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Transport for London

{{Short description|English transport authority}}

{{About|the government body in London, England|a general overview of public transport in London|Transport in London|the transit operator in London, Ontario|London Transit}}

{{Redirect|TfL|other uses|TFL (disambiguation){{!}}TFL}}

{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox organization

| name = Transport for London

| malt =

| mcaption = Map of the London metropolitan area

| abbreviation = TfL

| formation = {{start date and age|2000|07|03|df=y}}
(Greater London Authority Act 1999)

| logo = TfL roundel (no text).svg

| extinction =

| type = Statutory corporation

| status = Executive agency within GLA

| purpose = Transport authority

| headquarters = 5 Endeavour Square
London
E20 1JN

| region_served = London, England

| membership =

| leader_title = Chairman

| leader_name = Mayor of London
(Sadiq Khan)

| leader_title2 = Commissioner

| leader_name2 = Andy Lord

| main_organ = {{unbulleted list|London Underground|Elizabeth line|London Buses|London Rail|London Streets|London Overground}}

| parent_organisation = Greater London Authority (GLA)

| affiliations =

| num_staff = 28,000

| num_volunteers =

| budget = 2019–20: £10.3 billion (47% of this from fares){{cite web |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/how-we-work/how-we-are-funded |title = TfL funding |access-date = 21 January 2016 |archive-date = 30 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930030640/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/how-we-work/how-we-are-funded |url-status = live }}

| website = {{Official URL}}

| remarks =

}}

File:London Underground Overground DLR Crossrail map.svg{{Politics of London}}

Transport for London (TfL) is a local government body responsible for most of the transport network in London, United Kingdom.{{cite web |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do?intcmp=2582 |title = Company information |access-date = 16 March 2019 |year = 2019 |publisher = Transport for London |archive-date = 28 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190128194146/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do?intcmp=2582 |url-status = live }}

TfL is the successor organization of the London Passenger Transport Board, which was established in 1933, and several other bodies in the intervening years. Since the current organization's creation in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority (GLA), TfL has been responsible for operating multiple urban rail networks, including the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway, as well as London's buses, taxis, principal road routes, cycling provision, trams, and river services. It does not control all National Rail services in London, although it is responsible for London Overground and Elizabeth line services. The underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies (principally London Underground), by private sector franchisees (the remaining rail services, trams and most buses) and by licensees (some buses, taxis and river services). Fares are controlled by TfL, rail services fares calculated using numbered zones across the capital.

TfL has overseen various initiatives and infrastructure projects. Throughout the 2000s, a new radio communication system was implemented across its underground lines. Passenger convenience systems, such as the Oyster card and contactless payments, were also provisioned around this time. During 2008, the consumption of alcohol was banned on TfL services; this move has led to a decrease in anti-social behaviour. On 16 August 2016, TfL oversaw the launch of the Night Tube scheme, which introduced through-the-night services on both the London Underground and London Overground. Perhaps the biggest undertaking it has been responsible for, in this case shared jointly with the national Department for Transport (DfT), was the commissioning of the Crossrail Project; since its completion in 2022, TfL has been responsible for franchising its operation as the Elizabeth line.{{cite web |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/how-we-work/our-role?intcmp=2670 |title = Our role |publisher = Transport for London |access-date = 29 January 2016 |archive-date = 3 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203121750/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/how-we-work/our-role?intcmp=2670 |url-status = live }}

In addition to the GLA, the central British government used to provide regular funding for TfL. However, this was tapered off during the 2010s with the aim of the organisation becoming self-sufficient. Direct central government funding for operations ceased during 2018. During 2019–2020, TfL had a budget of £10.3 billion, 47% of which came from fares; the remainder came from grants, mainly from the GLA (33%), borrowing (8%), congestion charging and other income (12%). In 2020, during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, fare revenues dropped by 90% and TfL obtained multiple rounds of support from the British government. It also responded with various cutbacks, including a proposal for a 40% reduction in capital expenditure.

History

{{See also|History of public transport authorities in London}}

File:TfL mark.svg

London's transportation system was unified in 1933, with the creation of the London Passenger Transport Board, which was succeeded by London Transport Executive, London Transport Board, London Transport Executive (GLC), and London Regional Transport. From 1933 until 2000, these bodies used the London Transport brand.{{cite news |date = 25 June 2009 |title = Sir Malcolm Bates: industrialist |newspaper = The Times |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6571164.ece |url-status = dead |access-date = 14 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100523093214/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6571164.ece |archive-date = 23 May 2010}}

Transport for London was created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority (GLA) by the Greater London Authority Act 1999.{{cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/2881.aspx |title = Legislative framework |access-date = 6 September 2008 |publisher = Transport for London |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123023657/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/2881.aspx |archive-date = 23 January 2012 }} The first Commissioner of TfL was Bob Kiley.{{cite news |title = Kiley hits out over sacking |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1443576.stm|date=17 July 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=14 July 2010}} The first chair was then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, and the first deputy chair was Dave Wetzel. Livingstone and Wetzel remained in office until the election of Boris Johnson as Mayor in 2008. Johnson took over as chairman, and in February 2009 fellow-Conservative Daniel Moylan was appointed as his deputy.

Transport for London Corporate Archives holds business records for TfL and its predecessor bodies and transport companies. Some early records are also held on behalf of TfL Corporate Archives at the London Metropolitan Archives.

On 17 February 2003, the London congestion charge was introduced, covering the approximate area of the London Inner Ring Road.{{cite news |title=Congestion Charging: in London – What it is |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/03/congestion_charge/exemptions_guide/html/what.stm |publisher=BBC News |year=2003 |access-date=26 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412122132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/03/congestion_charge/exemptions_guide/html/what.stm |archive-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=live}} The congestion charge had been a manifesto promise by Ken Livingstone during the 2000 London Mayoral election.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2000/apr/20/londonmayor.politics |title=Blair accuses Livingstone of £5 car toll |work=The Guardian |date=7 August 2006 |access-date=26 May 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418183308/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2000/apr/20/londonmayor.politics |archive-date=18 April 2015 |url-status=live}} It was introduced to reduce congestion in the centre of the capital as well as to make London more attractive to business investment; the resulting revenue was to be invested in London's transport system.{{cite web |title=Report to the Mayor of London |work=The Greater London (Central Zone): Congestion Charging Order 2001 |date=February 2002 |publisher=Transport for London |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/Report_to_the_MayorcChapters_1-16.pdf |access-date=24 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228180825/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/Report_to_the_MayorcChapters_1-16.pdf |archive-date = 28 February 2008}} At the time of its implementation, the scheme was the largest ever undertaken by a capital city.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2770721.stm |title=Smooth start for congestion charge |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2003 |access-date=26 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418184038/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2770721.stm |archive-date=18 April 2015 |url-status=live}}

