museum architecture

File:Old Ashmolean 2006.JPG building in Oxford, an early example of purpose-built museum architecture]]

File:Solomon R Guggenheim Museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright (6998985818).jpg in New York City, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and opened in 1959]]

An early example of architecture for a purpose-built museum is the Museum of the History of Science building in Oxford, England, originally built to house the Ashmolean Museum.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

In the 20th century, museums have been combined with war memorials to serve multiple purposes. The Australian War Memorial in Canberra, for example, is a place of commemoration as well as for collection and display. It contains a museum, an archive and a shrine. It was designed by Emil Sodersten and John Crust in a contemporary neoclassical style reminiscent of Lutyens with detailing influenced by Art Deco.

The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, USA (opened in 1959), by Frank Lloyd Wright is an important architectural landmark and icon of the 20th century. Another classic 20th century example of iconic museum architecture is the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Spain by Frank Gehry (opened in 1997). Gehry has undertaken many major museum architecture projects, including the Experience Music Project in Seattle, USA, the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, USA, the Vitra Design Museum and MARTa Museum in Germany, and the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, Canada.

Successful examples of modern architecture being married with existing museum buildings include the Louvre Pyramid by I. M. Pei in Paris, France (1989), and more recently the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court by Norman Foster at the British Museum, London, England (2000).

David Chipperfield designed many notable museums, including the award-winning River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames, England, in 1997.{{cite journal | url=http://www.architectural-review.com/home/ar-archive/ar-1997-january-david-chipperfields-river-and-rowing-museum/8611738.article | title=AR 1997 January — David Chipperfield's River and Rowing Museum | last=Richards | first=Ivor | journal=The Architectural Review | date=23 February 2011}} This won in 1999 the RIBA Architecture in Arts and Leisure Award and the Royal Fine Art Commission Trust/British Sky Broadcasting Best Building Award (England).{{cite web | url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/74906CDF-4437-45C1-8470-4208CCD7901B/0/David_Chipperfield_CV.pdf | title=David Chipperfield | website=www.wakefield.gov.uk | publisher=Wakefield Council | location=UK | accessdate=October 14, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Chipperfield also designed the Figge Art Museum in Davenport, Iowa, USA (2005), the Museum of Modern Literature in Marbach, Germany (2006), and the reconstructed Neues Museum in Berlin, Germany (2009).

File:Bilbao - Guggenheim 43.jpg, Spain]]

Museum architecture sometimes involves the conversion of old buildings that have outlived their usefulness but that are still of historic interest. A notable example is the Dalí Theatre and Museum or the conversion of the Bankside Power Station designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott into the Tate Modern in 2000, based on design by Herzog & de Meuron.{{cite web | url=http://www.carillionplc.com/sectors/sectors_leisure_tate.asp | title=Tate Modern | publisher=Carillion PLC | accessdate=October 14, 2011 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130817/http://www.carillionplc.com/sectors/sectors_leisure_tate.asp | archivedate=September 28, 2011 }} Information about the conversion was the basis for a 2008 documentary Architects Herzog and de Meuron: Alchemy of Building & Tate Modern.{{cite web | url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2483168510674278477 | title=Architects Herzog and de Meuron: Alchemy of Building & Tate Modern | publisher=Google Video | year=2008 | accessdate=October 14, 2011}}

Finegold Alexander Architects, an architecture firm based in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, established in 1962, has undertaken museum architecture projects including Ellis Island National Monument and Museum[https://web.archive.org/web/20060902013047/http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/serv02.htm STLI Service 2 Description], National Park Service, USA. (Associated Architects with Beyer Blinder Belle Architects) and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Associated Architects with Pei Cobb Freed & Partners).

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As well as the architects mentioned above, other architects notable for their contributions to museum architecture include:

• Philip Freelon (Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, 2003, USA; the Museum of the African Diaspora, 2005, USA)
• Leonard Jacobson (East Building of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1978, USA; West Wing of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, 1981, USA; Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine, 1982, USA; the Louvre, 1980s/90s, Paris, France)
• Kengo Kuma (Kitakami Canal Museum, Tokyo, 1994, Japan; Suntory Museum of Art, 2007, Japan; V&A at Dundee,{{cite news | url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/12285/v-and-a-museum-architect-kengo-kuma-to-give-dundee-lecture.html | title=V&A museum architect Kengo Kuma to give Dundee lecture | work=The Courier | location=Dundee, Scotland | date=28 March 2011 | accessdate=October 30, 2011 | first=Stefan | last=Morkis | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214022938/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/12285/v-and-a-museum-architect-kengo-kuma-to-give-dundee-lecture.html | archivedate=14 December 2011 }} Dundee, 2010, Scotland)
• Akira Kuryu (Uemura Naomi Memorial Museum, 1994, Japan; Okazaki Mindscape Museum, 1996, Japan)
• Daniel Libeskind (Jewish Museum, Berlin 1989-1999, Imperial War Museum North 1997-2001, Royal Ontario Museum (extension), 2002-2007)
• SANAA
• Katayama Tōkuma (Nara National Museum, 1894, Japan; Kyoto Imperial Museum, 1895, now the Kyoto National Museum, Japan)
• Stanton Williams (Grand Musée d'Art,[http://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/stanton_williams.htm Stanton Williams Architects], [http://www.e-architect.co.uk/ e-architect], UK. 2011, Nantes, France)

File:The National War Memorial, Canberra.JPG|The Australian War Memorial, Canberra, including a national military museum, completed 1941, designed by Emil Sodersten and John Crust

File:Louvre at night centered.jpg|The Louvre Pyramid at the Louvre in Paris (1989)

File:River-Rowing-Museum-Henley.jpg|The River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames, designed by David Chipperfield and opened in 1997

File:Tate Modern viewed from Thames Pleasure Boat - geograph.org.uk - 307445.jpg|The Tate Modern in London, converted by Herzog & de Meuron in 2000

File:British Museum Great Court, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|The Great Court at the British Museum, London (2000)

File:Centro de Ciência de Macau.jpg|The Macao Science Center in Macau, designed by Pei Partnership Architects in association with I. M. Pei (2009)

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