odd–even rationing
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Odd–even rationing is a method of rationing in which access to some resource is restricted to some of the population on any given day. In a common example, drivers of private vehicles may be allowed to drive, park, or purchase gasoline on alternating days, according to whether the last digit in their license plate is even or odd. Similarly, during a drought, houses can be restricted from using water outdoors according to the parity of the house number.
Typically a day is "odd" or "even" depending on the day of the month. An issue with this approach is that two "odd" days in a row occur whenever a month ends on an odd-numbered day.[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZUqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22two+odd+days+in+a+row%22 Editorials on file (1979) Volume 10, Part 1] Sometimes odd or even may be based on day of the week, with Sundays excluded or included for everyone.
Effectiveness
The efficacy of odd–even rationing is debated. For gasoline, it does not actually reduce consumption much, since people prevented from filling up one day will just fill up the day before or the day after; the total number of people in line on each day is roughly unchanged.[http://cafehayek.com/2012/11/odd-scheme.html Odd scheme Odd Scheme by Don Boudreaux on November 12, 2012] Some propose that it has psychological effects like reducing panic buying,[http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2012/11/why-does-odd-evengas-rationing-work/ Why Gas Lines Are Like Bank Runs & Why Odd/Even Gas Rationing Actually Works by Barry Ritholtz – November 13th, 2012, 7:15AM] discouraging people from making small purchases on a daily basis,[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323551004578121311633255822 ET Fuel Rationing Is Hard to Gauge by CARL BIALIK November 16, 2012, 6:53 p.m.] or emphasizing the shortage and further discouraging unnecessary trips.[https://blogs.wsj.com/numbersguy/does-odd-even-rationing-work-1186/ November 17, 2012, 3:46 AM Does Odd–Even Rationing Work? Carl Bialik]
Rationing access, rather than gasoline, based on number plate parity can reduce traffic congestion. In some areas, wealthier people purposely own two cars with opposite-parity number plates, to circumvent any restrictions.{{cite journal|last=Viegas|first=José M.|date=October 2001|title=Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: searching for quality and equity in urban mobility|journal=Transport Policy|volume=8|issue=4|pages=289–294|doi=10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00024-5|url=http://www.civil.ist.utl.pt/~martinez/PDF/MobiCredit/Paper4.pdf}}
Vanity plates which do not contain any digits may be arbitrarily classed as odd or even, likely using the last plate letter's numerical equivalent from 1 to 26.
Dealing with 0
{{main|Evenness of zero}}
Mathematically, zero is an even number; half of the numbers in a given range end in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and the other half in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, so it makes sense to include 0 with the other even digits for rationing. However, the general public is not always aware of the mathematical principle and think that zero is odd, or both even and odd, or neither. The relevant law sometimes stipulates that zero is even.For example, a 1980 Maryland law specifies, "(a) On even numbered calendar dates gasoline shall only be purchased by operators of vehicles bearing personalized registration plates containing no numbers and registration plates with the last digit ending in an even number. This shall not include ham radio operator plates. Zero is an even number; (b) On odd numbered calendar dates …" Partial quotation taken from [https://books.google.com/books?q=%22ham+radio+operator+plates.+Zero+is+an+even+number%22 Google book search], accessed on 2008-02-22. In fact, an odd–even restriction on driving in Paris in 1977 did lead to confusion when the rules were unclear. On an odd-only day, the police avoided fining drivers whose plates ended in 0, because they did not know whether 0 was even.{{cite web |url=http://www.pantaneto.co.uk/issue5/arsham.htm |title=Zero in Four Dimensions: Historical, Psychological, Cultural, and Logical Perspectives |first=Hossein |last=Arsham |work=The Pantaneto Forum |date=January 2002 |access-date=2007-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925163556/http://www.pantaneto.co.uk/issue5/arsham.htm |archive-date=2007-09-25 }} The quote is attributed to the heute broadcast of October 1, 1977. Arsham's account is repeated in {{cite book |title=Perfect Figures: The Lore of Numbers and How We Learned to Count |first=Bunny |last=Crumpacker |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-36005-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perfectfigureslo00crum/page/165 165] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/perfectfigureslo00crum/page/165 }}
U.S. gasoline rationing
Odd–even rationing was instituted in the U.S. as part of the response to the second gasoline crisis in 1979, when turbulent conditions in Iraq and Iran led to worldwide oil price increases, even though a supply shortage did not materialize in the U.S.