During 2003, TfL took over responsibility for the London Underground, after terms for a controversial public-private partnership (PPP) maintenance contract had been agreed.{{Cite news |date = 15 July 2003 |title = Mayor takes control of Tube |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/3066159.stm |access-date = 7 June 2023}}{{Cite web |date = 15 July 2003 |title = The London Regional Transport (Dissolution) Order 2003 |url = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/1913/made |access-date = 7 June 2023 |website = Legislation.gov.uk}} While the Underground trains themselves were operated by the public sector, the infrastructure (track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) were to be leased to private firms for 30 years, during which these companies would implement various improvements.{{Cite news |date = 16 December 2000 |title = New blow to Tube sell-off plan |language = en-GB |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1072193.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}} The two consortiums awarded contracts were Tube Lines and Metronet.{{Cite web |last = Kiley |first = Bob |date = 12 October 2001 |title = Bob Kiley: Trouble down the line |url = http://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/oct/12/ppp |access-date = 7 March 2021 |work = The Guardian |language = en-gb}}{{Cite web |date = 17 November 2006 |title = Metronet shareholders face £750m bill for London Underground failures |url = http://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/nov/17/transportintheuk.travelnews |access-date = 7 March 2021 |work = The Guardian |language = en-gb}} In July 2007, following financial difficulties, Metronet was placed in administration and its responsibilities were transferred back into public ownership under TfL in May 2008.{{Cite news |date = 18 July 2007 |title = Metronet calls in administrators |language = en-GB |publisher = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6903977.stm |access-date = 7 March 2021}}{{Cite web |last = Wright |first = Robert |date = 1 April 2008 |title = Metronet resolves contract dispute |url = https://www.ft.com/content/a1e9f7ec-001a-11dd-825a-000077b07658 |access-date = 7 March 2020 |website = Financial Times}} During 2009, Tube Lines, having encountered a funding shortfall for its upgrades, was denied a request to TfL for an additional £1.75{{nbsp}}billion; the matter was instead referred to the PPP arbiter, who stated that £400{{nbsp}}million should be provided.{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8417776.stm |title = Mayor wants government Tube money |date = 7 December 2009 |access-date = 10 May 2010 |work = BBC News}}{{Cite web |date = 18 December 2009 |title = London Underground's PPP overhaul deal edges nearer collapse after funding verdict |url = http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/dec/18/london-underground-ppp-overhaul-deal |access-date = 8 March 2021 |work = The Guardian |language = en-gb}} On 7 May 2010, Transport for London agreed to buy out Bechtel and Amey (Ferrovial), the shareholders of Tube Lines for £310{{nbsp}}million, formally ending the PPP.{{cite news |date = 8 May 2010 |title = Tube maintenance back 'in house' as new deal is signed |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8669823.stm |access-date = 10 May 2010}}{{Cite web |date = 7 May 2010 |title = Amey sells its stake in Tube Lines to Transport for London (TfL) and agrees to continue with the maintenance service |url = https://newsroom.ferrovial.com/en/press_releases/amey-sells-its-stake-tube-lines-to-transport-london-tfl-agrees-to-continue-with-the-maintenance-service/ |access-date = 8 March 2021 |website = Ferrovial}}

TfL was heavily impacted by multiple bombings on the underground and bus systems on 7 July 2005. Numerous TfL staff were recognised in the 2006 New Year honours list for the actions taken on that day, including aiding survivors, removing bodies, and restoring the transport system so that millions of commuters were able to depart London at the end of the workday.{{efn|Those mentioned include Peter Hendy, who was at the time Head of Surface Transport division, and Tim O'Toole, head of the Underground division, who were both awarded CBEs.{{cite news |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article731315.ece |date = 16 February 2006 |title = It was all just part of the job, say honoured 7/7 heroes |first = Alan |last = Hamilton |journal = The Times |access-date = 22 May 2011 |archive-date = 23 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081123011214/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article731315.ece |url-status = dead }}{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4712402.stm |title = Queen hails brave 7 July workers |date = 15 February 2006 |work = BBC News |access-date = 22 May 2011 |archive-date = 5 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070605092125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4712402.stm |url-status = live }}{{cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3347.html |access-date = 22 May 2011 |publisher = Transport for London |date = 2 January 2007 |title = Two TfL July 7 heroes honoured in New Years List |archive-date = 25 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425190007/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3347.html |url-status = live }} Others included David Boyce, Station Supervisor, London Underground (MBE); John Boyle, Train Operator, London Underground (MBE); Peter Sanders, Group Station Manager, London Underground (MBE); Alan Dell, Network Liaison Manager, London Buses (MBE) and John Gardner, Events Planning Manager (MBE).}} The incident was heavily scrutinised, leading to various long term changes being proposed by groups such as London Assembly, including the accelerated implementation of underground radio connectivity.

On 20 February 2006, the DfT announced that TfL would take over management of services then provided by Silverlink Metro.{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060214/wmstext/60214m11.htm#60214m11.html_spmin1|title=Silverlink Metro|last=Darling|first=Alistair|date=14 February 2006|publisher=Hansard|access-date=25 August 2008|archive-date=30 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930183119/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060214/wmstext/60214m11.htm#60214m11.html_spmin1|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2006/june/four-bidders-on-tfl-london-rail-concession-shortlist|title=Four bidders on TfL London Rail Concession shortlist|date=7 June 2006|work=Transport for London|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129213910/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2006/june/four-bidders-on-tfl-london-rail-concession-shortlist|url-status=live}}{{Cite press release |title= Introducing London Overground – a new era for London Rail |publisher= Transport for London |date= 5 September 2006 |url= https://tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3489.html |access-date= 27 July 2017 |url-status= bot: unknown |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105185140/https://tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3489.html |archive-date= 5 November 2013 |df= dmy-all }} (via archive.org). On 5 September 2006, the London Overground branding was announced, and it was confirmed that the extended East London line would be included.{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5316358.stm|title=London Overground plans unveiled|date=5 September 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=1 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201011101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5316358.stm|url-status=live}} On 11 November 2007, TfL took over the North London Railway routes from Silverlink Metro. At the launch, TfL undertook to revamp the routes by improving service frequencies and station facilities, staffing all stations, introducing new rolling stock and allowing Oyster pay as you go throughout the network from the outset.{{cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/creating-london-overground.pdf |title = Creating London Overground |access-date =11 November 2007 |publisher=Transport for London |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409100949/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/creating-london-overground.pdf | archive-date = 9 April 2008 |year= 2007|format=leaflet}} This launch was accompanied by a marketing campaign entitled "London's new train set", with posters and leaflets carrying an image of model railway packaging containing new Overground trains, tracks and staff.{{cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/guide-to-london-overground.pdf |title = London's new train set |access-date =11 November 2007 |publisher=Transport for London|date= January 2008 |format=leaflet | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232129/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/guide-to-london-overground.pdf |url-status = dead | archive-date=4 June 2011}}

On 1 June 2008, the drinking of alcoholic beverages was banned on Tube and London Overground trains, buses, trams, Docklands Light Railway and all stations operated by TfL across London but not those operated by other rail companies.{{cite news |url = http://metro.co.uk/2008/06/01/revellers-farewell-to-tube-alcohol-160898/ |title = Revellers' farewell to Tube alcohol |access-date = 10 August 2013 |date = 1 June 2008 |publisher = Metro |archive-date = 5 November 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105224654/http://metro.co.uk/2008/06/01/revellers-farewell-to-tube-alcohol-160898/ |url-status = live }}{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7387113.stm |title = Johnson bans drink on transport |access-date = 6 September 2008 |date = 7 May 2008 |work = BBC News |archive-date = 10 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510165533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7387113.stm |url-status = live}} Carrying open containers of alcohol was also banned on public transport operated by TfL. The then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson and TfL announced the ban with the intention of providing a safer and more pleasant experience for passengers. There were "Last Round on the Underground" parties on the night before the ban came into force. Passengers refusing to observe the ban may be refused travel and asked to leave the premises. The GLA reported in 2011 that assaults on London Underground staff had fallen by 15% since the introduction of the ban.{{cite web |url = http://www.london.gov.uk/media/mayor-press-releases/2011/05/londoners-continue-to-back-mayors-booze-ban |title = Londoners continue to back Mayor's booze ban |date = 5 May 2011 |publisher = Greater London Authority |access-date = 10 August 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140112214129/http://www.london.gov.uk/media/mayor-press-releases/2011/05/londoners-continue-to-back-mayors-booze-ban |archive-date = 12 January 2014}}

