in lay terms, with purpose (Lee, 1988; Morris, 1993; Skinner, 1974), even though we do not analyze and use the term purpose as a lay person would. [...] Functionalism would have been a better term for what we are about but, unfortunately, that term has already been used to describe a school of psychology quite different from ours.|doi=10.1007/bf03392608 }}

Neither mentalism nor behaviorism are mutually exclusive fields; elements of one can be seen in the other, perhaps more so in modern times compared to the advent of psychology over a century ago.{{rp|11–12, 184}}{{cite journal |title=Neomentalism |last=Paivio |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Paivio |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology |volume=29| issue=4 |year=1975 |pages=263–291 |doi=10.1037/h0082031}}

Classical mentalism

Psychologist Allan Paivio used the term classical mentalism to refer to the introspective psychologies of Edward Titchener and William James.{{rp|263}} Despite Titchener being concerned with structure and James with function, both agreed that consciousness was the subject matter of psychology, making psychology an inherently subjective field.{{rp|263}}

The rise of behaviorism

Concurrently thriving alongside mentalism since the inception of psychology was the functional perspective of behaviorism. However, it was not until 1913, when psychologist John B. Watson published his article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" that behaviorism began to have a dominant influence.{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=John B. |author-link=John B. Watson |date=1913 |title=Psychology as the behaviorist views it |journal=Psychological Review |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=158–177 |doi=10.1037/h0074428|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=hvd.32044028753861;orient=0;size=100;seq=1;attachment=0 |hdl=21.11116/0000-0001-9182-7 |hdl-access=free }}{{rp|267}} Watson's ideas sparked what some have called a paradigm shift in American psychology,{{cite journal |last=Leahey |first=Thomas H. |date=February 1992 |title=The mythical revolutions of American psychology |journal=American Psychologist |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=308–318 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.47.2.308}} emphasizing the objective and experimental study of human behavior, rather than subjective, introspective study of human consciousness. Behaviorists considered that the study of consciousness was impossible to do, or unnecessary, and that the focus on it to that point had only been a hindrance to the field reaching its full potential.{{rp|267–268}} For a time, behaviorism would go on to be a dominant force driving psychological research, advanced by the work of scholars including Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, Watson, and especially B.F. Skinner.{{cite book |last1=O'Donohue |first1=William T. |author-link1=William O'Donohue |last2=Ferguson |first2=Kyle E. |date=2001 |title=The psychology of B.F. Skinner |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=0761917586 |oclc=45188938}}{{rp|30}}

The new mentalism

Critical to the successful revival of the mind or consciousness as a primary focus of study in psychology (and in related fields such as cognitive neuroscience) were technological and methodological advances, which eventually allowed for brain mapping, among other new techniques.{{cite book |last=Dehaene |first=Stanislas |author-link=Stanislas Dehaene |date=2014 |title=Consciousness and the brain: deciphering how the brain codes our thoughts |location=New York |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670025435 |oclc=849719164 |page=43 |quote=In that sense, the behaviorists were right: as a method, introspection provides a shaky ground for a science of psychology, because no amount of introspection will tell us how the mind works. However, as a measure, introspection still constitutes the perfect, indeed the only, platform on which to build a science of consciousness, because it supplies a crucial half of the equation—namely, how subjects feel about some experience (however wrong they are about the ground truth). To attain a scientific understanding of consciousness, we cognitive neuroscientists "just" have to determine the other half of the equation: Which objective neurobiological events systematically underlie a person's subjective experience?}} These advances provided an experimental way to begin to study perception and consciousness.

However, the cognitive revolution did not kill behaviorism as a research program; in fact, research on operant conditioning actually grew at a rapid pace during the cognitive revolution. In 1994, scholar Terry L. Smith surveyed the history of radical behaviorism and concluded that "even though radical behaviorism may have been a failure, the operant program of research has been a success. Furthermore, operant psychology and cognitive psychology complement one another, each having its own domain within which it contributes something valuable to, but beyond the reach of, the other."{{rp|xii}}

mentalism (psychology)

Classical mentalism

The rise of behaviorism

The new mentalism

See also

References

Further reading