mid back unrounded vowel
{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɤ̞⟩ or ⟨ʌ̝⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɤ̞
|ipa symbol2=ʌ̝
|ipa number=315 430
|decimal1=612
|decimal2=798
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
The mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back unrounded vowel between close-mid {{IPA|[ɤ]}} and open-mid {{IPA|[ʌ]}}. Because no language is known to distinguish all three, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɤ}}}} is normally used. If more precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɤ̞}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ̝}}}}.
Features
{{mid vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}
Occurrence
| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
| colspan="2" | Bulgarian{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} | {{lang|bg|път}} | {{IPA|[pɤ̞t̪]}} | 'path' | Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɤ}}}} in broad transcriptions. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}} | {{lang|wuu|渠}} | {{IPA|[kɤ̞¹]}} | 'ditch' | Tends to be diphthongized to {{IPA|[ɤ̞ɯ̞]}} by younger speakers.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}} |
| rowspan="3" | English | Cardiff{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=93}} | rowspan="3" | plus | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[pl̥ʌ̝s]}} | rowspan="3" | 'plus' | May be {{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|ɜ}}, {{IPAblink|ɜ|ɜ̟}} or {{IPAblink|e̞|ë̞}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=93}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}. |
| Norfolk{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}} | Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}. See English phonology | ||||
| Philadelphia{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}} | {{IPA|[pɫ̥ʌ̝s]}} | May be either open-mid {{IPAblink|ʌ}} or a lowered and unrounded {{IPA|/uː/}} ({{IPAblink|ɯ̽}}) instead.{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}. See English phonology | |||
| colspan="2" | Gayo{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}} | {{lang|gay|kule}} | {{nowrap|{{IPA|[kuˈlɤ̞ː]}}}} | 'tiger' | One of the possible allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}} | |
| German | Chemnitz dialect{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=236}} | {{lang|de|Schirm}} | {{IPA|[ʃʌ̝ˤːm]}} | 'umbrella' | Pharyngealized; may be an opening diphthong {{IPA|[ɪːɒ̯]}} instead.{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=236}} |
| colspan="2" | Ibibio{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} | colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[dʌ̝k˦]}} | 'enter' | Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}.{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} | ||
| Vietnamese | Hanoi{{sfnp|Kirby|2011|p=384}} | {{lang|vi|tờ}} | {{IPA|[t̻ɤ̞˧˨]}} | 'sheet' | Realization of {{IPA|/ɤ/}} (also transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ə}}}}) according to {{Harvcoltxt|Kirby|2011}}. See Vietnamese phonology |
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
References
{{Refbegin|30em}}
- {{Citation
|last1=Chen
|first1=Yiya
|last2=Gussenhoven
|first2=Carlos
|year=2015
|title=Shanghai Chinese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=3
|pages=321–327
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287375585
|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000043
|doi-access=free
}}
- {{Citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|editor-last1=Coupland
|editor-first1=Nikolas
|editor-last2=Thomas
|editor-first2=Alan Richard
|year=1990
|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
|chapter=The Phonetics of Cardiff English
|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.
|pages=87–103
|isbn=1-85359-032-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Eades
|first1=Domenyk
|last2=Hajek
|first2=John
|year=2006
|title=Gayo
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=1
|pages=107–115
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002416
|doi-access=free
|url=https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/preview/3629432/2024.04.29.24306539v1.full.pdf
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Gordon
|first=Matthew J.
|year=2004
|chapter=New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=282–299
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
- {{Citation
|last1=Khan
|first1=Sameer ud Dowla
|last2=Weise
|first2=Constanze
|year=2013
|title=Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=2
|pages=231–241
|url=http://academic.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%20Weise%202013%20Upper%20Saxon%20Chemnitz%20dialect.pdf
|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000145
|doi-access=free
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Kirby
|first=James P.
|date=2011
|title=Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=41
|issue=3
|pages=381–392
|url=http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~jkirby/docs/kirby2011vietnamese.pdf
|doi=10.1017/S0025100311000181
|doi-access=free
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Lodge
|first=Ken
|year=2009
|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC
}}
- {{Citation
|last1=Ternes
|first1=Elmer
|last2=Vladimirova-Buhtz
|first2=Tatjana
|year=1999
|chapter=Bulgarian
|pages=55–57
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Urua
|first=Eno-Abasi E.
|year=2004
|title=Ibibio
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=105–109
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001550
|doi-access=free
}}
{{Refend}}
External links
- {{phoible|ɤ̞}}
{{IPA navigation}}