Between 2008 and 2022, TfL was engaged in the Crossrail programme to construct a new high-frequency hybrid urban–suburban rail service across London and into its suburbs.{{Cite news |last1 = Gerrard |first1 = Neil |date = 15 May 2009 |title = Work officially starts on Crossrail |work = Contract Journal |url = http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/2009/05/15/67882/work-officially-starts-on-crossrail-photos.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090517055909/http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/2009/05/15/67882/work-officially-starts-on-crossrail-photos.html |archive-date = 17 May 2009}} TfL Rail took over Heathrow Connect services from Paddington to Heathrow in May 2018.{{cite web |title = TfL takes over Heathrow Connect services in Elizabeth line milestone |url = http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/rail-news/tfl-takes-over-heathrow-connect-services-in-elizabeth-line-milestone- |website = railtechnologymagazine.com |access-date = 24 May 2018 |archive-date = 24 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151931/http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/rail-news/tfl-takes-over-heathrow-connect-services-in-elizabeth-line-milestone- |url-status = dead }}{{cite web |date = 12 December 2017 |title = Elizabeth Line Operational Readiness and Integration |url = http://content.tfl.gov.uk/pic-20171212-item13-elizabeth-line.pdf |access-date = 7 January 2020 |publisher = Transport for London}} In August 2018, four months before the scheduled opening of the core section of the Elizabeth Line, it was announced that completion had been delayed and that the line would not open before autumn 2019.{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-45367990 |title = Crossrail to miss December opening date |date = 31 August 2018 |work = BBC News |access-date = 14 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180914135030/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-45367990 |archive-date = 14 September 2018}} Further postponements ensued.{{Cite news |title = Crossrail needs extra £450m and delayed until 2022 |work = BBC News |date = 21 August 2020 |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-53847738 |access-date = 21 August 2020 |language = en-gb |archive-date = 15 May 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220515165333/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-53847738 |url-status = live}} Having an initial budget of £14.8{{nbsp}}billion, the total cost of Crossrail rose to £18.25{{nbsp}}billion by November 2019,{{Cite news |last1 = Farrell |first1 = Sean |last2 = Topham |first2 = Gwyn |date = 8 November 2019 |title = Crossrail faces further delays and will cost more than £18bn |work = The Guardian |location = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/08/crossrail-faces-further-delays-and-will-cost-more-than-18bn-tfl |access-date = 7 January 2020 }}{{Cite news |date = 8 November 2019 |title = Crossrail delayed until 2021 as costs increase |work = BBC News |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50345344 |access-date = 7 January 2020}} and increased further to £18.8{{nbsp}}billion by December 2020.{{cite web |title = Funding |url = https://www.crossrail.co.uk/about-us/funding |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516065015/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/about-us/funding |url-status = dead |archive-date = 16 May 2013 |access-date = 12 May 2022 |publisher = Crossrail Ltd}} On 17 May 2022, the line was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in honour of her Platinum Jubilee.{{Cite news |last = Ward |first = Victoria |date = 17 May 2022 |title = 'One ticket for the Elizabeth line please': Queen opens Crossrail and gets an Oyster card |language = en-GB |work = The Telegraph |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/17/queen-smiles-officially-opens-londons-elizabeth-line/ |access-date = 17 May 2022 |issn = 0307-1235 |archive-date = 28 May 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220528135514/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/17/queen-smiles-officially-opens-londons-elizabeth-line/ |url-status = live |url-access = subscription}}

TfL commissioned a survey in 2013 which showed that 15% of women using public transport in London had been the subject of some form of unwanted sexual behaviour but that 90% of incidents were not reported to the police. In an effort to reduce sexual offences and increase reporting, TfL—in conjunction with the British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police Service, and City of London Police—launched Project Guardian.{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2013/oct/01/project-guardian-public-transport-safer-women |title = Project Guardian: making public transport safer for women |last = Bates |first = Laura |author-link = Laura Bates |date = 1 October 2013 |work = The Guardian |access-date = 17 September 2014 |archive-date = 5 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105024917/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2013/oct/01/project-guardian-public-transport-safer-women |url-status = live}} In 2014, TfL launched the 100 years of women in transport campaign in partnership with the Department for Transport, Crossrail,{{cite web |url = http://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/crossrail-partners-with-women-into-construction |title = Crossrail partners with Women into Construction |access-date = 10 November 2015 |archive-date = 28 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928130610/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/crossrail-partners-with-women-into-construction |url-status = dead}} Network Rail,{{Cite web |url = http://www.onemk.co.uk/news/2015/6/network-rail-senior-manager-shares-experiences-26767427.html |title = In Your Area |access-date = 10 November 2015 |archive-date = 25 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200325003059/https://www.inyourarea.co.uk// |url-status = dead }} the Women's Engineering Society{{cite web |url = http://www.wes.org.uk/100yowit |title = 100 Years of Women in Transport – Women's Engineering Society |access-date = 10 November 2015 |archive-date = 14 May 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170514234829/http://www.wes.org.uk/100yowit |url-status = live}} and the Women's Transportation Seminar (WTS). The programme was a celebration of the significant role that women had played in transport over the previous 100 years, following the centennial anniversary of the First World War, when 100,000 women entered the transport industry to take on the responsibilities held by men who enlisted for military service.{{cite web |url = http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/jun-2014/first-100-years-women-transport |title = The first 100 years of women in transport |access-date = 10 November 2015 |archive-date = 2 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102320/http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/jun-2014/first-100-years-women-transport |url-status = live}}

As early as 2014, an Ultra–Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) was under consideration since 2014 under London Mayor Boris Johnson.{{cite news |author=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=29 July 2014 |title=Diesel drivers may face higher costs in pollution battle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/diesel-drivers-may-face-higher-costs-pollution-battle |access-date=29 July 2014 |work=The Guardian}} Johnson announced in 2015 that the zone covering the same areas as the congestion charge would come into operation in September 2020. Sadiq Khan, Johnson's successor, introduced an emissions surcharge, called the Toxicity Charge or "T-Charge", for non-compliant vehicles from 2017.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/17/london-to-introduce-vehicle-pollution-charge-in-october-says-mayor-sadiq-khan |title=London to introduce £10 vehicle pollution charge, says Sadiq Khan | first=Rowena |last=Mason | work=The Guardian | date=17 February 2017 | access-date=23 February 2017}}{{cite news |author=de Reytas-Tamura |first=Kimiko |date=17 February 2017 |title=A Push for Diesel Leaves London Gasping Amid Record Pollution |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/17/world/europe/london-smog-air-pollution.html?_r=0 |access-date=23 February 2017}} The Toxicity Charge was replaced by the Ultra Low Emission Zone on 8 April 2019, which was introduced ahead of schedule. On 29 August 2023, the ULEZ was expanded to cover all 32 London boroughs, bringing an additional five million people into the zone.{{cite news |last1=Topham |first1=Gwyn |title=Ulez to be expanded across whole of Greater London from August |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/nov/25/ulez-to-be-expanded-across-whole-of-greater-london-from-august |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=25 November 2022}}

