paludification

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Paludification is the most common process by which peatlands in the boreal zone are formed.

Formation

The process is characterized by peat initialization on previously drier and vegetated habitats over inorganic soils, with no fully aquatic phase.Vitt, D.H., 2006. Functional characteristics and indicators of boreal peatlands. In: Wieder, R.K., Vitt, D.H. (Eds.), Boreal Peatland Ecosystems (Ecological Studies), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 9-24. Thus the paludification process includes a shift from forests, grassland or long exposed bare land to peatland.Kuhry, P., Turunen, J., 2006. The postglacial development of boreal and subarctic peatlands. In: Wieder, R.K., Vitt, D.H. (Eds.), Boreal Peatland Ecosystems (Ecological Studies), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 25-46. The initiation of this accumulation of organic matter (i.e. peat), can be controlled by both allogenic (i.e. external to the ecosystem) and autogenic (i.e. internal to the ecosystem) factors.Charman, D. 2002. Peatlands and Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. 301p. The hydrological balance is critical for the initiation of peat. The hydrological balance can simply be defined as the difference between the incoming and outgoing amount of water (e.g. precipitation minus evapotranspiration and minus runoff). Usually it is considered that factors such as climate, geomorphology, geology and soils control this balance. However, paludification may also be just a result of the local accumulation of peat (i.e. autogenic factor).Charman, D. 2002. Peatlands and Environmental Change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. 301p.

Climatic factors

The climate factor has a great influence on the paludification process. The development of a paludified soil requires a positive hydrological balance during the growing season. Therefore, there needs to be a shift in local hydrological conditions. Such a shift could be caused by an increase in water inputs or a decrease in outputs. Human activity such as tree removal, natural or human induced forest fires, increase in precipitation, and podsolization, etc. are processes which could change those in- and outputs.Lavoie, M., Paré, D., Fenton, N., Taylor, K., Groot, A., and Foster, N., 2005. Paludification and forest management in the Northern Clay Section: a literature review. Lake Abitibi Model Forest Technical Report No.1. 75 p. link: {{cite web |url=http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106180254/http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-06 }}

Geomorphology

The factor geomorphology (and also topography) creates spatial diversity in the hydrological characteristics of the landscape. The flat topography (and thus low slopes) in the two major peatlands in the world, located in the West Siberian Plain and in the Hudson/James Bay Lowlands of Canada respectively, illustrate the significance of this factor.Lavoie, M., Paré, D., Fenton, N., Taylor, K., Groot, A., and Foster, N., 2005. Paludification and forest management in the Northern Clay Section: a literature review. Lake Abitibi Model Forest Technical Report No.1. 75 p. link: {{cite web |url=http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106180254/http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-06 }}

Impact of soils

Geology and soils (i.e. bedrock and texture) play also an important role. When the mineral soil is composed of heavy clay, the soil will act as an impermeable substrate that facilitates water accumulation.Lavoie, M., Paré, D., Fenton, N., Taylor, K., Groot, A., and Foster, N., 2005. Paludification and forest management in the Northern Clay Section: a literature review. Lake Abitibi Model Forest Technical Report No.1. 75 p. link: {{cite web |url=http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106180254/http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-06 }}

Simply an increase in surface water from melting permafrost can cause increased paludification in boreal ecosystems.Pastick, N., Jorgenson, M., Goetz, S., Jones, B., Wylie, B., Minsley, B., . . . Jorgenson, J. 2019. Spatiotemporal remote sensing of ecosystem change and causation across Alaska. Global Change Biology, 25(3), 1171-1189. Osterkamp, T., & Jorgenson, M. 2005. Response of boreal ecosystems to varying modes of permafrost degradation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35(9), 2100-2111.

In the context of forest management, paludification has been studied intensively during the last decade. Especially because of the negative effects paludification has for the boreal forests. In this way that paludification may lead to:

Reduction in soil temperature, soil aeration, nutrient availability, decomposition rates
Formation of permafrost in certain areas
Increase of the water table level
Decrease in tree productivity.Lavoie, M., Paré, D., Fenton, N., Taylor, K., Groot, A., and Foster, N., 2005. Paludification and forest management in the Northern Clay Section: a literature review. Lake Abitibi Model Forest Technical Report No.1. 75 p. link: {{cite web |url=http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106180254/http://www.lamf.net/Products/reports/Lavoie%20Paludification%20For%20Publication%20final.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-06 }}

References