pan trap
{{Short description|Insect trap type}}
A pan trap is a type of insect trap used to sample the abundance and diversity of insects, primarily used to capture small Hymenoptera.{{cite book|author=Nancy D. Epsky |author2=Wendell L. Morrill |author3=Richard W. Mankin |chapter=Traps for Capturing Insects|editor=Capinera, John L.|title=Encyclopedia of Entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1|pages=3887–3901|chapter-url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/person/3559/publications/traps-08-epskymorrillmankin.pdf}} Pan traps are typically constructed with a bowl with shallow sides filled with water and soap or a preservative and killing agent. Yellow is the most commonly used color,{{cite book |last1=Southwood |first1=Richard, Sir |title=Ecological Methods: With Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations |date=1988 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-94-009-1225-0 |edition=2}} but other colors including blue, white, and red are used to target different insect species.{{Cite journal|last1=Buffington|first1=Matthew L.|last2=Garretson|first2=Alexis|last3=Kula|first3=Robert R.|last4=Gates|first4=Michael W.|last5=Carpenter|first5=Ryan|last6=Smith|first6=David R.|last7=Kula|first7=Abigail A. R.|title=Pan trap color preference across Hymenoptera in a forest clearing|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eea.13008|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|year=2021|volume=169|issue=3|pages=298–311|language=en|doi=10.1111/eea.13008|s2cid=231929465|issn=1570-7458|url-access=subscription}}
Trap construction
A pan trap consists of a shallow bowl, typically made of colored plastic, filled with soapy water, salt, propylene glycol, antifreeze, or combinations of other preservatives and killing agents. Salt and propylene glycol are sometimes included as preservatives or to reduce evaporative water loss. Insects fly into the soapy water and are unable to escape and are preserved in the water for research usage. Some traps have been mounted on trees to sample the communities of parasitoid wasps of the invasive beetle, Emerald ash borer.{{cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=Leah |last2=Hansen |first2=Jason |last3=Gould |first3=Juli |title=Yellow Pan Traps: A Simple Method for Trapping Parasitoids Released for Biological Control of the Emerald Ash Borer |date=2014 |url=https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/eab/local-resources/downloads/YPT_Method20141210.pdf}}
Colors
The color of pan traps attracts diverse groups of flying insects. Some pollinators confuse the traps with natural flowers, causing the capture of flying pollinator species, including bees.{{cite journal|last1=Westerberg|first1=Lars|last2=Berglund|first2=Hilda‐Linn|last3=Jonason|first3=Dennis|last4=Milberg|first4=Per|date=15 March 2021|title=Color pan traps often catch less when there are more flowers around|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=11|issue=9|pages=3830–3840|doi=10.1002/ece3.7252|pmid=33976778 |pmc=8093746 }} Some studies have suggested that bee species are more attracted and likely to be captured in blue or white pans compared to yellow pans.{{cite journal|last1=Moreira|first1=Eduardo Freitas|last2=Santos|first2=Rafaela Lorena da Silva|last3=Penna|first3=Uiré Lopes|last4=Angel-Coca|first4=Catalina|last5=de Oliveira|first5=Favízia Freitas|last6=Viana|first6=Blandina Felipe|date=20 July 2016|title=Are pan traps colors complementary to sample community of potential pollinator insects?|journal=Journal of Insect Conservation|volume=20|issue=4|pages=583–596|doi=10.1007/s10841-016-9890-x|s2cid=16596068 }} However, yellow and white pan traps consistently collect the largest number of species.{{cite journal|last1=Vrdoljak|first1=Sven M.|last2=Samways|first2=Michael J.|date=1 June 2012|title=Optimising coloured pan traps to survey flower visiting insects|journal=Journal of Insect Conservation|volume=16|issue=3|pages=345–354|doi=10.1007/s10841-011-9420-9|s2cid=16104513 }}{{cite journal |last1=Shimoda |first1=Masami |last2=Honda |first2=Ken-ichiro |title=Insect reactions to light and its applications to pest management |journal=Applied Entomology and Zoology |date=November 2013 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |doi=10.1007/s13355-013-0219-x|s2cid=15295724 |doi-access=free }}