During 2020, passenger numbers, along with associated revenue, went into a sharp downturn as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. In response, TfL services were reduced; specifically, all Night Overground and Night Tube services, as well as all services on the Waterloo & City line, were suspended from 20 March, while 40 tube stations were closed on the same day.{{cite web |url = https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-london-shops-could-close-and-transport-restricted-by-weekend-whitehall-sources-11959814 |title = Coronavirus: London cuts Tube trains and warns 'don't travel unless you really have to' |website = Sky News |language = en-gb |access-date = 19 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200321052444/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-london-shops-could-close-and-transport-restricted-by-weekend-whitehall-sources-11959814 |archive-date = 21 March 2020 |url-status = live}} The Mayor of London and TfL urged people to only use public transport if absolutely essential so that it could be used by critical workers.{{cite web |date = 18 March 2020 |title = Planned services to support London's critical workers |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2020/march/planned-services-to-support-london-s-critical-workers |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320201755/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2020/march/planned-services-to-support-london-s-critical-workers |archive-date = 20 March 2020 |access-date = 19 March 2020 |website = Transport for London |language = en-gb}} The London Underground brought in new measures on 25 March to combat the spread of the virus; these included slowing the flow of passengers onto platforms via the imposition of queuing at ticket gates and turning off some escalators.{{Cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-52023580 |title = New Tube restrictions to stop non-essential trips |date = 25 March 2020 |work = BBC News |access-date = 25 March 2020 |language = en-GB |archive-date = 8 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200408134743/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-52023580 |url-status = live }} In April, TfL trialled changes encouraging passengers to board London buses by the middle doors to lessen the risks to drivers, after the deaths of 14 TfL workers including nine drivers.{{cite news |last1 = Champion |first1 = Ben |title = Coronavirus: London to trial new way of using buses after 14 transport workers die from Covid-19 |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/coronavirus-bus-driver-deaths-back-doors-ppe-safety-a9456526.html |access-date = 14 April 2020 |work = Independent |date = 9 April 2020 |archive-date = 11 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200411172647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/coronavirus-bus-driver-deaths-back-doors-ppe-safety-a9456526.html |url-status = live }} This measure was extended to all routes on 20 April, and passengers were no longer required to pay, so that they did not need to use the card reader near the driver.{{Cite web |url = https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-free-travel-and-middle-door-only-boarding-on-london-buses-11974594 |title = Coronavirus: Free travel and middle door only boarding on London buses |date = 17 April 2020 |website = Sky News |language = en-gb |access-date = 19 April 2020 |archive-date = 21 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200421004837/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-free-travel-and-middle-door-only-boarding-on-london-buses-11974594 |url-status = live}}

Organisation

File:London Underground, Overground, Elizabeth Line and Docklands Light Railway with Greater London map.svg

{{Update|date=February 2015}}

TfL is controlled by a board whose members are appointed by the Mayor of London,{{cite web|url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/boardandchiefofficers/1432.aspx |title = Board members |access-date = 10 August 2013 |year = 2013 |publisher = Transport for London |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130819192701/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/boardandchiefofficers/1432.aspx |archive-date = 19 August 2013 }} a position held by Sadiq Khan since May 2016. The Commissioner of Transport for London reports to the Board and leads a management team with individual functional responsibilities.

The body is organised in two main directorates and corporate services, each with responsibility for different aspects and modes of transport. The two main directorates are:

=Operations centre=

File:The Palaestra building London 2006-01-20.jpg

TfL's Surface Transport and Traffic Operations Centre (STTOC) was officially opened by Prince Andrew, Duke of York, in November 2009.{{cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/13537.aspx |title = HRH The Duke of York opens state of the art transport control centre |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130628042334/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/13537.aspx |archive-date = 28 June 2013 |access-date = 24 June 2013 |url-status = dead }}{{cite web |url = http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/4194 |title = Duke of York opens TfL control centre at Palestra in Blackfriars Road |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130913105551/http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/4194 |archive-date = 13 September 2013 |access-date = 24 June 2013 |url-status = dead }} The centre monitors and coordinates official responses to traffic congestion, incidents and major events in London.{{cite web |url = https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2012%20transport%20supporting%20evidence.pdf |title = Evidence for Transport Committee's investigation into 2012 transport |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030194154/http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2012%20transport%20supporting%20evidence.pdf |archive-date = 30 October 2012 |access-date = 24 June 2013 |url-status = dead }} Network Management Control Centre (manages the bus network) (NMCC), London Streets Traffic Control Centre (LSTCC) and the Metropolitan Police Traffic Operation Control Centre (MetroComm) were brought together under STTOC.

STTOC played an important part in the security and smooth running of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The London Underground Network Operations Centre is now located on the fifth floor of Palestra and not within STTOC.{{cite web |url = http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/Item05-London-Underground-Operational-Vision.pdf |title = Transport for London Board Agenda Item 5, 2 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121008091147/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/Item05-London-Underground-Operational-Vision.pdf |archive-date = 8 October 2012 |access-date = 24 June 2013 |url-status = dead }}{{cite web |url = http://www.railexpress.co.uk/news/southwark-chosen-for-lul-command-and-control-centre |title = Southwark chosen for LUL command and control centre |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150510061451/http://www.railexpress.co.uk/news/southwark-chosen-for-lul-command-and-control-centre |archive-date = 10 May 2015 |access-date = 24 June 2013 |url-status = dead }} The centre featured in the 2013 BBC Two documentary series The Route Masters: Running London's Roads.

=Places for London=

Places for London, is the property-owning arm of Transport for London. Launched in 2015, it was re-branded as Places for London in 2023, as part of a programme of homebuilding.{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Kate |date=2015-01-28 |title=TfL turns property developer to help fund capital’s transport |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf6e3828-a56d-11e4-ad35-00144feab7de |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=Financial Times}}{{Cite web |last=Lydall |first=Ross |date=2023-09-20 |title=TfL property firm rebranded as it looks to deliver thousands of homes a year |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/tfl-property-firm-rebrand-places-for-london-affordable-homes-b1108258.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Nerval |first=Ciaran |date=2023-09-21 |title=TfL’s property firm rebrands to Places for London |url=https://www.propertyweek.com/news/tfls-property-firm-rebrands-to-places-for-london |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Property Week |language=en}} {{As of|2024}}, it owns and manages over {{convert|5500|acres|ha}} of land throughout London, making it one of the city's largest landowners.{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.placesforlondon.co.uk/about-us |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Places for London |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Kollewe |first=Julia |date=2022-08-18 |title=How Transport for London plans to build 20,000 new homes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/aug/18/how-transport-for-london-plans-to-build-20000-new-homes |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |date=16 July 2020 |title=TfL Land |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/questions-mayor/find-an-answer/tfl-land-12 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=London Assembly}} Places for London plans to build 20,000 new homes across London by the 2030s, with around half of them being affordable housing. TfL plans to reinvest profits made by Places for London back into the transport network, similar to the Rail + Property model used by the MTR Corporation in Hong Kong.{{Cite web |last=Riding |first=James |date=17 April 2023 |title=Inside TfL’s mission to build thousands of affordable homes |url=https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/insight/inside-tfls-mission-to-build-thousands-of-affordable-homes-81132 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Inside Housing |language=En}}{{Cite web |last=Farmah |first=Anjna |date=2023-01-30 |title=TfL: accelerating the adoption of transit-oriented developme |url=https://www.transportxtra.com/publications/local-transport-today/news/72859/tfl-accelerating-the-adoption-of-transit-oriented-development-tod-in-the-uk/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.transportxtra.com |language=en-GB}}