{{cite news
| title = Recent Developments in U.S. Energy Markets: A Background Note
| author = Jane Sneddon Little
| journal = New England Economic Review
| pages = 3–18
| date = Sep–Oct 2000
| url = http://bostonfed.org/economic/neer/neer2000/neer500a.pdf
}}
After Hurricane Sandy hit the eastern coast in late October 2012, gasoline became scarce and caused lines to extend miles past stations and people to wait for hours to fill cars or gasoline tanks for generators powering houses without electricity.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Aaron |date=2012-11-02 |title=Gas shortage continues in areas hit by Sandy |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/11/02/news/economy/gas-shortage-sandy/index.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=CNNMoney}} Panic buying and fuel hoarding began within days of the storm. On November 3, 2012, New Jersey governor Chris Christie issued a gas rationing system to follow the odd–even rule to ease lines in 12 counties.{{cite news
| title = Christie orders gas rationing in 12 N.J. counties
| author = Charisse Jones
| journal = USA Today
| date = Nov 2, 2012
| url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/11/02/sandy-gas-new-jersey/1677715/
| quote = The affected counties are Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Morris, Monmouth, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union and Warren.
}}
A few days later on November 8, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, along with Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano and Suffolk County Executive Steve Bellone, instituted an odd–even rationing system due to gasoline shortages from Hurricane Sandy.{{Cite news
| title = New York City, Long Island to impose gas rationing
| journal = Wabc-Tv
| date = Nov 8, 2012
| url = http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=weather&id=8878850
| access-date = November 9, 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121110193856/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=weather&id=8878850
| archive-date = November 10, 2012
| url-status = dead
}} In New York City, such rationing lasted through November 23 due to the increased travel and gasoline demand during the Thanksgiving week, while it ended more than a week earlier in the other counties.{{Cite news
| title = Odd–Even Gas Rationing System To End Saturday In NYC
| journal = WCBS-Tv
| date = Nov 23, 2012
| url = http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/11/23/odd-even-gas-rationing-system-to-end-saturday-in-nyc/
}} License plates without numbers, such as vanity plates, were considered odd.{{Cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/11/09/gas-rationing-odd-even-rule-goes-into-effect-in-nyc-long-island/|title = Gas Rationing Odd-Even Rule Goes into Effect in NYC, Long Island|date = November 9, 2012}}
India
In Delhi, during the ministry of Arvind Kejriwal, private vehicles could be on the road only on certain days, depending on their license plate number, from January 1, 2016. The scheme aimed to reduce pollution and smog in Delhi.{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-odd-even-vehicle-rule-arvind-kejriwal-aap-government-air-pollution/1/541371.html|title=What is Delhi's new odd-even vehicle rule all about? Where did it come from?|work=India Today|date=December 8, 2015}} The scheme was ended on November 11, 2017.{{cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/news/national-ncr-jagran-special-on-why-delhi-govt-roll-back-odd-even-17013003.html?src=p1|title=जानिए क्यों दिल्ली सरकार ने NGT की मंजूरी के बावजूद वापस ली ऑड-ईवन स्कीम|work=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|date=November 11, 2017}}
The scheme came into force for the third time on November 4, 2019,{{cite news |title=Delhi pollution: Check latest updates, rules and more |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-odd-even-scheme-starts-today-from-8-am/articleshow/71884541.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=5 November 2019 |agency=ET Online and agencies }} after the success of first two times. The results were visible from the very first day as people of Delhi welcomed the move.{{cite news |author1=Our Bureau |title=Odd-Even Rule: Delhi roads emptier; commute becomes faster |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/odd-even-rule-delhi-roads-emptier-commute-becomes-faster/article29880484.ece |work=Business Line |date=4 November 2019 |language=en}}
Indonesia
On August 30, 2016, the Jakarta city government replaced the "3-in-1" system (high-occupancy vehicle lanes), which have attracted car jockeys trying to beat the system,[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/jakarta/jockeys-and-ojeks-more-of-a-problem-than-a-solution/516499 Jockeys and Ojeks: More of a Problem Than a Solution | The Jakarta Globe] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318023620/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/jakarta/jockeys-and-ojeks-more-of-a-problem-than-a-solution/516499 |date=March 18, 2013 }}[http://mg.co.za/article/2006-03-06-car-jockeys-cash-in-on-jakartas-traffic-snarl 'Car jockeys' cash in on Jakarta's traffic snarl | News | Mail & Guardian] with a system called ganjil-genap (odd/even rule). Odd plate numbers can enter former "3-in-1" areas on odd days and even plate numbers on even ones.{{cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/581613/pemberlakuan-ganjil-genap-pukul-1600-kawasan-sudirman-tersendat |title=Pemberlakuan ganjil-genap pukul 16.00, kawasan Sudirman tersendat |date=August 30, 2016}}
See also
References
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