ordnance datum
{{Short description|Vertical datum used as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
File:Vertical references in Europe.svg
File:Newlyn harbour light 342.jpg harbour showing the lighthouse and Newlyn Tidal Observatory to its right, both painted red and white.]]
An ordnance datum (OD) is a vertical datum used by an ordnance survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. A spot height may be expressed as above ordnance datum (AOD). Usually mean sea level (MSL) at a particular place is used for the datum.
British Isles
- In Great Britain, OD for the Ordnance Survey is Ordnance Datum Newlyn (ODN), defined as the MSL as recorded by the Newlyn Tidal Observatory between 1915 and 1921.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/benchmarks/|title=Ordnance Survey Benchmark locator|access-date=2021-12-21|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227142006/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/benchmarks/|url-status=live}}
- Prior to 1921, OD was Ordnance Datum Liverpool (ODL) defined as MSL as recorded in the Victoria Dock, Liverpool, during a short period in 1844. The first datum, in 1840 used a benchmark on St. John’s Church, .{{cite web | url=https://maritimearchaeologytrust.org/newlyn-ordnance-and-other-datums/ | title=Newlyn Ordnance and Other Datums | date=8 June 2021 }}
- In Northern Ireland, OD for the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland is Belfast Ordnance Datum: the MSL at Clarendon Dock, Belfast Harbour, between 1951 and 1956.
- In Ireland, OD for the Ordnance Survey of Ireland is Malin Ordnance Datum: the MSL at Portmoor Pier, Malin Head, County Donegal, between 1960 and 1969.[http://www.osi.ie/gps/overview/irishgrid.asp Irish Grid Reference System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614230048/http://www.osi.ie/gps/overview/irishgrid.asp |date=2008-06-14 }} from OSI website
- Prior to 1970, Poolbeg Ordnance Datum was used: the low water of spring tide at Poolbeg Lighthouse, Dublin, on 8 April 1837. Poolbeg OD was about {{convert|2.7|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} lower than Malin OD.
=Ordnance Datum Newlyn and its antecedents=
The First Geodetic Levelling of England and Wales (1840–1860) needed to define a datum plane from which to specify spot heights. At first it was specified as a horizontal plane 100 feet below an arbitrary benchmark on St John's Church, Liverpool. Subsequently, however, it was redefined as mean sea level (MSL). To establish MSL, tidal observations were taken at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool, over a short period in 1844.
By the time of the Second Geodetic Levelling (1912–1921) the importance of stability was better appreciated and so it was decided to use Fundamental Bench Marks (FBMs) installed in solid rock, rather than on buildings as before. To measure average MSL around Great Britain three tide gauges were employed: at Dunbar, Newlyn and Felixstowe. However, it was found that the measured difference between the Dunbar and Newlyn stations was 0.81 feet (0.247m), far larger than could be accounted for by error. The difference was real. Accordingly, it was decided not to use average MSL and fix on one site: MSL Newlyn. Newlyn has certain practical advantages: it is set in granite bedrock, is far from major rivers, and it better represents deep ocean sea levels.
The difference between ODL (Liverpool) and ODN (Newlyn) was found to be 0.13 feet. It took some time for the changed definition — Liverpool to Newlyn — to work through the system: by 1950, some 40% of the lower secondary and tertiary levellings were still using the Liverpool datum. But following the Third Geodetic Levelling, Ordnance Survey maps published since March 1956 give spot heights above the Newlyn datum.{{cite journal|vauthors=Bradshaw et al|year=2016|title=A Century of Sea Level Measurements at Newlyn, Southwest England |journal=Marine Geodesy|volume=39|issue=2|pages=115–140|doi=10.1080/01490419.2015.1121175|bibcode=2016MarGe..39..115B |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/benchmarks/|title=Ordnance Survey Benchmark locator|access-date=2021-12-21|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227142006/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/benchmarks/|url-status=live}}
Newlyn Tidal Observatory was given grade II listing on 11 December 2018.{{cite web |title=Newlyn tidal observatory and part of the south pier |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1460225 |website=English Heritage |access-date=17 October 2023}}
=Tunnel datum=
Tunnel datum is a datum based on an ordnance datum and used in designing tunnels which pass below sea level.
- for the London Underground, a tunnel datum of ODN −100 m is used;{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/victoria-Environmental-Statement-Main-Report.pdf |title=Victoria Station Upgrade Environmental Statement: Main Report |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Transport for London |pages=2–6; §2.5.4, fn 2 |access-date=2008-07-28 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220640/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/victoria-Environmental-Statement-Main-Report.pdf |url-status=live }} thus a depth of −60 m AOD is 40 m ATD (above tunnel datum)
- for the Channel Tunnel, a tunnel datum of ODN −200 m is used;
{{cite book |last=Radcliffe |first=Eric |title=Engineering the Channel Tunnel |editor=Colin J Kirkland |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1995 |chapter=Control and Construction Surveys |isbn=0-419-17920-8 |page=53 }}
thus a depth of −60 m is 140 m ATD
See also
- {{ Annotated link | Ordnance Survey National Grid}}
- {{ Annotated link | Principal Triangulation of Great Britain}}
- {{ Annotated link | Chart datum}}
- {{ Annotated link | Trinity High Water}}
- {{ Annotated link | Vertical Offshore Reference Frames}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/gps/legacy-control-information/liverpool-to-newlyn Ordnance Survey webpage on datum height differences]
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Category:Historical geography of the United Kingdom
Category:Maps of the United Kingdom