=Connect project=

Transport for London introduced the "Connect" project for radio communications during the 2000s, to improve radio connections for London Underground staff and the emergency services.{{cite web |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/06/connect_project_secrecy/ |title = TfL keeps schtum on underground radio plans |work = The Register |date = 6 June 2006 |access-date = 19 June 2014 |archive-date = 2 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095251/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/06/connect_project_secrecy/ |url-status = live}}{{cite web |url = http://www.ascenda-mcl.com/IMG/pdf/tfl-investment-programme-london-underground.pdf |title = TfL investment programme – London Underground |page = 10 |publisher = Transport for London |year = 2010 |access-date = 19 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201046/http://www.ascenda-mcl.com/IMG/pdf/tfl-investment-programme-london-underground.pdf |archive-date = 2 April 2015 |url-status = usurped}} The system replaced various separate radio systems for each tube line, and was funded under a private finance initiative. The supply contract was signed in November 1999 with Motorola as the radio provider alongside Thales. Citylink's shareholders are Thales Group (33 per cent), Fluor Corporation (18%), Motorola (10%), Laing Investment (19.5%) and HSBC (19.5%). The cost of the design, build and maintain contract was £2 billion over twenty years. Various subcontractors were used for the installation work, including Brookvex and Fentons.{{CN|date=February 2024}}

A key reasoning for the introduction of the system was in light of the King's Cross fire disaster, where efforts by the emergency services were hampered by a lack of radio coverage below ground. Work was due to be completed by the end of 2002, although suffered delays due to the necessity of installing the required equipment on an ageing railway infrastructure with no disruption to the operational railway. On 5 June 2006, the London Assembly published the 7 July Review Committee report, which urged TfL to speed up implementation of the Connect system.

The East London line was chosen as the first line to receive the TETRA radio in February 2006, as it was the second smallest line and is a mix of surface and sub surface. That same year, it was rolled out to the District, Circle, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan and Victoria lines, with the Bakerloo, Piccadilly, Jubilee, Waterloo & City and Central lines following during 2007.{{cite web |url = http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/spec_trad/responses/lu.pdf |title = Response from the Chief Engineers' Directorate of London Underground to the OFCOM Consultative Document "Spectrum Trading Consultation" |page = 10 |publisher = Ofcom |date = November 2003 |access-date = 19 June 2014 |archive-date = 24 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224221751/http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/spec_trad/responses/lu.pdf |url-status = live}} The final line, the Northern, was handed over in November 2008.

The 2010 TfL investment programme included the project "LU-PJ231 LU-managed Connect communications", which provided Connect with a new transmission and radio system comprising 290 cell sites with two to three base stations, 1,400 new train mobiles, 7,500 new telephone links and 180 CCTV links.

= London Transport Museum =

TfL also owns and operates the London Transport Museum in Covent Garden, a museum that conserves, explores and explains London's transport system heritage over the last 200 years. It both explores the past, with a retrospective look at past days since 1800, and the present-day transport developments and upgrades. The museum also has an extensive depot, situated at Acton, that contains material impossible to display at the central London museum, including many additional road vehicles, trains, collections of signs and advertising materials. The depot has several open weekends each year. There are also occasional heritage train runs on the Metropolitan line.{{CN|date=February 2024}}

=Financing=

The majority of TfL's funding is provided by the GLA and the Mayor of London. Traditionally, the British government via the Department for Transport (DfT) also used to contribute considerably; however, throughout the 2010s, there was a concerted drive by the Conservative government to reduce central government expenditure on TfL, and that the organisation ought to pursue self-sufficiency and make greater efforts to generate its own revenue to supplement its grants.{{cite web |url = https://www.ft.com/content/b7392524-8923-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896 |title = TfL faces £700m a year cut in state subsidy by turn of the decade |first1 = Conor |last1 = Sullivan |first2 = Jim |last2 = Pickard |date = 12 November 2015 }}{{cite web |url = https://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/financial-investigation-casts-doubt-over-tfl-pledges |title = Financial investigation casts doubt over TfL pledges |publisher = railtechnologymagazine.com |date = 12 September 2016}} Accordingly, the operational budget of almost £700 million per year provided by the DfT by 2015 was to be entirely eliminated by 2020.{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/25/spending-review-transport-deepest-budget-cut |title = Transport suffers deepest cuts after London subsidy axed |work = The Guardian |first = Gwyn |last = Topham |date = 25 November 2015}}{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-34923879 |title = Cuts to the London transport grant to hit from 2018 |publisher = BBC News |first = Tom |last = Edwards |date = 25 November 2015}}

By February 2018, TfL was projecting a budget deficit of £1 billion, a roughly five-fold increase from 2013, which reportedly threatened its long-term investment plans.{{cite web |url = https://www.ft.com/content/585f99b6-1887-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44 |title = Transport for London on course for £1bn deficit |publisher = Financial Times |first = Tanya |last = Powley |date = 26 February 2018 }}{{cite web |url = https://www.onlondon.co.uk/transport-for-london-present-funding-not-enough-to-deliver-mayors-transport-strategy-assembly-members-told/ |title = Transport for London: present funding 'not enough to deliver Mayor's transport strategy', Assembly Members told |date = 21 May 2019 |website = onlondon.co.uk |first = Charles |last = Wright }} Revenue collected from fares was set to make up a greater proportion of TfL's budget, yet a £240 million downturn in ticket sales by mid-2018 had been recorded.{{cite web |url = https://theconversation.com/why-fewer-londoners-are-taking-the-tube-a-transport-researcher-explains-94754 |title = Why fewer Londoners are taking the tube – a transport researcher explains |website = theconversation.com |first = Nicole |last = Badstuber |date = 15 May 2018 }} In September 2019, a TfL application for government funding to upgrade the Piccadilly Line was rejected by the Treasury.{{cite web |url = https://www.cityam.com/treasury-rebuffed-tfl-bid-for-piccadilly-line-funds-in-spending-round/ |title = Treasury rebuffed TfL bid for Piccadilly line funds in spending round |first = Alexandra |last = Rogers |date = 22 September 2019}} That same month, TfL head Mike Brown publicly criticised the government's decision to impose borrowing limits upon the organisation, and there was little long term certainty in terms of funding, necessitating pauses on multiple upgrade programmes.{{cite web |url = https://www.cityam.com/mike-brown-hits-out-at-bonkers-tfl-borrowing-limits/ |title = Mike Brown hits out at 'bonkers' TfL borrowing limits |publisher = cityam.com |date = 16 September 2019}}

On 22 April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, London mayor Sadiq Khan warned that TfL could run out of money to pay staff by the end of the month unless the government stepped in.{{cite news |title = Coronavirus: London transport 'may run out of money by end of month' |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52379111 |access-date = 24 April 2020 |work = BBC News |date = 22 April 2020 |archive-date = 23 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200423222046/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52379111 |url-status = live }} Two days later, TfL announced it was furloughing around 7,000 employees, about a quarter of its staff, to help mitigate a 90% reduction in fare revenues. Following the implementation of a lockdown in London on 23 March, Tube journeys had reportedly fallen by 95% and bus journeys by 85%, though TfL continued to operate limited services to allow "essential travel" for key workers.{{cite news |title = Coronavirus: Transport for London furloughs 7,000 staff |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52394657 |access-date = 24 April 2020 |work = BBC News |date = 24 April 2020 |archive-date = 24 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102519/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52394657 |url-status = live }} Without government financial support for TfL, London Assembly members warned that Crossrail, the Northern line extension and other projects such as step-free schemes at tube stations could be delayed.{{cite news |last1 = Kelly |first1 = Megan |title = Fears for London projects as TfL seeks support |url = https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/civils/fears-for-london-projects-as-tfl-seeks-support-28-04-2020/ |access-date = 28 April 2020 |work = Construction News |date = 28 April 2020 |archive-date = 3 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200503065600/https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/civils/fears-for-london-projects-as-tfl-seeks-support-28-04-2020/ |url-status = live }}

On 7 May, it was reported that TfL had requested £2 billion in state aid to keep services running until September 2020.{{cite news |last1 = McDonald |first1 = Henry |title = London needs £2bn to keep transport system running until autumn |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/07/london-needs-2bn-to-keep-transport-system-running-until-autumn |access-date = 9 May 2020 |work = The Guardian |date = 7 May 2020 |archive-date = 9 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200509010021/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/07/london-needs-2bn-to-keep-transport-system-running-until-autumn |url-status = live }} On 12 May, TfL documents warned it expected to lose £4 billion due to the pandemic and said it needed £3.2bn to balance a proposed emergency budget for 2021, having lost 90% of its overall income. Without an agreement with the government, deputy mayor for transport Heidi Alexander said TfL might have to issue a Section 114 notice - the equivalent of a public body going bust.{{cite news |title = Coronavirus: Transport for London expects to lose £4bn |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52630386 |access-date = 13 May 2020 |work = BBC News |date = 13 May 2020 |archive-date = 25 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200625021247/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52630386 |url-status = live }} On 14 May, the UK Government agreed £1.6 billion in emergency funding to keep Tube and bus services running until September{{cite news |title = Coronavirus: Transport for London secures emergency £1.6bn bailout |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52670539 |access-date = 15 May 2020 |work = BBC News |date = 14 May 2020 |archive-date = 13 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200713092122/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52670539 |url-status = live }} - a bailout condemned as "a sticking plaster" by Khan who called for agreement on a new longer-term funding model.{{cite news |last1 = O'Connor |first1 = Rob |title = London mayor describes TfL's £1.6bn bailout as "sticking plaster" |url = http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/may-2020/tfl-%C2%A316bn-funding-package-described-%E2%80%98sticking-plaster%E2%80%99-mayor-london |access-date = 19 May 2020 |work = Infrastructure Intelligence |date = 18 May 2020 |archive-date = 1 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200601024223/http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/may-2020/tfl-%C2%A316bn-funding-package-described-%E2%80%98sticking-plaster%E2%80%99-mayor-london |url-status = live }}

On 1 June 2020, TfL released details of its emergency budget for 2020–2021; it involved a reduction in capital investment by 39% from £1.3 billion to £808 million along with cuts to maintenance and renewal spending by 38% to £201 million.{{cite news |last1 = Garner-Purkis |first1 = Zak |title = TfL to slash spending by £525m |url = https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/civils/tfl-to-slash-spending-by-525m-01-06-2020/ |access-date = 1 June 2020 |work = Construction News |date = 1 June 2020 |archive-date = 10 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200610101534/https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/civils/tfl-to-slash-spending-by-525m-01-06-2020/ |url-status = live }} In November 2021, the then Transport Secretary Grant Shapps criticised reports that senior TfL officials would be offered bonuses potentially in excess of £12 million per year in return for efforts to help break-even.{{cite web |url = https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/grant-shapps-responds-sadiq-khan-tfl-funding-crisis-b967144.html |title = Minister accuses Sadiq Khan of 'public lobbying' over TfL funding crisis |publisher = The Standard |first = Rachael |last = Burford |date = 19 November 2021}} By December 2021, the British government and the Major of London had implemented three consecutive short-term funding agreements cumulatively costing in excess of £4b to avert closures of several bus routes and tube lines.{{cite web |url = https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/extraordinary-funding-for-transport-for-london/ |title = Extraordinary funding for Transport for London |publisher = lordslibrary.parliament.uk |first = Eren |last = Waitzman |date = 6 December 2021}}

In August 2022, additional British government support was granted to TfL; the organisation was still unable to meet all spending commitments. In response, a new facility was established to balance TfL's budget via the provision of up to £500 million; this facility restricted the GLA's future financial flexibility.{{cite web |url = https://www.london.gov.uk/media-centre/mayors-press-releases/mayor-establishes-new-facility-ensure-tfl-can-balance-its-budget |title = Mayor establishes new facility to ensure TfL can balance its budget |publisher = london.gov.uk |date = 21 September 2022}} During late 2023, TfL issued further urgent calls for long-term funding to support its operations; it claimed that the British government would need to provide one quarter of its capital investment plans for 2024. The Department of Transport's position has been that long term funding for TfL should be provided via the Mayor of London, and that in excess of £6 billion in extraordinary funding has already been provided.{{cite web |url = https://www.building.co.uk/news/tfl-renews-calls-for-long-term-funding-as-passenger-numbers-roar-back-to-pre-pandemic-levels/5126642.article |title = TfL renews calls for long-term funding as passenger numbers roar back to pre-pandemic levels |publisher = building.co.uk |first = Tom |last = Lowe |date = 30 November 2023}}

Fares

Most of the transport modes that come under the control of TfL have their own charging and ticketing regimes for single fare. Buses and trams share a common fare and ticketing regime, and the DLR, Overground, Underground, and National Rail services another.

=Zonal fare system=

{{Main|London fare zones}}

Rail service fares in the capital are calculated by a zonal fare system. London is divided into eleven fare zones, with every station on the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and, since 2007, on National Rail services, being in one, or in some cases, two zones. The zones are mostly concentric rings of increasing size emanating from the centre of London. They are (in order):

=Travelcard=

{{Main|Travelcard}}

Superimposed on these mode-specific regimes is the Travelcard system, which provides zonal tickets with validities from one day to one year, and off-peak variants. These are accepted on the DLR, buses, railways, trams, and the Underground, and provide a discount on many river services fares.

=Oyster card=

{{Main|Oyster card}}

The Oyster card is a contactless smart card system introduced for the public in 2003, which can be used to pay individual fares (pay as you go) or to carry various Travelcards and other passes. It is used by scanning the card at a yellow card reader. Such readers are found on ticket gates where otherwise a paper ticket could be fed through, allowing the gate to open and the passenger to walk through, and on stand-alone Oyster validators, which do not operate a barrier. Since 2010, Oyster Pay as you go has been available on all National Rail services within London. Oyster Pay as you go has a set of daily maximum charges based on the zones used in the day.

=Contactless payments=

{{main|CPAY}}

{{see also|Project Oval}}

In addition to Oyster card, TfL also operates a contactless payment system in London and surrounding areas, which is codenamed CPAY.CPAY Agreement, Transport for London

Almost all contactless Visa, Maestro, MasterCard and American Express debit and credit cards issued in the UK, and also most international cards supporting contactless payment, are accepted for travel on London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, most National Rail, London Tramlink and Bus services. This works in the same way for the passenger as an Oyster card, including the use of capping and reduced fares compared to paper tickets. The widespread use of contactless payment - around 25 million journeys each week{{Cite web |url = https://www.standard.co.uk/tech/contactless-payments-tube-rail-tfl-cashless-society-a3821681.html |title = Contactless payments are taking over the tube network |date = 24 April 2018 |website = Evening Standard |language = en-gb |access-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200220220347/https://www.standard.co.uk/tech/contactless-payments-tube-rail-tfl-cashless-society-a3821681.html |url-status = live}}{{Cite web |url = https://www.cityam.com/tfl-to-give-tube-apple-pay-upgrade/ |title = Apple Pay upgrade to make TfL contactless payments easier |date = 2 December 2019 |website = CityAM |language = en-GB |access-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200220220344/https://www.cityam.com/tfl-to-give-tube-apple-pay-upgrade/ |url-status = live}} - has meant that TfL is now one of Europe's largest contactless merchants, with one in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on the TfL network.{{Cite web |date = 13 July 2016 |title = Licencing London's contactless ticketing system |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/july/licencing-london-s-contactless-ticketing-system |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032915/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/july/licencing-london-s-contactless-ticketing-system |archive-date = 1 December 2017 |access-date = 20 November 2017 |website = Transport for London |language = en-gb}}{{cite web |title = Contactless and mobile pay as you go |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/how-to-pay-and-where-to-buy-tickets-and-oyster/pay-as-you-go/contactless-and-mobile-pay-as-you-go |website = Transport for London |access-date = 25 October 2019 |archive-date = 10 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191010142202/https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/how-to-pay-and-where-to-buy-tickets-and-oyster/pay-as-you-go/contactless-and-mobile-pay-as-you-go |url-status = live }}

Mobile payments - such as Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay - are also accepted in the same way as contactless payment cards. The fares are the same as those charged on a debit or credit card, including the same daily capping.{{Cite web |url = https://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares/how-to-pay-and-where-to-buy-tickets-and-oyster/pay-as-you-go/contactless-and-mobile-pay-as-you-go |title = Contactless and mobile pay as you go |website = Transport for London |language = en-gb |access-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200220220349/https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/how-to-pay-and-where-to-buy-tickets-and-oyster/pay-as-you-go/contactless-and-mobile-pay-as-you-go |url-status = live}} During 2020, one in five journeys were made using mobile devices instead of using contactless bank cards, and TfL had become the most popular Apple Pay merchant in the UK.{{cite news |last1 = Mortimer |first1 = Natalie |title = TfL proves most popular retailer on Apple Pay UK following launch |url = http://www.thedrum.com/news/2015/07/20/tfl-proves-most-popular-retailer-apple-pay-uk-following-launch |access-date = 22 July 2015 |publisher = The Drum |date = 20 July 2015 |archive-date = 22 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722202022/http://www.thedrum.com/news/2015/07/20/tfl-proves-most-popular-retailer-apple-pay-uk-following-launch |url-status = live}}{{cite news |last1 = Titcomb |first1 = James |title = How London's transport crunch forged a contactless revolution |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11747819/How-Londons-transport-crunch-forged-a-contactless-revolution.html |access-date = 22 July 2015 |work = The Telegraph |date = 20 July 2015 |archive-date = 22 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722195642/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11747819/How-Londons-transport-crunch-forged-a-contactless-revolution.html |url-status = live}}{{cite news |last1 = Gibbs |first1 = Samuel |title = TfL cautions users over pitfalls of Apple Pay |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/16/tfl-cautions-pitfalls-apple-pay |access-date = 22 July 2015 |work = The Guardian |date = 16 July 2015 |archive-date = 22 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722184555/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/16/tfl-cautions-pitfalls-apple-pay |url-status = live}}

TfL's expertise in contactless payments has led other cities such as New York, Sydney, Brisbane and Boston to license the technology from TfL and Cubic.{{Cite web |url = https://www.cubic.com/news-events/news/tfl-and-cubic-agree-licence-use-londons-contactless-ticketing-system-worldwide |title = Deal worth up to £15m is a first for TfL and allows other cities around the world to benefit from London's contactless ticketing technology |website = cubic.com |access-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200220220347/https://www.cubic.com/news-events/news/tfl-and-cubic-agree-licence-use-londons-contactless-ticketing-system-worldwide |url-status = live}}

Identity and marketing

File:Transport for London - Roundels.svg

Each of the main transport units has its own corporate identity, formed by differently coloured versions of the standard roundel logo and adding appropriate lettering across the horizontal bar. The roundel rendered in blue without any lettering represents TfL as a whole (see Transport for London logo), as well as used in situations where lettering on the roundel is not possible (such as bus receipts, where a logo is a blank roundel with the name "London Buses" to the right). The same range of colours is also used extensively in publicity and on the TfL website.

Transport for London has always mounted advertising campaigns to encourage use of the Underground. For example, in 1999, they commissioned artist Stephen Whatley to paint an interior – 'The Grand Staircase' – which he did on location inside Buckingham Palace. This painting was reproduced on posters and displayed all over the London Underground.{{cite web |url = http://www.ltmcollection.org/posters/artist/artist.html?IXartist=Stephen%20B%20Whatley |title = Artist: Stephen B Whatley – Poster and poster artwork collection |publisher = London Transport Museum |access-date = 24 December 2016 |archive-date = 27 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170927112036/http://www.ltmcollection.org/posters/artist/artist.html?IXartist=Stephen%20B%20Whatley |url-status = dead}}

During 2010, TfL commissioned artist Mark Wallinger to assist them in celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Underground, by creating the Labyrinth Project, with one enamel plaque mounted permanently in each of the Tube's 270 stations.{{cite news |title = Tube celebrates 150th birthday with labyrinth art project |first = Mark |last = Brown |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/feb/07/tube-150-birthday-labyrinth-art-project |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 7 February 2013 |access-date = 7 February 2013 |archive-date = 4 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230204190531/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/feb/07/tube-150-birthday-labyrinth-art-project |url-status = live }}

In 2015, in partnership with the London Transport Museum and sponsored by Exterion Media,{{cite web |url = http://www.exterionmedia.com/uk/who-we-are/news/exterion-media-sponsors-tfls-transported-by-design-programme/ |title = Exterion Media sponsors TfL |date = 17 September 2015 |access-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190036/http://www.exterionmedia.com/uk/who-we-are/news/exterion-media-sponsors-tfls-transported-by-design-programme/ |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = dead}} TfL launched Transported by Design,{{cite web |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/transported-by-design |title = Transported by Design |publisher = Transport for London |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160417060006/https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/transported-by-design |archive-date = 17 April 2016}} an 18-month programme of activities. The intention was to showcase the importance of both physical and service design across London's transport network. In October 2015, after two months of public voting, the black cab topped the list of favourite London transport icons, which also included the original Routemaster bus and the Tube map, among others.{{cite web |url = https://londonist.com/2015/09/vote-now-for-london-s-best-transport-design-icon |title = Vote Now For London's Best Transport Design Icon |date = 2 September 2015 |access-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-date = 27 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170927053854/https://londonist.com/2015/09/vote-now-for-london-s-best-transport-design-icon |url-status = live}} In 2016, the programme held exhibitions,{{cite web |url = https://londonist.com/2015/11/london-transport-museum-new-gallery |title = London Transport Museum Opens New 'London By Design' Gallery |date = 1 November 2015 |access-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-date = 30 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151130023728/http://londonist.com/2015/11/london-transport-museum-new-gallery |url-status = live}} walks{{cite web |url = http://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/winter-wanders |title = Winter Wanders |date = 6 January 2016 |access-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-date = 4 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230204190539/https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/winter-wanders |url-status = live}} and a festival at Regent Street on 3 July.{{cite web |url = http://www.eventmagazine.co.uk/tfl-announces-plans-regent-street-design-festival/associations/article/1359387 |title = TfL announces plans for Regent Street design festival |access-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104104/http://www.eventmagazine.co.uk/tfl-announces-plans-regent-street-design-festival/associations/article/1359387 |url-status = live}}{{cite web |url = http://www.regentstreetonline.com/events/2016-on-regent-street |title = 2016 on Regent Street |access-date = 7 March 2016 |archive-date = 28 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160228222731/http://www.regentstreetonline.com/events/2016-on-regent-street |url-status = live}}

=Typeface=

{{main|Johnston (typeface)}}

file:JohnstonSpecimenEN.svg]]

Johnston (or Johnston Sans) is typeface designed by and named after Edward Johnston. The typeface was commissioned in 1913 by Frank Pick, then commercial manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (also known as 'The Underground Group'), as part of his plan to strengthen the company's corporate identity.{{cite book |last1 = Green |first1 = Oliver |last2 = Rewse-Davies |first2 = Jeremy |title = Designed for London: 150 years of transport design |location = London, UK |publisher = Laurence King |date = 1995 |isbn = 1-85669-064-4 |pages = 81–82}} Johnston was originally created for printing (with a planned height of 1 inch or 2.5 cm), but it rapidly became used for the enamel station signs of the Underground system as well.{{cite book |last1 = Howes |first1 = Justin |author-link = Justin Howes |title = Johnston's Underground Type |date = 2000 |publisher = Capital Transport |location = Harrow Weald, Middlesex |isbn = 1-85414-231-3 |pages = 36–44}}

Johnston was originally printed using wood type for large signs and metal type for print. Johnston was redesigned in 1979 to produce New Johnston. The new family comes in eight members: Light, Medium, Bold weights with corresponding Italics, Medium Condensed and Bold Condensed. After the typeface was digitized in 1981–82, New Johnston finally became ready for Linotron photo-typesetting machine, and first appeared in London's Underground stations in 1983. It has been the official typeface exclusively used by Transport for London and The Mayor of London ever since, with minor updates to specific letterforms occurring in 1990–1992 and 2008. A new version, known as Johnston 100, was commissioned by Transport for London from Monotype in 2016 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the introduction of the typeface, and was designed to be closer to the original version of the Johnston typeface.{{cite book |last1 = Howes |first1 = Justin |author-link = Justin Howes |title = Johnston's Underground Type |date = 2000 |publisher = Capital Transport |location = Harrow Weald, Middlesex |isbn = 1-85414-231-3 |pages = 73–78}}{{Cite web |url = https://www.monotype.com/resources/case-studies/introducing-johnston100-the-language-of-london |title = Introducing Johnston100, the language of London |date = 2017 |access-date = 9 May 2020 |archive-date = 23 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200423183553/https://www.monotype.com/resources/case-studies/introducing-johnston100-the-language-of-london |url-status = live}}{{cite web |url = https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/a-century-of-type |title = A century of type |website = Transport for London |access-date = 19 January 2022 |archive-date = 1 March 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190301200705/https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/a-century-of-type |url-status = live }}

= Advertising bans =

In May 2019, TfL banned advertising from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates due to their poor human rights records. This brought the number of countries to 11 from which TfL has banned adverts, due to them having the death penalty for homosexuals. Countries previously banned from advertising were Iran, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.{{Cite web |url = http://attitude.co.uk/article/transport-for-london-suspends-adverts-from-saudi-arabia-pakistan-and-the-united-arab-emirates-due-to-poor-human-rights-1/20864/ |title = Transport for London suspends adverts from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates due to poor human rights |date = 2 May 2019 |website = Attitude.co.uk |language = en-gb |access-date = 5 May 2019 |archive-date = 4 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190504132459/https://attitude.co.uk/article/transport-for-london-suspends-adverts-from-saudi-arabia-pakistan-and-the-united-arab-emirates-due-to-poor-human-rights-1/20864/ |url-status = live}}

In 2019, the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, introduced restrictions on advertising of unhealthy food and drinks across the TfL network. A study estimated that this led to a 7% reduction in the average weekly household purchase of foods high in fat, salt, and sugar. The largest reductions were seen in the sales of chocolate and sweets. There was no change in purchases of foods not classified as being high in fat, salt, and sugar.{{Cite journal |date = 3 August 2022 |title = Advertising ban was linked to lower purchases of unhealthy food and drink |url = https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/advertising-ban-was-linked-to-lower-purchases-of-unhealthy-food-and-drink/ |journal = NIHR Evidence |language = en-gb |doi = 10.3310/nihrevidence_52264 |s2cid = 251337598 |access-date = 16 September 2022 |archive-date = 20 September 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163433/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/advertising-ban-was-linked-to-lower-purchases-of-unhealthy-food-and-drink/ |url-status = live |url-access = subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1 = Yau |first1 = Amy |last2 = Berger |first2 = Nicolas |last3 = Law |first3 = Cherry |last4 = Cornelsen |first4 = Laura |last5 = Greener |first5 = Robert |last6 = Adams |first6 = Jean |last7 = Boyland |first7 = Emma J. |last8 = Burgoine |first8 = Thomas |last9 = de Vocht |first9 = Frank |last10 = Egan |first10 = Matt |last11 = Er |first11 = Vanessa |last12 = Lake |first12 = Amelia A. |last13 = Lock |first13 = Karen |last14 = Mytton |first14 = Oliver |last15 = Petticrew |first15 = Mark |date = 17 February 2022 |editor-last = Popkin |editor-first = Barry M. |title = Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: A controlled interrupted time series analysis |journal = PLOS Medicine |language = en-gb |volume = 19 |issue = 2 |pages = e1003915 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003915 |issn = 1549-1676 |pmc = 8853584 |pmid = 35176022 |doi-access = free }}

See also

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Notes

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References

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External links

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